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Tuesday, June 28, 2022

Why does a woman’s risk of having a baby with Down Syndrome increase with her age, when women are born with all the eggs they will ever ovulate?

Why does a woman’s risk of having a baby with Down Syndrome increase with her age, when women are born with all the eggs they will ever ovulate?


Why does a woman’s risk of having a baby with Down Syndrome increase with her age, when women are born with all the eggs they will ever ovulate?

Posted: 28 Jun 2022 07:54 AM PDT

I just don't understand why the risk of "producing" an egg - or ovulating an egg - with an extra copy of chromosome 21 increases with age, when the woman has all her fully formed eggs in her ovaries at birth?

Or do the ovaries for some reason start to ovulate more eggs with the extra chromosome 21 as a woman ages?

submitted by /u/heinz_inthecity
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What did the mile-high ice sheet covering North America look like?

Posted: 28 Jun 2022 06:41 AM PDT

I've read lots of references to the Laurentide ice sheet being a mile thick layer of ice covering Canada and part of the US but I'm struggling to visualize what this would look like.

Did it eventually slope down to ground/sea level at its edges? Or could you walk on dry ground next to it with open air on one side and a mile high wall of ice on the other?

What happened when it encountered mountains? Did the ice move like glaciers or did the sheet just add and lose ice at the edges?

How did weather work over the ice sheet if for thousands of miles in any direction, the "ground" was a over 5,000 feet higher than the rest of the continent and surrounding oceans? Did clouds run into it and get stuck? Did they exist over it?

submitted by /u/lightsong1610
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2 years later, do we have any data or suggestion on why people react so wildly differently to COVID?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 03:59 PM PDT

How come most people get mild or no symptoms at all, and other people die? That's quite a range of afflictions. Do we know anymore than 2 years ago?

submitted by /u/sadhukar
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Do viruses have any beneficial function at all for the ecosystem?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 06:58 AM PDT

The Credibility and Ramifications of Ocean Fertilization Reducing Carbon?

Posted: 28 Jun 2022 06:18 AM PDT

The Highly Controversial Plan To Stop Climate Change

I am not an environmental scientist, a climate scientist, nor a resource scientist, but I do have a fairly robust understanding of our current predicament in regards to climate change. The video I've linked presents Russ George, who claims that based upon his research, a planet wide bloom of phytoplankton could absorb a significant percentage of the world's carbon. I have several questions about this.

Based on what I've seen, his message is backed by research. However, I'm unaware whether or not it is peer reviewed, or even seriously considered by others within his field. If it were to be true, then I would imagine climate scientists would be talking about this nonstop, but I've only just heard about it. I can't tell, and any clarity on whether or not his work and claims are credible would be helpful.

If it is credible, then I have several further questions. What would be the ecological ramifications of having a phytoplankton bloom on a global scale? Beyond that, how much time would it buy humanity to switch over to carbon neutral methods of energy production?

Thank you in advance for any insight into this issue.

submitted by /u/unsolicited_decency
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Do animals have episodic memory?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 06:40 AM PDT

I was driving past an equestrian place the other day while there was a show happening. I drove past again the next day and all the horses were back in their fields quietly munching grass, and it got me wondering whether they had any memory of the previous day's events.

We know that animals are able to remember which plants or other animals are good to eat, and which ones are dangerous, but I wouldn't call this episodic memory. We also know that many animals can be trained to perform a certain action which they associate with a reward, but I doubt a dog is remembering what happened in training when told to sit - it's become an instinct. Conversely we know that abused dogs will exhibit fear of humans, of men, or of particular objects because of negative experiences associated with these things, but are the dogs remembering specific times that they were hurt by these things, or is it again just a learned instinct?

When we as humans recall a memory, we are to all intents and purposes experiencing a dulled down abbreviated version of the original sensory inputs that created it (although obviously the sensory neurons from the body aren't involved this time). We know that it's only a memory, but I'm wondering whether an animal would be able to make this distinction. Perhaps the horses in my introduction would become really confused as to why they were eating grass but at the same time being ridden around, hearing a crowd but at the same time not seeing one, then suddenly seeing a crowd but not hearing any noise, then chewing on grass again but at the same time feeling a bit in their mouths. Do animals possess the intelligence to distinguish memories from live experiences, or is this a reason why they can't possess episodic memory, because it would mess with their heads too much?

submitted by /u/ScrollWithTheTimes
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Is there a difference between electrical impulses sent to the brain by different sensory organs (say, between an impulse sent by the inner ear and one sent by the optic nerve)?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 06:14 AM PDT

Or are they the same type of electrical signal and the brain somehow differentiates between them to create different representations?

submitted by /u/Savinsnsn
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Why isn't everyone O blood type by now?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 09:58 PM PDT

"Two O blood type parents can produce a child with only O blood type. Two parents with A blood type can produce a child with either A or O blood types. Two parents with B blood type can produce a child with either B or O blood type. One parent with A and another with B can produce a child with A, B, AB or O blood types. If one parent has A and another has AB, they can either produce a child with A, B or AB blood types. If one parent has A and another has O, they can either produce a child with A or O blood types."

If most parental combinations can produce an O baby and two O's can only produce O, why isn't everyone O?

submitted by /u/Not_as_witty_as_u
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Is it possible to have solid that absorbs only 1 type of liquid?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 03:58 PM PDT

My friend asked me a question:

I was wondering if we could made a solid that would suck the water but not the other liquids..

Honestly that made me think and I don't have an answer… Is it possible?

submitted by /u/Sain_x
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Would childhood obesity make losing weight as an adult more difficult because of higher fat cell count or anything as as a result of it?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 11:28 AM PDT

(I didn't get any answers on r/loseit and a mod on r/nutrition recommended to post this here)

I'm not going to quote any sources but correct me if I get anything wrong. I did some googling and reading on Reddit, and heard that when you grow up obese, your body makes more fat cells to store fat and that number gets locked in after adolescence, or they won't be made except under extreme circumstances afterwards. Also that generally childhood obesity makes the body have a tendency / more "biologically wired" to store fat or more fat.

Let's say I have person A and person B. A had childhood obesity while B didn't, and both have the same stats that would be put in a TDEE calculator like this one (sex, age, physical activity, etc.) except for weight, but if they enter in the same weight, both would get the same TDEE Result. If they both ate, let's say 2000 calories a day, would person A weight noticeably more, or they weigh about the same (and any difference would just be the result of being 2 different people)?

submitted by /u/TheTwelveYearOld
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Why are clade diagrams structured the way they are?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 03:55 PM PDT

why is it always two divergences between clades? can a three-way divergence (three clades split from one at the same time) be made and what would that look like?

submitted by /u/Catvanbrian
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What is the CMB scattering or reflecting off of for us to see it?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 09:03 AM PDT

When we see a distant star or galaxy, we are seeing light that is coming toward us from a luminous source.

When we see a planet, we are seeing light reflected back at us after scattering on the planet's surface.

But I've never understood how we 'see' the CMB. If it represents the early universe before any luminous structures existed (i.e. "background"), and that early universe is expanding away from us, what surface sent those photons toward us? Are they just flying in every random direction?

I suspect I am just thinking about universal expansion incorrectly, but would love some clarification. Thanks!

submitted by /u/Nemarus
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How does DNA control how an embryo grows?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 01:25 AM PDT

I googled it and can't figure it out, when a zygote starts developing into an embryo( I think that's how it works) it's one cell that's starts dividing and dividing until you have a whole baby right, how does DNA show the way for all the cells to know how to divide? Develop?

submitted by /u/silver202m
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How do Spacecraft and Satellite Electronics Deal With the Inability to Ground Themselves?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 08:22 PM PDT

I know that electronics can function without grounding, but I am curious how high-reliability electronics are made when grounding isn't an option.

submitted by /u/JOSmith99
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Why do some birth controls stop your period?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 09:08 PM PDT

I was wondering why some birth controls lessen or completely get rid of your period. From what I understand some do this while others don't. What's the biological reason for this and what in birth controls causes it? Sorry is this is a dumb question, thanks a bunch 💜

submitted by /u/obamababe
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Sunday, June 26, 2022

How does rabies evade the immune system?

How does rabies evade the immune system?


How does rabies evade the immune system?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 02:32 PM PDT

Could someone explain qualitatively *why* atoms seek to fill their orbitals and become more stable when they do so?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 07:20 PM PDT

For example, in terms of stability, what's stopping a hydrogen atom from filling up its 2s orbital and remaining that way?

submitted by /u/diprosyum
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Are there any retroviruses that infect bacteria?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 06:10 PM PDT

I'm wondering if there are any RNA viruses that infect bacteria. All of the examples I know infect eukaryotes.

submitted by /u/o-rka
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Why is there a window in the absorption spectrum of Earth's atmosphere at a wavelength of 4 μm?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 07:17 PM PDT

Looking at the Wikipedia page for absorption bands, it seems to me that there's a sizable window - i.e. a local minimum - in the graph for electromagnetic radiation absorption, as per this image.

Water vapor, oxygen, ozone, and methane appear to be entirely transparent to radiation of 4 μm wavelength, carbon dioxide only appears to start absorbing it after that point, and even nitrous oxide has a window there. Moreover, Rayleigh scattering is also minimal there.

On top of that, this Earth Science Stack Exchange answer and its source show minimal (sub-0.5%) absorbance of sulfur dioxide at that wavelength. Why is this? It seems like a rather odd coincidence for so many things to be transparent to 4 μm (a specific wavelength of mid-wavelength infrared) EM radiation.

As a coincidence, this is one of many parts why global warming is a thing, IIRC: mid-range infrared comes in through the 4 μm gap, gets soaked up by the Earth, and later gets re-radiated at different wavelengths that do get soaked up by the atmosphere.

I just don't know why there's a 4 μm gap there.

submitted by /u/4thDevilsAdvocate
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Would there be any treatment for radium poisoning if it happened today?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 06:52 PM PDT

Just finished reading Radium Girls which is about girls in the 1920s who painted watch details using radium-laced paint, essentially ate the paint as part of the painting process, and then developed horrific effects in their bones, especially jaws. There was pretty much no treatment at the time, and I know that even in today there aren't many options to treat radiation sickness from like an attack, but would there be anything that could be done for cases like these? They lived in horrific pain for years after they more or less knew what was going on, making multiple women understandably suicidal.

submitted by /u/Gloomy_Astronaut_570
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Why isn't balance a sense like smell or touch?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 01:49 PM PDT

Where did the parietal eye originate?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 07:09 PM PDT

Was there just a third patch if photoreceptive cells on the head of ancestral craniates, or is it more complex? Could this have theoretically evolved into a third "proper" eye?

submitted by /u/Billiam_Ball
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Does an equation or set of equations exist which would predict accurately the position of the sun in the sky at any time for any day of the year, for a given latitude, longitude, and elevation?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 12:46 PM PDT

Solar panel sun tracking is why I ask. There are active trackers which use light sensors to change the angle of solar panels in order to maximize their efficiency. As an alternative if setting up a panel at a particular location, that locations position variables could be set statically and using date and time point the solar panel toward the predicted location of the sun in the sky.

I'm wondering if those functions/equations already exist.

submitted by /u/Flurbybox
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How does a fetus develop stomach bacteria?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 11:42 AM PDT

What is the slowest speed of movement a human eye/brain can perceive?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 03:45 PM PDT

We can see something like a snail move across the sidewalk but don't really notice something like a leaf growing. What is slow but fast enough for us to observe while watching it?

submitted by /u/LunacyNow
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Why is some cheese soft and elastic (like mozzarella), while other is hard and brittle (like parmesan)? What is the difference?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 10:59 AM PDT

Why does taro root turn purple when cooked?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 09:01 PM PDT

At what depth is the water table considered to be “low” or “high”?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 08:55 PM PDT

I recently had a soil scientist test the soil on my new property. His report states that the soil classification is "sandy mixed mesic typic udipsamments." The parent material is "glacial outwash." The depth of the seasonal water table is ~60", depending on the location of the bore sample. It also states that the depth of the dense basal till is >65".

Can someone explain this all to me? Also, do I have a high or low water table, based on this info?

submitted by /u/Brass_Tracker
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How do you determine coefficient of friction in different materials?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 12:36 PM PDT

Generally referencing wheels on cars/things that spin

submitted by /u/aer0_nerd
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What makes light able to pass through solid transparent materials?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 01:28 PM PDT

You could have a foot of solid glass and light will still traverse through it, and yet a thin sheet of paper will block most of it.

submitted by /u/Cocoamix86
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How long does monkeypox last on surfaces?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 03:10 PM PDT

Is there a body part/reaction in the body that works better in old age (70+) compared to young people?

Is there a body part/reaction in the body that works better in old age (70+) compared to young people?


Is there a body part/reaction in the body that works better in old age (70+) compared to young people?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 07:12 AM PDT

I've been reading about aging and all its negatives, are there some things, that get better with age? I'm not talking about getting experience and getting more knowledgable, but rather physiological functions.

submitted by /u/aimlesslydreamin
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We all know that gaining weight can be attributed to excessive caloric intake, but how fast does weight gain actually happen? Can we gain a pound or two in fat content over night? Does it take 24 hours for this pound or two to build up?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 05:10 PM PDT

What happens to the body exactly if someone is given a transfusion of the wrong blood type?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 05:34 PM PDT

Hello!

I read a case recently where a young girl was given a lung and heart transplant, except the transplanted organs were of a completely wrong blood type then the patient. I was wondering what exactly happens if someone it given a pint (or more) of the wrong type of blood.

And to step it up a notch further, what would happen to the body if all the blood in the body were to become a different type? Would the affect change with one blood type over another?

Thanks for your responses in advance.

submitted by /u/mrwonderfull_
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What advantage does the eye's (or brain's) white-balance-like system give, and how does it work?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 08:54 AM PDT

So I have noticed that when I close my right eye for a while and keep my left eye open in broad daylight, I see warmer colours in my left eye and see cooler colours in my right eye when I open it. This is similar to the white balance in smartphone cameras.

But is there any evolutionary advantage to this? And how does it work?

submitted by /u/A-Delonix-Regia
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Why is it covid coming in waves?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 06:59 AM PDT

Everyime covid seems or at least seems to be dying out, it to just explode again. I would of thought as a virus it would just be at a constant level of infection and not in surges? Is this now more or less like the common flu with itself having seasonal waves and on that note why does the flu have seasonal waves? Side note can we ever eradicate covid all together?

submitted by /u/VagueViper88
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What caused this ring of flat land circling the end of the Appalachian range?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 09:25 AM PDT

From Corinth, Mississippi to Montgomery, Alabama, there is a large arc of flat land which stands out on satellite photos because it is mostly farms, surrounded by hilly, forested land. It seems to perfectly encircle the southern end of the Appalachian mountain range, suggesting it was somehow created when the mountain range formed. It's not a river valley because a few rivers seem to cross through it without following it. What is it?

I've circled it here: https://i.redd.it/3ly4yk8flw791.png

submitted by /u/rounding_error
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Why do deep-sea divers use mixed gases?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 07:34 PM PDT

When I look this up I get the answer of "Gasses are greatly compressed underwater from the weight of all the water above, so while diving we are breathing compressed air"

I understand this concept but isn't a tank of air a closed loop? How does the water on the outside of the tank compress gas if the metal itself is the same shape? Sorry if I'm missing something.

Thanks.

submitted by /u/xuuoR
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More than 80 % of the ocean has never been mapped, explored, or even seen by humans. How we could benefit from discovering our aquatic world?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 07:29 AM PDT

Do you have some examples (in science, everyday life), how we could benefit from discovering our aquatic world?

submitted by /u/Jenda_Smerda
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What is the basis for having a sense of rhythm?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 04:57 PM PDT

It seems to be more involved than just good coordination. Has neuroscience ever studied it?

submitted by /u/Selfeducated
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Why does the moon seem to have significantly more craters at the poles?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 07:46 PM PDT

How did the red fox evolve to remain largely the same species in North America as in Europe?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 01:06 PM PDT

If somatic cells can only divide up to the Hayflick limit, how do people live longer than a few decades?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 08:46 AM PDT

I know not all cell types divide that frequently, but some like skin cells divide daily. It seems that it would not be that long before all skin cells have reached the Hayflick limit and eventually our skin will cease to function.

Even if we replace skin cells with stem cells, I imagine that our source of stem cells is really limited.

submitted by /u/insanelylogical
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What allows animals with shorter life spans than humans (eg. Cats and dogs) to develop age related illnesses like arthritis and mental degradation in much shorter time spans?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 06:30 PM PDT

For example a 15 year old dog may suffer from arthritis or dementia, but it would take an average human a way longer time to start developing those issues typically.

submitted by /u/dundoniandood
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Death Valley is 282’ below sea level. Would it offset the rising ocean to build a canal and create the Death Valley Sea?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 09:49 AM PDT

is the infinite amount of numbers between 0 and 1 smaller than the infinite amount of numbers between 0 and 2?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 09:17 PM PDT

my sister and i are going back and forth about this and i'm interested who is right or if we both are.

submitted by /u/thneeed
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What would happen to a sealed tin can in space?

Posted: 24 Jun 2022 01:46 PM PDT

Would it explode? Is the metal strong enough to resist the pressure differential? Does it depend on the temperature? What if it were filled with water vs air at 1 atmosphere pressure?

submitted by /u/chazwomaq
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How are foods/drinks analyzed for nutrition to be added to labels?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 05:14 PM PDT

What exactly are instincts ?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 08:51 PM PDT

It is a beavers instinct to build a dam, okay, but what does that MEAN!!?? Like what part of the brain just goes "BEAVER BUILD DAM!!" How does that work, how can a part of your brain encode for building dams. I am a computer engineer and I'm thinking of it like someone codes into beavers brain to build dam BUT HOW IS IT PHYSICSLLY CODED BC THIS IS A BEAVER NOT A COMPUTER !!

submitted by /u/overthinkingtodeath
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Why does low blood pressure make you shaky?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 03:00 PM PDT

Everything I can find is just listing shakiness as a symptom of low blood pressure, but what is actually happening at a cellular level that causes your muscles to not work as well?

submitted by /u/Someragingpacifist
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Are physical formulas like T=0.5*mv^2 literally that precise in reality or is it simplification? Why is it ^2 and not ^1.99999 or ^2.00001?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 06:39 PM PDT

Important formulas in physics often have very "easy" coefficients and exponents. They seem so elegant, when otherwise the universe seems full of chaos and side-effects.

submitted by /u/Ravery-net
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Is there a public toxicological database detailing substances' adverse health effects?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 04:28 AM PDT

Similar to pharmacological databases where you can look up a certain medicament and handily find information on dose ranges, formulations, routes of administration, etc. is there an easily accessible toxicological database with detailed toxicological information for particular substances. I.e. known adverse health effects, dose-response relationships, etc.?

submitted by /u/PCRnoob
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Is there any particular reason we ordered the human chromosome pairs the way we did?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 04:57 PM PDT

Do hearts vary a lot among vertebrates?

Posted: 24 Jun 2022 10:30 PM PDT

I learned recently that mammalian four-chambered hearts are more efficient than reptilian three-chambered hearts. Are mammals special as far as hearts go?

submitted by /u/The_Middler_is_Here
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Are there good case studies of neural net interpretation leading to novel scientific theory/insight?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 06:56 PM PDT

To clarify my question with a (semi) made up example: say we trained a DL model to take some input data to predict some outcome (eg. amino acid sequence to predict protein conformation). Say we also have very little idea how to relate the outcome to the predictors. Then we did some form of interpretability on the DL model and this led to novel theory/insight (eg. certain amino acid subsequences are highly likely to appear on the surface of the protein once it is folded).

Are there good case studies of this sort of thing happening? Links to papers would be super appreciated.

(Disclaimer: I know very little biochemistry so my example might be wrong/nonsense/known without DL)

submitted by /u/Laddenvore
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Do creamer pitchers slow the growth of microbes in milk?

Posted: 25 Jun 2022 12:42 PM PDT

I work at a coffee shop and we are discussing keeping half n half from one day to the next after it's been sitting in a container that's partially closed. I've always been told most foods start to develop microbial colonies after about 4 hours, so I don't think it's a great idea, even if it's in the fridge overnight.

submitted by /u/FiercelyProud
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