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Friday, June 10, 2022

How did complex systems like our circulation system evolve?

How did complex systems like our circulation system evolve?


How did complex systems like our circulation system evolve?

Posted: 10 Jun 2022 03:24 AM PDT

I have a scientific background mainly in math and computer science and some parts of evolution make sense to me like birds evolving better suited beaks or viruses evolving to spread faster. These things evolve in small changes each of which has a benefit.

But a circulation system needs a number of different parts to work, you need a heart at least 1 lung, blood vessels and blood to carry the oxygen around. Each of these very complex and has multicellular structure (except blood).

I see how having a circulation system gives an organism an advantage but not how we got here.

The only explanation I have found on the Internet is that we can see genetic similarities between us and organisms without a circulation system but that feels very weak evidence.

To my computer science brain evolution feels like making a series of small tweaks to a computer program, changing a variable or adding a line of code. Adding a circulation system feels a lot more than a tweak and would be the equivalent of adding a new features that required multiple changes across many files and probably the introduction whole new components and those changes need to be done to work together to achieve the overall goal.

Many thx

submitted by /u/Stevetrov
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I can switch between breathing from my mouth, my nose, or both, even with both of my mouth and nose open. Anatomically and physiologically, how does this happen? Also, how does the body switch between the right and left nostrils?

Posted: 10 Jun 2022 03:20 AM PDT

Can you develop Autoantibodies against your own Blood group antigens?

Posted: 10 Jun 2022 01:59 AM PDT

Can Maillard reaction happen by boiling food in conditions that raises water's boiling point (e.g. salted water or high atmospheric pressure)?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 11:01 PM PDT

Is the Covid incubation time shorter or longer for immunocompromised people?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 09:49 PM PDT

How many calories does the human body burn on average per day naturally when not excersising and just doing everyday things?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 09:19 PM PDT

Do people who have bullets or bullet fragments lodged in their bodies subsequently show symptoms of lead poisoning?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 09:37 PM PDT

Do animals with four legs utilise inverted pendulum gait to walk, or do they 'drag' their weight along one step at a time?

Posted: 10 Jun 2022 02:29 AM PDT

would butyl group have more affinity towards Na+ or OH-?

Posted: 10 Jun 2022 12:29 AM PDT

I'm sorry, I'm a bit rusty on my chemistry. In a scenario where I am dealing with butanol and NaOH, would the butanol ( being partially miscible in water) easily release water and trade with OH- for Na+ from the NaOH? Or would it retain its hydroxyl group and ignore the polar Na+ ion?

submitted by /u/Microenthusiast
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Can lifelong hayfever cause a reduced sense of smell?

Posted: 10 Jun 2022 12:09 AM PDT

I am in my mid 30s, and have had pretty severe nasal congestion caused by hayfever every summer for as long as I rememeber.

I have noticed that I cannot smell lighter or faint smells, contrasted by my wife who must have supersmelly powers

submitted by /u/PatientReference8497
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Would the pharmaceutical inhibition of dopamine receptor downregulation prevent the effects of addiction, both mental and physical? And if so, do we currently have a method of doing so?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 05:56 PM PDT

I apologize if this question is too unclear or vague - I haven't done too much research on this topic and am merely spouting off my far-fetched shower thoughts after a high school biology class.

submitted by /u/The_Codeword_Is_Bunk
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If the live virus smallpox vaccine can cause serious reactions in people with eczema—even just by being near someone vaccinated—how can someone with eczema safely move about society?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 11:22 PM PDT

Why does alcohol increase the likelihood of seizures in epileptics?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 10:50 PM PDT

I've been told many times that it can interact poorly with medication (like increased drowsiness, irritability, etc.), but I've never been given a reason as to why it increases the risk of seizure when you drink, or how it affects our brains differently than non-epileptics.

submitted by /u/SocksAndPi
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Is it possible to keep a detached limb "alive" or prevent it from rotting for an extended period of time?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 03:03 PM PDT

Did all Caniforms evolve in North America?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 09:52 PM PDT

This should include bears, coyotes, wolves, racoons, etc. I'm not specialized in evolutionary history and wikipedia lingo is kinda hard to understand sometimes.

submitted by /u/Super_Shock_5765
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Can bacterial DNA be transferred into a plant genome?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 03:57 PM PDT

Asking because a friend told me that bacterial dna is added to plants to make them resistent to herbicide (GMO), and they could transfer their dna to other plants via pollen. This friend is pretty wack, but my genetics class was too long ago for me to remember anything so who knows!!

submitted by /u/KingaisKhan
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Does distance of food in a pan matters when cooking ?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 03:07 PM PDT

Hi !

It is a stupid question but I'm in a middle of cooking and it just came to me.

Let's say I'm cooking diced chicken, in a big pan. Not enough to fill up the whole pan.

Would the pieces cook faster if they are all together and touching or would they cook faster if spread on the pan ?

I'm assuming the pan is heating evenly.

Thanks !!

submitted by /u/ebpomtl
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Could someone please explain why you can fill a glass with ice and also fill it all the way to the top with water and the ice can melt completely but the glass will never overflow?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 10:00 AM PDT

Have heard evaporation is the answer but this doesn't seem to make sense as that rate is variable depending on heat and humidity (?) so how can it always be true?

Thank you in advance! 🙏 🧊

submitted by /u/lilFireMermaid
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What happens after spermatogenesis completes?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 07:15 PM PDT

Does your sperm reservoir become full? Is this when you get nocturnal emission and the body releases it?

What happens if you ejaculate before 62-74 days completes? Does the sperm deplete and you have to start from scratch?

submitted by /u/nezzyhelm
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Thursday, June 9, 2022

Are there any animals we're aware of that are currently endangered for reasons other than human activity?

Are there any animals we're aware of that are currently endangered for reasons other than human activity?


Are there any animals we're aware of that are currently endangered for reasons other than human activity?

Posted: 07 Jun 2022 03:02 AM PDT

If so then what is the stance on preserving the species?

submitted by /u/idiotsyncrazy
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AskScience AMA Series: Hi Reddit - we are group of 250 engineers, scientists, innovators, technologists, digital experts, and designers with a collected 45 PhDs / Professors and 35 members representing national science or engineering institutions. AUA!

AskScience AMA Series: Hi Reddit - we are group of 250 engineers, scientists, innovators, technologists, digital experts, and designers with a collected 45 PhDs / Professors and 35 members representing national science or engineering institutions. AUA!


AskScience AMA Series: Hi Reddit - we are group of 250 engineers, scientists, innovators, technologists, digital experts, and designers with a collected 45 PhDs / Professors and 35 members representing national science or engineering institutions. AUA!

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 04:00 AM PDT

TL;DR: A year ago, we did an AMA answering science or technology questions on any topic from Reddit. We had a blast and so we're back again! So please ask us any questions any of you have to do with science or technology and how they affect your life. There are no silly questions - ask us anything and we will try to give an easy-to-understand answer and, wherever possible, provide some further sources to enable you to do your own research/reading.

Our goal is simply to advance everyone's understanding of science, engineering, and technology and to help people be better informed about the issues likely to affect them and their families.

More info / Longer read: CSES is a registered charity in the UK, founded in 1920. We're a volunteer group of over 250 members and our key strength is our diversity and interdisciplinary expertise. Our members come from a variety of educational, social, and economic backgrounds, from industry and academia and a multitude of age groups, representing groups from the millennials all the way to the Silent Generation (our oldest member being 98)!

There has been growing dis-information globally in the last 20 years. Today's global interconnectedness, while being hugely beneficial for making information easily accessible to everyone, has made it ever more difficult to determine 'truth' and who to trust. As an independent charity, not affiliated or biased to any particular group, but with broad knowledge we are here to answer any questions you may have and to hopefully point you to further reading!

Our goal is simply to answer as many of your questions as we can - but we aren't able to give advice on things - sorry! We will also be clear where what we are saying is the experience-based opinion of someone in our team.

So, Reddit... Ask us anything!

CSES will draw from its large pool of volunteers to answer your questions, however some of the people standing by to answer comments are:

  • Professor David Humber: Over 30 years' experience as a researcher, lecturer and senior university manager, specialising in immuno-biology and the life sciences.
  • David Whyte BEM: Technologist and Chartered Engineer with over 10 years' R&D experience and 16 international patents across a wide range of technologies. Honoured by The Queen with a BEM, for services to engineering and technology.
  • Amy Knight: Science teacher and artist experienced in art/science collaborations with organisations like Soapbox Science and The Royal Society; her work has been featured at the Tate Modern's "Tate Exchange".
  • Anthony McQuiggan: 10 years of engineering experience and 30 years as a serial entrepreneur having built a number of very successful start-up SME technology companies in the UK, Japan, and the USA.
  • Roger Pittock: Active retired engineer with 37 years' experience in electronics, software, mechanical, electrical, process, and safety systems. Avid supporter of the Consumers' Association having been elected to their Council for many years.
  • Adam Wood - President of CSES: Chartered Engineer with over 13 years' experience in electronics, software, and systems engineering - working in the medical / healthcare, transport, and aerospace industries.

Username: /u/chelmsfordses


EDI: We will be answering intermittently throughout the night and will stop taking new questions at 9 am BST tomorrow morning, but we will answer as many submitted before that time as we possibly can!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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If twins are born via IVF, are those twins any more likely to have natural twins or their own?

Posted: 08 Jun 2022 09:24 AM PDT

Either via genetics, epigenetics or any other factors.

submitted by /u/Peacefulber
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Are there any bacteria or viruses which are resistant/immune to antibodies?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 04:06 PM PDT

I am aware that it is possible for bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics and for some viruses to gain resistance to anti-viral meds. But is it also possible for them to become resistant to antibodies produced by the immune system?

submitted by /u/HatZinn
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AskScience AMA Series: We're a global nonprofit ocean exploration organization conducting science research missions in the most unexplored areas of the world, from the Galapagos Islands to the Arctic Ocean. Ask us anything!

Posted: 08 Jun 2022 04:00 AM PDT

OceanX scientists have had rare encounters with a giant purpleback flying squid, identified a potentially region-altering tsunami risk in the Red Sea, and come face-to-face with the elusive sixgill shark, descended from animals that roamed the planet over 200 million years ago. We're currently on mission on our marine research vessel, OceanXplorer, conducting daily sub dives, scuba and ROV ops, and helicopter scouting - and documenting it all to share with the world. Next, we'll be hosting 15 future scientists for a ten-day immersive program aboard our ship.

We're broadcasting live from the Red Sea and have a whole crew of experts from OceanX ready to answer your questions about all things ocean science-exploration, engineering, research, testing, identification - and science education and communications! We are:

  • Mattie Rodrigue, OceanX Head of Science Operations;
  • Dr. Tiara Moore, Scientist and Black in Marine Science Program Lead at The Nature Conservancy;
  • Toby Mitchell, OceanX Submersible Team Leader;
  • Buck Taylor, OceanX Submersible Pilot;
  • Olaf Dieckhoff, OceanX ROV Pilot;
  • Ben Neel, OceanX Helicopter Pilot;
  • Eben Hall, OceanX Executive Producer;
  • Richard Barden, OceanX Dive Team;
  • Roger Solem, Captain of OceanXplorer;
  • Marko Cagalj, Chief Officer of OceanXplorer;
  • Jesse Boulton, Second Officer of OceanXplorer;
  • and Ross Davison-Harmer, Second Officer of OceanXplorer.

We'll be answering questions live from the Red Sea starting around 12 PM EDT (4:00 PM UTC), ask us anything!

Username: /u/oceanxorg

@Oceanx on Social Media

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Is overmethylation and undermethylation an actual thing?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 03:12 AM PDT

Does anyone know if overmethylation and undermethylation is an actual thing? People say that overmethylation for example can cause certain mood and personality changes like anhedonia and depression and other characteristics.

Certain supplements can affect the overmethylation, like B12 and SAMe for example can cause overmethylation in people.

Is it reversible conditions?

I have tried to find some science, but there are few research papers out there.

submitted by /u/Ses1234ses
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How do things like arteries stay “watertight” after being stitched together in an operation?

Posted: 08 Jun 2022 02:08 PM PDT

When something like an artery is repaired and stitched together how does it become sealed? Is it just regular clotting the way blood repairs skin cuts etc or something else?

submitted by /u/AnxiouslyPessimistic
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If battery maintains a constant potential difference, then why do they die after usage?

Posted: 09 Jun 2022 07:39 AM PDT

Can someone pls explain in depth as I am in 12th grade

submitted by /u/Strong_Lavishness_38
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 08 Jun 2022 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What is the effect of hormonal birth control pills (estrogen and progesterone) on other hormonal pathways?

Posted: 08 Jun 2022 10:51 AM PDT

I tried looking up some research on the subject, but could not find an answer.

To be more specific, birth control pills are associated with side effects relating to mood. The person in question is suffering from depression and brain fog after taking the pills, in addition to disrupted sleep patterns. We were wondering how the hormonal levels from the pills might be affecting the production of other hormones such as serotonin or melatonin (not an expert here but those are the two I mostly hear about).

submitted by /u/strq3
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Can a nuclear test go undetected?

Posted: 08 Jun 2022 08:43 AM PDT

Is it possible to hide the fact of a test nuclear explosion if someone wants to hide it from the world?

submitted by /u/godyaev
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What happens when a newer fossil of unknown species is found in an older rock strata?

Posted: 08 Jun 2022 12:17 AM PDT

Lets say a new cretaceous dinosaur species is living near the bank of a river, The river is continuously eroding the rock on which the cretaceous dinosaur stands on exposing triassic rocks, the cretaceous dinosaur dies near the exposed triassic rocks and gets buried and fossilized.

We humans then find this fossil of new cretaceous dinosaur along with the triassic rocks and triassic fossils, So how do we avoid not misjudging that the Dinosaur is triassic or the Sedimentary rocks surrounding it are Cretaceous?

Other than absolute dating methods.

submitted by /u/MayureshMJ
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What experiments or observations did Scientists use to figure out how Retroviruses work?

Posted: 08 Jun 2022 07:48 AM PDT

I'm wondering how they figured out the function of reverse transciptase and integrase.

submitted by /u/LaughterCo
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What is the actual mechanism for separating polar and non-polar substances?

Posted: 08 Jun 2022 01:31 AM PDT

Every single explanation of non-polar/polar interactions essentially says "non-polar substances have random slight charges that constantly change across the molecule and so are not attracted to the dipoles of water molecules." I can't, however, find any explanation to why the two substances (lets say water and oil) actually seperate. I saw a video of someone mixing the oil and water in space and the result was globules of oil randomly dispersed through the water. So in the case of separation of oil and water on earth is it just a case of the water molecules being attracted to each other, "slipping" past the oil and sitting at the bottom of the container due to density and in turn forcing the oil together?

submitted by /u/whatman640
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How does a hydrocolloid bandage actually work?

Posted: 07 Jun 2022 09:11 AM PDT

I've tried to Google this but I can't really find a straight answer and I don't necessarily trust the very basic explanations given on Tiktok. Thank you!!

submitted by /u/noobycheese
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Wednesday, June 8, 2022

I know there is a correlation between elevation/altitude and suicide. I moved to a place at 8000 ft 7 years ago. I now have 6 people I know that have killed themselves. I had zero before moving here (in my 40's). Why?

I know there is a correlation between elevation/altitude and suicide. I moved to a place at 8000 ft 7 years ago. I now have 6 people I know that have killed themselves. I had zero before moving here (in my 40's). Why?


I know there is a correlation between elevation/altitude and suicide. I moved to a place at 8000 ft 7 years ago. I now have 6 people I know that have killed themselves. I had zero before moving here (in my 40's). Why?

Posted: 07 Jun 2022 03:15 AM PDT

The fact that I have to choose one "flair" for this question pisses me off.

submitted by /u/skovalen
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If inflammation is bad, why does our body do it?

Posted: 07 Jun 2022 02:24 PM PDT

I constantly see "anti-inflammatory properties" listed as a health benefit of various nutrients in healthy foods, but my understanding is that inflammation is a natural process of the human body. So anti-inflammatory foods are basically inhibiting a normal biological process.

Why do we need to do that to be healthy? Why do we have a self-destructive inflammatory behavior in the human body anyway?

submitted by /u/ThermalFlask
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Since the moon is moving away from us, will it remain tidally locked to Earth or will its rotation one day become out of sync with its orbit?

Posted: 07 Jun 2022 07:10 PM PDT

If the human brain is oxygen deprived for even 10 minutes it's very dangerous. Why?

Posted: 07 Jun 2022 08:41 PM PDT

You'd think that it would take a few hours or anything more than just 10 minutes for human brain to get severely affected. But even 10 minutes of heart failure and lack of oxygen to brain is devastating. Why? It just sounds so baffling.... is everything in our body like that

submitted by /u/QueryRIT
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How do we determine and measure the average temperature of Earth?

Posted: 07 Jun 2022 07:33 AM PDT

I assume that the average temperature of Earth changes based on multiple variables: Distance from the sea/ocean, altitude, hours of daylight, time of day etc. What are the criteria for measuring the average temperature of Earth?

I also assume that each nation gives their own averages, but how do we determine the weights for each country? For example Russia is a lot bigger than Luxembourg, so Russia should have more variation in temperatures and their landmass should represent a larger proportion of the average temperatures.

submitted by /u/mukavastinumb
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If a child donates a kidney, will it continue to grow in the recipient’s body?

Posted: 07 Jun 2022 01:21 AM PDT

For context I'm watching House, which obviously as a TV show is not a 100% accurate medical resource, but in it a man needs a new kidney and gets it donated by his teenage daughter. They make a joke about him having a small kidney meaning he won't have to pee as much, which made me wonder if and why it wouldn't continue to grow to full size once transplanted.

submitted by /u/shmoopdogg
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Where are there examples of wheels in nature/living beings, or even in some nonliving process?

Posted: 07 Jun 2022 04:48 AM PDT

The closest thing I can think of might be the femur in the hip bone, using Google/Oxford's definition: <a circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other object to enable it to move [easily over the ground]>. There has to be something more wheel like! Maybe used in movement in a type of aquatic organism? What about in plants at any capacity? Where are all the nonhuman wheels?

submitted by /u/ScenePuzzled
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How soon after our last memory do we fall asleep?

Posted: 07 Jun 2022 12:49 AM PDT

I can never quite remember at what point I fall asleep. Is there a certain point after the last memory I have from the night before where I'm asleep

submitted by /u/Pristine_Ad_1234
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Polymers and Plastics, are these deratives in the production of Petroleum?

Posted: 07 Jun 2022 02:22 AM PDT

I have this noob question because yesterday I voiced my opinion in saying polyesters like in my jackets are a by-product result in the production of car fuels. The opposing party stated that it is within its own production proces, these fabric producing companies just buy crude oil for manufacturing their products. Who can shed a light on this matter for me?

submitted by /u/supermaq
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Are lobsters more closely related to crabs or shrimp?

Posted: 06 Jun 2022 10:43 PM PDT

Keeping aquariums, including crawfish, shrimp, and crabs, I have obviously noticed that crawfish visually look a lot more like a shrimp than the average crab. In fact, at the store I work at, it takes a trained eye to distinguish between young crawfish and shrimp. I am assuming much of this applies to young lobsters as well, though all the ones I've seen have more distinguishable claws from an early age.

Anyways, I am trying to understand oceanic evolution through time and I've read that decapoda evolved into reptantia (lobsters and crabs) and natantia (shrimp). Does this suggest that lobsters are more closely related to crabs than shrimp, or am I misunderstanding something?

submitted by /u/un-chien-galicia
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Are there any animals we're aware of that are currently endangered for reasons other than human activity?

Posted: 07 Jun 2022 03:02 AM PDT

If so then what is the stance on preserving the species?

submitted by /u/idiotsyncrazy
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Is it known how many times has life spontaneously appeared in earth?

Posted: 06 Jun 2022 10:03 PM PDT

Pretty much the title … are all life forms on earth descendant of one single ancestor? Or has life appeared multiple times?

submitted by /u/bigjocker
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How are valves within rocket engines 'turned'?

Posted: 07 Jun 2022 02:22 AM PDT

A diagram of an RS - 25 rocket engine showcased valves that allow the flow of the main fuel, main oxidizer, pre-burner, and chamber coolant. How are these valves 'turned' within the rocket engine?

submitted by /u/owenbananaman
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