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Saturday, June 4, 2022

Why do viruses like herpes or hpv stay forever, while flu viruses don't?

Why do viruses like herpes or hpv stay forever, while flu viruses don't?

Why do viruses like herpes or hpv stay forever, while flu viruses don't?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 06:13 AM PDT

Where do we get raw elements from? Ie. Neon, helium.

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 09:11 PM PDT

What is the heaviest recorded rainfall? What is the theoretical limit?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 06:21 AM PDT

I was in some heavy rain and it made me wonder how it compared. Not looking for the most rain to fall in a day or an hour, but something closer to minute or less.

submitted by /u/SquisherBeMe
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Did we discover any unknown islands after humanity first used satellite photography?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 08:01 AM PDT

How does the body produce the sense of impending doom associated with incompatible blood transfusions, imminent heart attacks, etc?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 04:37 PM PDT

I heard bats apparently have insanely good immune systems. Is this true?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 07:35 PM PDT

And if so, why? Any other wild adaptions that make them the only flying mammals?

submitted by /u/KittyScholar
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Why are rockets/ spacecraft corrosion resistant, if there is no oxygen in space?

Posted: 04 Jun 2022 02:30 AM PDT

I was reading about the different types of alloys used in rockets, and many of them are labeled as 'corrosion resistant'; does this actually matter or is it just a useless byproduct of the alloys that rockets use? (btw, sorry if I used the wrong flair.)

submitted by /u/owenbananaman
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Do the different strains of cannabis have a real, scientific basis for having different effects, or is it all placebo/pseudoscience?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 07:18 AM PDT

Do the large ear FLAPS on species like elephants have any relation to sound or is their function only to cool them down?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 09:14 PM PDT

Does anything happen to the sound waves when they reach them? _} <- are they deflected? Directed? Does rotating or shifting in the ear have any use for them?

submitted by /u/Tiny-Room-9318
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Why don’t microphones on stage at huge stadium concerts have constant feedback?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 08:37 AM PDT

When theres's 20,000 people in the crowd, and speakers that are 50 feet high, how do these microphone not constantly pick up all that sound around them? It almost seems impossible, so how can the singer's vocals be so clear?

submitted by /u/legomyeggopls
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Is it true that your bones don't get any stronger after your early twenties?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 05:32 PM PDT

I heard that your strength of your bones are built in your teens and early twenties and that peak is maintained until 30. So basically, my weightlifting and calcium won't help my bones get stronger

submitted by /u/biggerthanUSsteel
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How visually accurate/realistic are the current animations of cellular biology as presented by HarvardX, WEHImovies, and the like?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 09:14 PM PDT

How visually accurate/realistic are the current animations of cellular biology as presented by HarvardX, WEHImovies, and the like?

Using this video as an example: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkYEYjintqU

Is what we see here truly physically occurring, or artist representation of what we theorize is occurring?

r/AskScience, please tell me that protons literally spin microscopic turbines to create ATP.

submitted by /u/The_Freight_Train
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Is HSV-1 (Cold Sores) contractible through blood/gametes?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 01:34 PM PDT

Quite a bit of my family has it, and my understanding is that most of the population has it, so I was wondering, besides saliva and sharing objects/water; does HSV-1 bind with your gametes (or can you be born with it?)? I've tried to google but I haven't found anything, or anything relating to blood/birth at least.

submitted by /u/2AM_Tale
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How hard is it to reverse engineer esoteric alloy via mass spectrometry techniques? e.g Fighter Jets, Submarines, Rocket's etc.

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 01:23 AM PDT

How long does it take for a vaccine to be absorbed into muscle?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 02:31 AM PDT

I don't mean how long until the vaccine takes effect, I mean how long is there a pocket of liquid sitting there inside unabsorbed? Could you hypothetically stick in another needle into the exact same spot, draw the liquid back out, and unnvaccinate yourself? I don't actually want to do this, if it needs to be said

submitted by /u/synthroidgay
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To what degree are all enzyme reactions reversible? How can I tell if a reaction is or isn't?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 02:12 AM PDT

Let's take glutamine synthetase as an example. It creates Glutamine by catalyzing the reaction:

Glutamate + ATP + NH3 → Glutamine + ADP + phosphate

But does this mean that if Glutamine concentration is high enough, Glutamate can be generated while producing ATP?

Is there database cataloguing which enzyme reactions are reversible or irreversible? Are there general principles by which I can predict if a reaction is or isn't reversible?

submitted by /u/fragileMystic
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Does the epicuticular wax of plant leaves disappear, or become inefficient when that certain plant is near spoiling/spoiled?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 02:13 AM PDT

We're conducting a research about using the extracted epicuticular wax from near spoling cabbage leaves. However, we wish to know if the spoiling of this cabbage, or any plant, affects the effectiveness of the hydrophobicity property of their epicuticular wax.

submitted by /u/bakugouchaan
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How are there multiple reading frames if it starts AUG?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 07:23 AM PDT

So I was researching translation and something that everyone mentions but no one explains - why are there 3 possible reading frames for an mRNA, if translation starts at AUG codon? If translation starts at this codon, then the only reading frame possible is the one dictated by AUG ie. there can only be one, so how would it even be theoretically possible for two other reading frames?

e.g. 5` GUCGAUGCUUGGUAGUAAG......... 3`

The only potential initiation site is AUG, so why do we say that this could encode 3 different proteins?

submitted by /u/idek300
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Is there a period of time between infection and eradication of a pathogen in an immunized host wherein the host is still infectious?

Posted: 02 Jun 2022 04:38 PM PDT

This question was inspired by my understanding of immune response: A host becomes infected > pathogen replicates until disease > immune response > eradication. At some point between infection and eradication there exists a critical mass of the pathogen such that the host becomes infectious.

An immunized host has memory cells that reduce immune response time. Is that shortened response time enough to prevent the host from becoming infectious before the pathogen is eradicated?

I figure this varies wildly from pathogen so let's just stick to COVID-19 (although additional examples would be great).

A few more things:

First, I'm out of my area of expertise (obviously) so please excuse any misuse of terminology, and please point it out. Second, please don't hold back with your answers. If I wanted a simple explanation for something as if I was five years old I'd go to another sub (my post was auto deleted for referencing it). If I don't understand something I can go look it up. Hit me with your best shot =) Third, please don't forget to cite your sources (or expertise) so I have somewhere to go for more information.

submitted by /u/SlyGuyontheFly
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If a sound is produced in an environment where there is wind blowing that goes faster than the speed of sound, can you hear that sound if the receiver is "upstream" of the wind?

Posted: 02 Jun 2022 11:59 AM PDT

Since the soundwaves would travel through a medium that is moving away from the receiver faster than the speed of the soundwaves itself.

Additionally, can wind cause Doppler effects?

submitted by /u/Bastiproton
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Can you get Monkeypox more than once?

Posted: 03 Jun 2022 05:38 AM PDT

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Thursday, June 2, 2022

In places where nudity is the norm, do people who go through puberty have the innate sexual attraction to other peoples primary and secondary sex characteristics or is that a learned trait?

In places where nudity is the norm, do people who go through puberty have the innate sexual attraction to other peoples primary and secondary sex characteristics or is that a learned trait?

In places where nudity is the norm, do people who go through puberty have the innate sexual attraction to other peoples primary and secondary sex characteristics or is that a learned trait?

Posted: 02 Jun 2022 12:30 PM PDT

I am mainly referring to certain tribes in africa where the females breasts are visible in public.

submitted by /u/FPSCRAZYY
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Dogs can smell COVID infections in patients, with as much accuracy as a PCR test. What's stopping us from building a machine that 'smells' the patients and detects it as well, if not better, than a dog?

Posted: 01 Jun 2022 05:39 PM PDT

You'd just have to build a detector sensitive to the specific molecule or group of molecules that cause the smell, right? And while we are at it, can't we have a bomb-sniffing and drug-sniffing machine, the same way dogs do? Or is there something about dog morphology that allows them to detect these smells better than any machine we can currently make?

Article I saw about dogs sniffing covid

submitted by /u/celo753
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What is a pattern? Is randomness the inverse of a pattern? And does the definition of a pattern include shared properties between elements?

Posted: 02 Jun 2022 12:02 PM PDT

For example, 1 2 3 4 5 6 exhibits a pattern. Each element is the previous plus one.

But what if say, you know beforehand, the elements of a sequence are between 0 - 6 like in a dice. You're trying to figure out if a certain sampling method is random. Say you get 0 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 1. The sequence itself doesn't seem to exhibit a pattern yet they all share the same property of being within the set {1,2,3} and excluding the set {4,5,6}

Randomness is often defined as the lack of a pattern. This sequence by the face of it doesn't seem to have a pattern yet we know it's not coming from a uniform random distribution from 1-6 given 4 5 and 6 aren't selected. How do you explain this?

submitted by /u/themoment326
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What are the mechanisms that cause Skeeter Syndrome and other extreme skin reactions to bug bites? Has there been any advances in cures or treatments?

Posted: 02 Jun 2022 11:40 AM PDT

See title. Thanks!

submitted by /u/SamisSmashSamis
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How are vitamins made?

Posted: 01 Jun 2022 04:06 PM PDT

Exactly as the post says.

I'm curious on how vitamins are made both from the natural and organic side to the synthetic.

How does it get from something like an açaí berry to vitamin B12. Or how is an orange turned into vitamin c?

Thanks for all the help!

submitted by /u/sempered
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Why aren't the *sub*species of brassica rapa just considered different *species*?

Posted: 01 Jun 2022 06:05 AM PDT

I guess the question is, what's the difference between subspecies and species, at least in the plant world? Is there even a clear distinction?

submitted by /u/inna_hey
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Can speech and body language experts tell whether someone is lying if they don't talk like they usually do?

Posted: 02 Jun 2022 11:33 AM PDT

Say, the subject is doing a Gordon Ramsay impression when they're testifying

submitted by /u/Ethan_Carlton
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Can the concepts of right and left be objectively explained using magnetic fields?

Posted: 02 Jun 2022 04:16 AM PDT

If you run a current through a wire, you create a magnetic field, and that magnetic field has a direction relative to the flow of the current. So if you were to explain to the aliens with no concept of left and right, you could tell them to set up an experiment where they connect a battery to a wire with the negative pole in a specified direction and the positive pole in the other.

Then all you need to do is state that when viewing the wire from a perspective relative to the flow of the electrons, you observe the direction of rotation of the magnetic field, and at the "up" position (opposite the direction of gravity) is either right or left depending on the perspective relative to electron flow? Or am I missing something?

submitted by /u/Grayfox4
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How exactly do prion diseases work and how can they be prevented?

Posted: 01 Jun 2022 06:51 PM PDT

Also, how close are we to a cure?

submitted by /u/_GenderNotFound
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 01 Jun 2022 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Can we predict when a gene will be expressed?

Posted: 01 Jun 2022 03:53 PM PDT

Genetic modification in the 20th century was a bit of a crapshoot -- literally. You'd put a bunch of DNA on some pellets and shoot them into a plant with an air gun, it's honestly so hilariously basic, it's surprising that it works. That, and Sanford is just a crazy person now. But that's another story.

But the genes get inserted pretty randomly, which is weird to me. Do we just practically test the organisms afterwards to see which ones got the insertion right?

Or can we predict when or how often a gene will be expressed from its contents and location in the genome?

Or do we not know this yet?

submitted by /u/Dzugavili
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After you donate blood, considering that it takes like 3-4 weeks to fully replenish the lost red blood cells that carry oxygen, is your endurance/stamina measurably affected afterwards for some time?

Posted: 01 Jun 2022 10:10 AM PDT

are the effects of faraday cages made of multiple materials aditional to each other?

Posted: 01 Jun 2022 07:11 AM PDT

Language isn't my strong suit so let me explain my question. If I was to make a faraday cage to protect a peice of equipment but I was trying to do so cheaply and get the most EMP protection possible could I use a metal mesh, then an insulating layer, then a foil layer, then more insulation? And would the mesh add to the protection? Or is the amount of protection limited by the most effective layer and all additional layers effectively do nothing.

Bonus question: under what circumstances would I have to ground the faraday cage to properly EMP protect the equipment?

submitted by /u/abusivethrowaway13
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why are the ice giants furthest away?

Posted: 01 Jun 2022 03:29 AM PDT

I was taught that when the solar system was forming, the sun pulled in the planets that were heavier, so rocky planets are closest to the sun. Thats why lighter planets (gas giants) are further away.

But what about the ice planets? are they lighter than the gas giants? were they once in a gaseous state?

whats the deal with Pluto in all this?

submitted by /u/benedictholland
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Why is Fluorocarbon hydrophobic?

Posted: 01 Jun 2022 12:37 PM PDT

If I understand it right, hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because of the non-polar interactions. But what makes Fluorocarbons MORE hydrophobic? Fluor-carbon interaction are very polar aren't they? so wouldn't that make them soluble in water?

submitted by /u/Solberg907
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What animal species has a hierarchy of roles based on biological differences?

Posted: 01 Jun 2022 03:57 AM PDT

Are there any hydraulic systems that use granular solids like sand or polymer beads with low surface friction as a medium instead of air/liquid?

Posted: 01 Jun 2022 03:55 AM PDT

How does Zeki (2003) relate to the unfolding argument?

Posted: 01 Jun 2022 06:17 AM PDT

Doerig and colleagues (2021) present four proposed criteria for a theory of consciousness in the article "Hard Criteria for Empirical Theories of Consciousness". One of these is the unfolding argument. Can't seem to find any literature on how Zekis´ theory of the disunity of consciousness relates to this argument. He provides no function for consciousness, is he therefore subject to the unfolding argument, and could be considered a casual structure theory such as Lammes´ recurrent processing theory (2006) and Tononis´ information integration theory (2004)?

submitted by /u/Nervous_Weather_5272
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How is melatonin for supplements made?

Posted: 31 May 2022 10:04 PM PDT

I know melatonin is naturally produced in the pineal gland, but how is melatonin made for gummies or supplements?

Is a pure melatonin liquid made and then mixed with the gummies? How is it made, I cannot find it anywhere only a breakdown of the natural biological process

submitted by /u/Metropolis49
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Wednesday, June 1, 2022

What determines the ideal number, length, width and shape for the blades of wind turbines, wind mills, or even interior fans?

What determines the ideal number, length, width and shape for the blades of wind turbines, wind mills, or even interior fans?

What determines the ideal number, length, width and shape for the blades of wind turbines, wind mills, or even interior fans?

Posted: 31 May 2022 10:37 PM PDT

I notice that wind turbines have only three very long blades, yet windmills and water pump windmills have many more. Likewise, home fans can have three, five, or more blades, and there is a lot of variation in the lengths available. How do you determine what's optimized for a given usage?

submitted by /u/MoiJaimeLesCrepes
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Is licking a minor wound (such as a small cut) generally effective or harmful?

Posted: 31 May 2022 04:57 AM PDT

And does being immunocompromised make a difference?

ETA: I'm not immunocompromised, sorry, didn't realise people would draw that conclusion. I was just curious about what would happen if an immunocompromised person did lick a cut. Clearly, it's nothing good.

The reddit app isn't letting me reply to posts, but thanks to all who've answered so far!

submitted by /u/twinfiresigns14
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Why, physically, can’t we see ultraviolet light?

Posted: 31 May 2022 12:29 PM PDT

I understand why we can't see infrared light, because it's way less energetic than visible light, but ultraviolet is even higher energy and I thought it would still make sense for it to excite our retinas.

The only answer I can find is "because your eyes only see blue light", but that doesn't really answer the question of how or why that mechanism actually works.

submitted by /u/zsdrfty
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AskScience AMA Series: I'm Futurist Amy Webb, and I just wrote a new book about a wild emerging technology called synthetic biology. AMA!

Posted: 01 Jun 2022 04:00 AM PDT

We can now program cells as if they were tiny computers. What happens when anyone can manipulate organisms - or even create new ones? My new book, The Genesis Machine, gives you the background you need to think differently about research underway now, and what that could mean for humanity's futures. What questions do you have for me, Redditors? I'll be on from 2-4pmET (18-20 UT), AMA!

Username: /u/Amy_Webb

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How is a cold virus able to target specific areas of the body, ie the throat?

Posted: 31 May 2022 03:39 PM PDT

do large Cities affect weather in any significant way?

Posted: 31 May 2022 06:21 AM PDT

I live in Minneapolis, MN and now that it's summer there have been a few big thunderstorms. I was wondering if the large city affects how these storms behave.

submitted by /u/WhatisBondage
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Can heat affect electric signals?

Posted: 31 May 2022 06:07 AM PDT

So, here's my simplistic understanding of the two terms: Electricity- the flow of electrons Heat - the general movement of particles/molecules.

While these are not perfect definitions, I think they are fairly accurate. If you have electrical signals flowing through a copper cable, why can heat not change the bits being transmitted by disrupting the flow?

I realize that heat is a problem in computing, but usually that is at the processing points and affects materials in the computer rather than the signals, right?

submitted by /u/toonzman92
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How do flash floods happen?

Posted: 31 May 2022 06:33 AM PDT

Melting ice sheets lead to isostatic rebound and earthquakes. Are any mountain glaciers big enough to cause detectable earthquakes by the same process?

Posted: 31 May 2022 08:15 AM PDT

How would palaeontologists know the social structure of dinosaurs?

Posted: 30 May 2022 11:20 PM PDT

Hello, I just watched Prehistoric Planet and then perused the Wikipedia pages of some of the featured dinosaurs. For example, how would they know that the Dreadnoughtus males go into the desert to compete to mate? (I suppose they found a whole bunch of male fossils?)

Or the father T-rex wants to eat first?

Or the group of Triceratops journeying through a cave to find an underground clay lick, to protect themselves from eating toxic plants by lining their stomachs?

Or the pterosaurs fighting back against the Velociraptor hunting them?

Or the Quetzalcoatlus (I think it was) crushing the other's eggs?

The Edmontosaurus loves fire or something like that?

Or a smaller Barbaridactylus fools the bigger males into getting to mate with females?

I haven't researched it further but none of this is in the respective Wikipedia pages, how much of this is educative guesses and story telling?

submitted by /u/dash_o_truth
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Why is glycemic index of sucrose lower than all purpose flour even though all purpose flour isn't as sweet as sugar?

Posted: 31 May 2022 01:22 AM PDT

How do mountain rivers formed and how do they look like at the mountain top?

Posted: 31 May 2022 10:34 PM PDT

What is the data on medical marijuana messing with REM sleep?

Posted: 30 May 2022 11:50 PM PDT

I saw a bunch of studies and assertions that it ruins REM sleep. But I also saw stuff that says it's a miracle for sleep and anxiety and nightmares. These things don't seem to coalesce into one pattern; if it helps with anxiety, then it can't also not let you get real rest, becuase over time you would get worse anxiety from not being able to sleep. Bad sleep=more anxiety. Ditto nightmares, if you can't get real rest, then you get more nightmares.

So what's going on? Is the data conflicting, does it matter who's being studied and why they're taking the drug, does it matter what particular type of thing they're taking, what ingestion method?

submitted by /u/autoantinatalist
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Does vapour pressure depend on external pressure?

Posted: 31 May 2022 04:22 AM PDT

My understanding of vapour pressure is that it is the pressure exerted by a vapour above a liquid when at equilibrium. Physically, this arises because some molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase in to the gas phase, and at equilibrium the number of molecules vapourising is the same as the number condensing.

My question is does the vapour pressure depend on the external pressure? For example, if a volatile solvent was placed in a sealed flask, and it was pressurised with an inert gas, would the additional gas molecules hinder the evaporation from the liquid phase?

submitted by /u/ShavenJohnCravens
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If you have a slightly damaged liver, but donate or otherwise remove a portion of it. will the liver as a whole be healthier once it fully regenerates?

Posted: 30 May 2022 06:48 PM PDT

Do new galaxies become visible as their light reaches Earth?

Posted: 30 May 2022 09:41 PM PDT

Do galaxies beyond the bounds of the currently observable universe become visible as their light reaches Earth or are they simply too far away or obscured to ever be observed?

submitted by /u/Jaranon
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Are studies related to humans that use worms as the subject relevant to human living?

Posted: 31 May 2022 03:37 AM PDT

I was reading some health (diet) related articles and they were talking about possible health concerns of diets due to the way ringworms reacted when subjected to said diet. That sounds super strange to me because...I'm not a worm...

Was just wondering if those articles should just be dismissed or if using worms for studies related to humans is actually a scientifically sound practice.

submitted by /u/Wreckit-Jon
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Why do rock sediment layers change color so suddenly?

Posted: 30 May 2022 06:19 PM PDT

Since these formations took millions of years to form, wouldn't it be a subtle change over time?

And yet, when I look at the formations, the colors seem to change quickly. Why is this?

submitted by /u/empathyboi
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The human mind compensates for our noses and blind spots, but what is known of animals with long snouts like dogs and horses? How about creatures like stingrays?

Posted: 31 May 2022 05:27 AM PDT

Offered my golden retriever my breakfast scraps and noticed he carefully looked down at all the bits of eggs, toast and bacon before raises his head back up and then accurately licking each tidbit without looking? Did his doggy brain create a map of the food bits or was his brain "showing" him the plate even though his adorable snout was in the way?

submitted by /u/nanmart
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