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Monday, May 9, 2022

Was it common for healthcare professionals, undertakers, etc to catch influenza from handling bodies in the 1918 Flu epidemic?

Was it common for healthcare professionals, undertakers, etc to catch influenza from handling bodies in the 1918 Flu epidemic?


Was it common for healthcare professionals, undertakers, etc to catch influenza from handling bodies in the 1918 Flu epidemic?

Posted: 09 May 2022 02:47 AM PDT

Are there any extinct animals recorded in cave paintings that we don't otherwise know about?

Posted: 09 May 2022 08:18 AM PDT

Could there be cave paintings containing animals we haven't found fossil records for yet? And if there were, how would we tell if the animal being depicted was actually real and not some made up creature?

submitted by /u/CMDR_omnicognate
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Where was the Hawaiian islands/hotspot located in the Mesozoic?

Posted: 08 May 2022 03:49 PM PDT

Where was the Hawaiian islands/hotspot located in the Mesozoic? I believe that the current islands didn't exist until the Cenozoic, and that the oldest of the Emperor Seamounts existed during the Cretaceous period, but I have no idea where the hotspot was located or when it was created.

Also, I'm wondering what climate the islands were.

submitted by /u/ZanyRaptorClay
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Do our bodies have defences against prions?

Posted: 08 May 2022 10:19 PM PDT

During Polymerase Chain Reaction, Why does Taq polymerase only extend the primer-DNA hybrid upto 1.5 kilo base pairs and not beyond that?

Posted: 09 May 2022 05:21 AM PDT

How does our heart produce its electric current?

Posted: 08 May 2022 10:12 PM PDT

Rest vs. exercise after a flu shot? Which option would result in fewer side effects?

Posted: 09 May 2022 12:13 AM PDT

Hey y'all. Just got a flu jab. Should I rest and deal with side effects or head out for an hour long walk? I have read that exercising after a flu shot can give a better immune boost. But I want the least side effects possible. So would a better immune response equal more side effects?

I hope this makes sense. Please direct to the right sub if not the right place to ask. Thanks

submitted by /u/myamygdalahurts
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How does a brain with 20:20 vision develop vs one with 20:10 vision?

Posted: 09 May 2022 06:38 AM PDT

So my thought is simple,

If you see clearer at a further distance vs avg population, then your brain in turn has to process more data.

Over the growth of a child, I have to imagine that much keener sight would cause a noticeable difference in ability to process information as you have to always process more.

Any input on this curiosity?

submitted by /u/laxmolnar
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Why do ion engines prefer high molecular weight propellants, but nuclear thermal rockets tend towards low MW propellants?

Posted: 08 May 2022 04:06 AM PDT

I've recently reading about new advances in rocket propulsion technology. Leaving aside other considerations like ionizability, chemical stability, etc., why does either propulsion system prefer the "opposite" extreme of propellant molecular weight? From what I gather online, ion engines tend towards xenon, while the proposed nuclear thermal rockets in development generally adopt hydrogen.

Am an engineer myself, so feel free to explain in depth. Thanks!

submitted by /u/draconicsheep123
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If a planet is tidally locked and in the relative habitable zone of its star, would the tidal forces be strong enough to increase volcanic activity on the side of the planet facing towards the star?

Posted: 08 May 2022 01:47 AM PDT

And would this also increase volcanic activity on the side facing away from the star?

submitted by /u/FoulPeasant
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When Scientists discover new species how they determine which one is male and which one female?

Posted: 08 May 2022 04:00 AM PDT

If in some species males also can be pregnant then what tell scientists that this one should be called male and other one female?

submitted by /u/Accomplished-Play-12
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There's likely to be a major interaction between our galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy at some point. There are models showing what we expect to happen. Have we imaged anything that looks like galaxies interacting, or the remnants of that interaction? How closely do they resemble the models?

Posted: 08 May 2022 12:49 AM PDT

how much does fossilization shrink bones?

Posted: 07 May 2022 11:56 PM PDT

Why are there true-to-seeds and not true-to-seed plants?

Posted: 07 May 2022 11:07 PM PDT

I recently learned how avocados are not true to seed plants and by that meaning planting them doesn't give you the same fruit.

This is very intriguing and strange. Aren't we all the product of our DNA. And isnt that DNA embedded within the seed?

submitted by /u/zav3rmd
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Sunday, May 8, 2022

Are there foods that actually are superfoods? I mean, are there any foods out there that extremely effect your body from just one eat?

Are there foods that actually are superfoods? I mean, are there any foods out there that extremely effect your body from just one eat?


Are there foods that actually are superfoods? I mean, are there any foods out there that extremely effect your body from just one eat?

Posted: 07 May 2022 06:05 PM PDT

Why does a camera exist for infrared, visible, and UV light, but we use an antenna for detecting radio waves?

Posted: 07 May 2022 04:25 PM PDT

What is the difference between these waves that allows something like a camera to work or not work?

submitted by /u/tootybob
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How do antivirals target only viral RNA and not host RNA?

Posted: 07 May 2022 05:22 AM PDT

Edit: I understand that many antivirals affect the viral polymerase, but I'm most interested in nucleoside analogs like molnupiravir… how do they affect only viral RNA and not host RNA?

submitted by /u/lonesomefish
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Why are so many of the worlds deepest caves in Georgia?

Posted: 08 May 2022 01:59 AM PDT

7/45 of the worlds biggest caves are in Georgia, including the top 4. Why is this? What is so special about the geology of such a small country that in contains such deep caves?

submitted by /u/Ketwobi
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If allergies can come from repeated exposures, why are we not allergic to everything?

Posted: 07 May 2022 07:52 AM PDT

Correct any assumptions I may have made, but I have read about how allergies can come from repeated exposures to something. For example, I've read the story about how cockroach researchers eventually become allergic to them, and in turn have an allergy to instant coffee.

How come we aren't allergic to things we experience everyday in our lives? I eat wheat almost everyday, will I eventually get to the point where I die if I walk past a bakery? Will all pet owners become allergic to their pets? Will youngsters all develop an allergy to AXE bodyspray? Will someone eventually become allergic to a medication that they take chronically?

submitted by /u/ithrowcox
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Is hyperphalangy/hyperdactyly a thing in humans, like it is for some dinosaurs?

Posted: 07 May 2022 04:38 PM PDT

I'm studying ichthyosaur fins for my university dissertation, and I'm looking at polyphalangy (defined as phalanges branching from digits) and hyperphalangy (additional phalanges added linearly onto digits) (see this image from Fedak and Hall, 2004 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1571266/figure/fig01/).

Obviously there's polydactyly in humans, with extra fingers, but I was wondering if there's 'hyperdactyly', with more than 3 phalanges in a finger? I'd imagine that if both conditions occur in ancient organisms then they could also occur in humans?

edit: terminology

submitted by /u/tommy02862001
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Where is the next largest mountain range being/going to be created?

Posted: 07 May 2022 12:55 PM PDT

Throughout random readings I've found that the Appalachians used to be larger than the Himalayas. Are there any new ranges currently forming and will any range formed ever be as large as the Appalachians considering tectonic plate movement is gradually slowing?

submitted by /u/OptimusCannabis
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Are there any examples of a species disappearing from the fossil record because of a predator species being so successful in hunting it? (Other than extinctions humans have caused?)

Posted: 07 May 2022 04:58 PM PDT

So while we haven't discovered any life native to Mars, are there microorganisms that live on our planet that could survive on Mars?

Posted: 07 May 2022 10:19 AM PDT

Can someone explain how cancer spread into your lymph node?

Posted: 08 May 2022 03:12 AM PDT

I've read IMMUNE from Kurzgesagt, and now I'm watching Breaking Bad. So I want to know how cancer can spread into your lymph node. Thanks!!

submitted by /u/Living_Book
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Can the most extreme weather for a region happen in the next 5 or 10 years rather than 50 -70 years?

Posted: 07 May 2022 10:39 PM PDT

Can a region anywhere on earth possibly experience the worst climate in the next 5 or 10 years rather than in 50-70 years in this century? Or will climate change make it certain that the worst is going to happen only after 50 or so years?

submitted by /u/sparkzz27
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Do all mammals experience nausea, and how can scientists determine this?

Posted: 07 May 2022 05:59 PM PDT

For example, dogs experience nausea and it is often indicated by drooling and excessive swallowing, and anti-emetic medications work for dogs. But outside of observed behaviors, do scientists have other ways of knowing whether nausea is something that all mammals experience? Could it be determined by studying mammalian brains?

submitted by /u/hodlboo
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Diseases like Ebola and Rabies are much more fatal in humans than in their host species. Are there any diseases that are relatively safe in humans, but are lethal in animals?

Posted: 06 May 2022 11:27 AM PDT

Evushield: how does it work and why isn't it called a vaccine?

Posted: 07 May 2022 09:25 AM PDT

How does a drug's half life relate to the duration of its effects?

Posted: 07 May 2022 08:29 PM PDT

This is mostly regarding psychoactive substances, but it seems for most substances, the half-life is much longer than the duration you actually feel the drug's effects.

Take ativan for example. It's half life seems to be around 12 hours, although apparently a better estimate is between 10 and 12 hours. Yet it does not seem to ease anxiety for nearly that long. Another example would be adderall. It's half life is over 12 hours, yet its effects last for around 6 hours.

Even alcohol seems to be weird in this regard. It's half-life is 4-5 hours, but you're also able to process a drink in around an hour. If I had a drink and then waited an hour, I would blow a 0.0 BAC, but it would still be in my system?

Can anyone clear this up for me? Is it that the drugs still have a psychoactive affect, but it is just no longer noticeable or what?

submitted by /u/East_Entrepreneur513
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Why are examples of viruses jumping between kingdoms so rare compared to zoonosis?

Posted: 07 May 2022 07:44 AM PDT

I know there are some examples of viruses jumping host kingdoms, but they seem relatively rare compared to how often they jump between host species. Of the examples we do have, many of them we don't have direct evidence for, the jump is inferred from evolutionary evidence because it happened too far in the past. Is the jump between kingdoms 'harder', and if so, why?

submitted by /u/NoPunkProphet
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If LIDAR from self driving cars shoots lasers, will there be "LIDAR pollution" from hundreds of cars shooting lasers?

Posted: 06 May 2022 07:11 AM PDT

why does food get crispy when you boil it in grease?

Posted: 06 May 2022 04:27 PM PDT

When you boil it I water, it gets soft

submitted by /u/simonsayswhere
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Are lobsters' lives limited only by their ability to moult, and could they theoretically reach any size or age?

Posted: 06 May 2022 05:15 AM PDT

So, what I've heard is that lobsters keep growing throughout their life, getting bigger with each moult. I've also heard that the reason lobsters will die at a certain age is not because of internal processes, but because they are unable to effectively moult and die as a result.

Firstly, is this correct? And if this is correct, is it therefore theoretically possible that a lobster could be aided in moulting, and we could just pass this lobster through generations as it just gets bigger and bigger? I severely doubt this is the case, but without having contrary information on lobster biology, I'm just going to have this at the back of my mind

submitted by /u/AnOddEgg
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How does Phantom cameras shoot 1 million frames per second?

Posted: 06 May 2022 02:24 PM PDT

Can someone explain the technology behind it? How do photo sensors work and what allows it to refresh so quickly? Wouldn't the speed of electricity flow become a limiting factor at such high frame rates?

submitted by /u/MrMangosteen
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Optics containing thorium do yellow over time, because of the alpha decay damages the glass lattice. Annealing can help to get rid of the discoloration. People also report that exposure to UV radiation helps. How does UV radiation help to make the glass visually transparent again?

Posted: 06 May 2022 05:43 PM PDT

Optics, often old optics, can contain thorium because of the excellent refractive characteristics of thorium. The downside of using thorium is that it is radioactive and emits alpha particles while it decays. These high energy electrons do affect atoms in the glass lattice, inducing damaged spots due to exciting their electrons that will leave their normal positions and start moving through the glass lattice. These additions or removals of electrons can result in an F-spot, colour spot, that can absorb light.

The energetic electrons passing through the network can collide with other electrons. The collision can cause the other bound electron to be ejected from its normal orbit and move through the lattice. Less strong collisions can cause thermal motion of the lattice, resulting in electron-deficient regions, holes. These holes can move through the lattice and are stopped near impurities or defects. The moving electrons can also be trapped near lattice impurities or defects, or recombine with holes.

A way to ''clean'' the glass is to anneal it, so diffusion can take place to ''repair'' the damaged spots. However, on the internet people report that ultraviolet (UV) radiation also helps to remove the yellowish tint from these old optics, ''vintage lenses''. Besides, people often use cheap so called ''UV LEDS'', that do emit not lower than 385 nm at best.
How does UV radiation help with making the thoriated yellowed glass visually transparent again?

submitted by /u/HackingDutchman
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What caused the circular formations in these rocks?

Posted: 06 May 2022 04:29 PM PDT

Here are some photos of the rocks I'm asking about. I hope they are detailed enough, I photographed them from afar. This is from a Portuguese beach. I go there often and I always wonder what caused these formations, because they are so distinctly circular and there are so many of them. Most are concave, some have a slightly convex interior.

submitted by /u/mossgreen225
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Friday, May 6, 2022

If going at the speed of sound creates a sonic boom, then hypothetically, if a light source was accelerated to the speed of light, would there be a big "light wave"?

If going at the speed of sound creates a sonic boom, then hypothetically, if a light source was accelerated to the speed of light, would there be a big "light wave"?


If going at the speed of sound creates a sonic boom, then hypothetically, if a light source was accelerated to the speed of light, would there be a big "light wave"?

Posted: 05 May 2022 11:04 AM PDT

Is there a consensus in the scientific community that the perception of time passing is a sense similar to sight & hearing? The University of Dublin recognizes time blindness as a condition and accommodates students with it. Is this rare?

Posted: 05 May 2022 05:58 PM PDT

Sights & sounds can be measured in terms of brightness or loudness. Periods of time can be measured by length - e.g. minutes or months.

People with time blindness cannot accurately sense or measure the passing of time without external aid (a clock or timer - this one is designed specifically for them).

This recent study (March 31/2022) on the pupils of people with aphantasia (the inability to visualize images) proved what millions afflicted with it have been saying since the 1800's: that they cannot "see" anything with their mind's eye. For them, that eye is blind.

Similarly, time blindness is also believed to be a sensory issue by those who have studied it, but unlike aphantasia, it has yet to be proven scientifically.

For people with time blindness, starting to use a timer for daily tasks can feel like putting on a pair of needed glasses for the first time. They need an aid to monitor the passing of time the way others can naturally.

Was aphantasia a "theory" before the scientific proof was found, and is now a proven sensory deficiency?

Does the "timer" part of the brain need to be discovered and a deficiency noted in the time-blind in order for their condition to be validated, or does science accept time perception as a sense like sight or hearing, without physical evidence of the mechanism?

This research university (University of Dublin) recognizes time blindness and accomodates students with it. Is this recognition rare/emerging in the scientific community?

submitted by /u/Dependent-Army4891
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why are our fingers and toes all different lengths? is there an evolutionary benefit? did earlier humans differ?

Posted: 05 May 2022 02:42 PM PDT

I got a new deodorant recently that says that it has no aluminum or parabens. Is there research showing that aluminum and parabens are harmful in the quantities that they usually come in in deodorant?

Posted: 05 May 2022 04:04 AM PDT

I.e. when you consider the concentration that they're in in deodorant and when you consider that people use a tiny amount of deodorant once or twice a day, are those amounts of aluminum and parabens harmful to humans?

Edit: WOW this blew up while I was at work. Thanks for all the replies, everyone!

submitted by /u/CakeDayOrDeath
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For planets with dozens of moons, do moons ever collide? And if so, what impact would that have on the planet?

Posted: 05 May 2022 09:39 PM PDT

In case of collision, do both moons cease to exist? Do their remains rain down on the planet like a meteroids, or are they pushed into outer space?

Losing our only moon would be catastrophic for life as we know it. But would it affect life on a planet when their moon counter drops from like 50 to 48?

submitted by /u/Linnun
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Does drinking lots of water prevent the negative side effects of a high sodium diet (eg. increased blood pressure) ?

Posted: 06 May 2022 04:10 AM PDT

Can your immune system create resistance against bacterial infections the same way it does viral?

Posted: 05 May 2022 10:24 AM PDT

Say you got a bacterial chest infection and was prescribed antibiotics to treat it. Would your immune system create some kind of resistance to it if you were to come in contact with someone else who had the same infection after you'd recovered?

submitted by /u/hedonism_bot_3012
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Is there any study on wheter the increase of depression rate in the last decades is an actual increase or an increase on diagnosis only?

Posted: 05 May 2022 02:55 PM PDT

Are bird songs learned or built into the birds DNA?

Posted: 04 May 2022 06:34 PM PDT

If a bird (the type who has distinct recognizable calls) is hatched/raised in isolation, will it still know how to do it's distinct bird song? Or are these songs always learned and just passed down generation to generation?

submitted by /u/Penguin7751
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What's the significance of Mersenne primes?

Posted: 06 May 2022 12:52 AM PDT

(Keep in mind, the highest math course I have taken is Calc 1. So please try to adjust your answer to my knowledge base)

Why have mathematicians been studying these elusive numbers for decades? And why is their (in)finitude such a highly researched mathematics problem?

submitted by /u/Saint_Magnapinna
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is nuclear waste more or less radioactive than nuclear fuel?

Posted: 05 May 2022 04:12 AM PDT

Does birdsong carry any information that we've been able to "codify" (not sure the word I'm looking for) to any extent? As opposed to the assumption that it's "Here I am, Here I am" over and over?

Posted: 05 May 2022 02:52 PM PDT

When I hear a bird vocalize repeatedly, it sounds very "similar" to itself, which leads me to think of it being a very basic "Here I am, here I am" sort of thing. But I also remember reading the roots of the word "barbarian", where folks thought certain other folks were just saying "bar bar bar". And nevermind that silly comparison, it was just what prompted me thinking about this just now.

I know some birds have various vocalizations for various settings. Crows have their caw and their rattles and clicks. But even here, the caws have significant variation, in the single caws and in the sequence of caws, their spacing/etc. Of course so do the rattles and clicks. How deeply, if at all, do we understand significance of "some series of rattles" vs "some other series of rattles." An answer could be "There is no significance, they are basically automatons" but... I suspect that's just too convenient and human-centric. Why bother with all that different subtlety if it's just "I'm here, I'm here, I'm here." Or "My territory, my territory."

Has there been any work done on attempting, I guess what I would have to call translation, of various bird's vocalizations? And to what degree have we gone the deepest with this?

The robins in my area, probably all robins, have this long sequence of chirps, which always maintains the identifiable structure, but which has a huge amount of variation. I can't help but feel that there could be very nuanced information encoded in this variation. They also do a sharp single chirp at various times, though always when they're getting their babies out of the nest. I'm wondering if anyone could discuss it or point me at studies related to this or just tell me I'm bird-brained!

submitted by /u/salfkvoje
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Are there any foods (besides coriander/cilantro) that people dislike due to their genetics?

Posted: 05 May 2022 10:13 PM PDT

It's pretty common knowledge now that coriander tastes bad to some people (including myself) due to our genes.

Do we know of any other foods where something similar happens?

For example: Walnuts taste quite bitter to me in a similar way to coriander. (ruins carrot cakes by the way) Could this be genetic, or do I just dislike walnuts?

submitted by /u/Dogbin005
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Is there a way to effectively treat autoimmune disease without strong immunosuppression?

Posted: 06 May 2022 12:13 AM PDT

Asking in regards to the ongoing risk of COVID right now for people with autoimmune disease, and situations where there's long COVID, possibly making COVID already present in the body when autoimmune disease also needs to be treated.

submitted by /u/novamateria
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Can caffeine facilitate the biosynthesis of norepinephrine?

Posted: 05 May 2022 09:45 PM PDT

Why do we have more cases of kids diagnosed with ADD or ADHD today vs 30 or 40 years ago?

Posted: 06 May 2022 03:24 AM PDT

Is it because we have better was of detecting it and there was no apparent increase? Or is it something to do with our society etc?

submitted by /u/vmanthegreat
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Are religious people less likely to face depression and suicide than non-religious people?

Posted: 05 May 2022 02:51 PM PDT

Is computer addiction a real disorder?

Posted: 06 May 2022 01:41 AM PDT

Can a cell present multiple antigens on all of its expressed MHC class I receptors?

Posted: 05 May 2022 10:06 AM PDT

(across all of its MHC class I receptors)

There are so many possible internal antigens, both potentially viral-induced and non-viral-induced, that a cell can present on its MHC Class I receptors.

How many MHC Class I receptors does a cell typically have? (both prior to and after stimulation by interferon?)

submitted by /u/inquilinekea
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What's stopping the US from creating water pipelines to the drought-stricken western states like we do for oil?

Posted: 05 May 2022 06:48 PM PDT

Loud sound is bad for your ears, but are certain frequencies more dangerous than others?

Posted: 05 May 2022 10:29 AM PDT

Why is the dirt around anthills so different from the dirt around it? As if the anthill dirt is uniformly size and dried

Posted: 05 May 2022 12:07 AM PDT

Do you fertilize multiple embryo’s in the process of IVF, and choose the one that is the healthiest to place back inside the host?

Posted: 05 May 2022 12:37 PM PDT

How do they choose the healthiest? And how many fertilized eggs are destroyed in the process? This is not meant to be political. Thanks!

submitted by /u/FungusBrewer
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If cones in the eye peak at 560 nm (yellow), 530 nm (green), and 420 nm (violet), why are the primary colors red, green, and blue?

Posted: 05 May 2022 03:14 PM PDT

Humans have three types of cones in their eyes that respond to different wavelengths of light. According to Wikipedia the three types of cones' response peak at at 560 nm a yellow color, 530 nm a green color, and 420 nm a violet color. Here is a good image showing this. Why then are the three primary colors red, green, and blue, and not yellow, green, and violet?

submitted by /u/liph_vye
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