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Tuesday, April 19, 2022

when astronauts use the space station's stationary bicycle, does the rotation of the mass wheel start to rotate the I.S.S. and how do they compensate for that?

when astronauts use the space station's stationary bicycle, does the rotation of the mass wheel start to rotate the I.S.S. and how do they compensate for that?


when astronauts use the space station's stationary bicycle, does the rotation of the mass wheel start to rotate the I.S.S. and how do they compensate for that?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 07:03 AM PDT

What structural brain changes occur from long term therapeutic use of stimulants?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 06:35 AM PDT

Why does the perception of taste seem to be affected by what's eaten just prior?

Posted: 18 Apr 2022 08:03 PM PDT

Note: I am not asking about why orange juice tastes bad after eating something minty for example. These causes can be easily pinned down to what we already know about taste buds.

What I am curious about is: if you were to give me bread with mustard and mayo, my reaction would be somewhere between ambivalent and negative. But if you gave me the same thing as the last bite of an italian sub, which I've already eaten the meat, toppings, etc, from, I'll happy eat it and perceive it as nearly as tasty as a bite of the full sub.

What is happening to enable this?

submitted by /u/Barebuttballsnback
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I'm hearing that "all bird species are susceptible" to the bird flu that's circulating. Are there any pathogens to which all mammal species are susceptible?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 06:48 AM PDT

Does your mouth have a biome of flora? And can it be thrown out of balance?

Posted: 18 Apr 2022 07:38 AM PDT

I recently had a lower endoscopy done where I needed to consume a ton of Miralax and Gatorade, and ever since then my mouth has seemed off. I've had a bad taste in my mouth, and feel like I get bad breath quicker.

It's made me wonder if, just like the gut, does my mouth have a system that can be thrown off balance?

submitted by /u/themikecampbell
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Can lahars happen in extremely cold climates?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 12:54 PM PDT

How do shipworms bore into wood?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 12:30 PM PDT

I'm having a hard time wrapping my head around shipworms using their shells to eat wood. https://manitobamuseum.ca/archives/3122 On this page I can see a picture of their shells. Do they use them like a little beak to munch away? Like a chisel that scrapes at the rock? Or is it kind of like a file that grinds it down? And then after that, do they just swallow the bits with their mouth?

I wish there was a video of them in action, but I'm not sure if there's any footage of this.

Thanks a bunch everyone. :)

submitted by /u/Rejoicing_Tunicates
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Are there any studies about how a group reading a text aloud together (e.g. in a church setting) "agree" on a pace and make the words come out at the same time?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 10:27 AM PDT

When a group sings or chants together, there is a beat to keep everyone on the same time/pace. In some churches, the congregation reads a text aloud together and somehow finds an acceptable pace together. Are there any studies that have looked at how a group comes to this sort of informal consensus in real time?

submitted by /u/efficiens
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How to differentiate between L. paracase, L.buchneri and L. Zeae using agar?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 07:52 AM PDT

I have to differentiate between L. paracase, L.buchneri and L. Zeae and I need to enumerate the potency of the three strains. Is there any specific media or anything I can add to the MRS agar used to help differentiate between the three isolates? is there any chromogenic stains I can add to the agar to help? is there any specific media that could inhibit any of the isolates? Thanks

submitted by /u/IcarusGibbons
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do northern lights move as the pole moves?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 11:29 AM PDT

I heard the northern pole is moving slowly towards Russia, does that mean the northern lights move with it? Will people in Canada who can see the northern lights once wont be able to anymore?

submitted by /u/elprimowashere123
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How did the early solar system sort itself out?

Posted: 18 Apr 2022 06:15 PM PDT

Why did the lightest gas, hydrogen, migrate to the center of the "dust cloud?" Why are the rocky planets and the asteroids next, then more gases to form the gas giant planets? It seems the original disc/cloud was complex, so how did it sort? Was it homogeneous initially?

submitted by /u/Ihavepurpleshoes
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Could you determine the height of a tree that had fallen, with no evidence except the root structure and the stump?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 10:09 AM PDT

This is for a book. A fictional tree that had grown so massive it created it's own archipelago of islands. The islands/roots reach out 3,000 KM, so I'm trying to make the tree a "realistic" height.

submitted by /u/Noxsol89
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Is driving with overdrive (fifth gear) better than neutral in downhill for fuel consumption?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 11:01 AM PDT

Is driving with overdrive (fifth gear) better than neutral in downhill for fuel consumption?

submitted by /u/allexj
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Do heavy metals accumulate in seafood over time?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 04:53 AM PDT

I am wondering if an adult shrimp will have more accumulated cadmium and arsenic than say a juvenile one? I am trying to find publications about accumulation/increase over time but without success.

submitted by /u/zelars
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Catalysts in the microscale synthesis of indigo dye? (Baeyer-Drewson synthesis)

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 06:37 AM PDT

I was looking at some microscale dye synthesis methods for a textile project and was wondering if the NaOH involved in the Baeyer-Drewson indigo synthesis experiment is a catalyst (it seems to be on diagrams, but I've yet to see it written as such explicitly), and if it's possible to substitute it for other alkaline solutions and still get a reasonable amount of product in the same timeframe.

Thank you in advance!

submitted by /u/kerokero-ko
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Can astronauts build muscle in space?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 12:12 PM PDT

An earlier question about astronauts exercising to prevent loss of bone density made me wonder how much exercise an astronaut would have to do in space to get stronger?

If they need 2.5 hours a day as it is just to prevent getting weaker would like 5 hours lead to muscle growth or would the exhaustion be counter intuitive???

submitted by /u/ResponsibilityDue448
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What does the R_0 value really mean?

Posted: 18 Apr 2022 12:07 PM PDT

Hey guys,

I'm currently reading up on viral outbreaks and I'm asking myself how I need to interpret the R_0 values for different viruses that you can find online.

It is the number of people that get infected by one person when no one is immunized and no measures are being taken to contain the virus. So far, so good.

But at which timeframe do I need to look at?

Let's say that the R_0 value for measles is 15. Does this mean that one person infects 15 people in one day and on the second day 225 people have been infected?

Or do I need to take the incubation period into account when looking at the various R_0 values? Assuming that it takes four days for a person that has just been infected with measles to become infectious. Would that mean that it would take 8 days for 225 people to become infected?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Affectionate-Wind219
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Is a heavy ion with kinetic energy E impacting a proton the same as a proton with kinetic energy E impacting the heavy nucleus in terms of the reaction cross sections?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 07:11 AM PDT

I have been thinking about this because I want to know if the electrical breakdown limitations of DC accelerators can be overcome by accelerating a multiply charged nucleus to get a few times more MeV.

submitted by /u/Diligent-Order-9265
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Are all ions in an ionic equation aqueous?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 06:40 AM PDT

When writing an ionic equation from simplifying the full equation, are all ions written as being aqueous? Also are solids not separated into ions in the ionic equation and are they just written as their full form?

Example full equation : Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) = PbSO4 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

In the ionic equation for this all the ions are written as aqueous, why?

PbSO4 as a product is solid in the full equation, so in the ionic equation it's shown to be a solid and not separated into ions, is this the case for all solids when writing an ionic equation?

submitted by /u/annaismorley
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During did the Messinian Salinity Crisis, how would air pressure and climate have been affected?

Posted: 19 Apr 2022 05:35 AM PDT

During the Messinian Salinity Crisis, the Mediterranean Sea was mostly or completely dried out with a giant 10,000 ft deep basin. How would that have affected air pressure for the rest of the world, if I was standing at modern sea level, what would the atmospheric pressure be like? Followup question, how would the air pressure change affect climate on the continents and the snow line of mountains due to adibiadic cooling?

submitted by /u/KingZarkon
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Why isn’t the Sun more uniform?

Posted: 18 Apr 2022 01:03 PM PDT

I've been seeing a lot of Sun photos lately- flares, spots, canyons, etc. After millions of years, why hasn't gravity or diffusion or a similar process made the Sun homogeneous and uniform in appearance? Or is it, but it's just at such a large scale that even small variations stand out?

submitted by /u/Baldwijm
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Do birds sing in certain "keys" consisting of standardized "notes"?

Posted: 17 Apr 2022 06:45 AM PDT

For instance, do they use certain standards between frequencies like we have whole steps, fifths, octaves, etc? Do they use different tunings? If so is there a standard for certain species, with all the birds using the same? Are there dialects, with different regions of the same species using different tunings and intervals? If so is this genetic variation or a result of the birds imitating other birds or sounds they hear? Have there been instances of birds being influenced by the standard tunings of human music in that region?

Sorry for all the questions in a row and sorry if I got any terminology wrong. I've played the guitar for many years but honestly have only a very basic understanding of music theory and obviously zero understanding of birds.

submitted by /u/modernmartialartist
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What was the climate like on ancient Mars?

Posted: 18 Apr 2022 05:46 PM PDT

Could there be places on Mars that had different temperatures like we have here on Earth. Like some places are cold and some are hot and then it changes seasonally day to day?

Also, did ancient Mars have different continents like we do on Earth? Or was the land mass more attached like Pangea?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Odd_Perception1183
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What's the lowest atmospheric pressure a human could comfortably survive at, if they were wearing a breathing apparatus?

Posted: 18 Apr 2022 06:52 PM PDT

So, as I understand it, fully terraforming Mars is essentially impossible for a multitude of reasons, one of which is the extremely low barometric pressure (1% of Earth's). Even if we released all of Mars' trapped gases and did everything else we could to thicken its atmosphere, we could only increase that to 7%.

Assuming, just for fun, that the other threats to human survivability on the planet- including the temperature and solar radiation- were somehow fixed, what % of pressure would it take for someone to be able to walk on Mars' surface wearing only a facial breathing apparatus, similar to the face masks worn in the movie Avatar? Is there any partial terraforming worth doing that would make Martian colonization easier?

I also wanted to ask the same question regarding Saturn's moon Titan, which has a 1.5 bar atmosphere- the most hospitable anywhere in the Solar System besides Earth. Again, if the temperature wasn't a problem, could someone walk outside on Titan with just a breathing mask?

submitted by /u/moaningpufferfish
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How much does our skull change how we actually hear our voice?

Posted: 17 Apr 2022 12:24 PM PDT

According to Brightside:

But when we hear our voice when we're actually speaking, we hear it in two different ways - externally and internally. First, you hear the sound that comes out of your mouth ( the one that other people hear), and at the same time you hear that which is coming from vibrations produced by our vocal chords, which travel through our head. The bones in our skulls tend to enhance the lower-frequency vibrations, and that's why our voice sounds lower to us than it really is.

But I wasn't able to find any numbers anywhere. How much lower does our voice actually sound? If I change the frequency or pitch of my recording, could I change the recorded voice to what I hear in my head?

submitted by /u/Benben377
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Sunday, April 17, 2022

Does hair actually absorb vitamins, proteins... from shampoo?

Does hair actually absorb vitamins, proteins... from shampoo?


Does hair actually absorb vitamins, proteins... from shampoo?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 07:36 AM PDT

A lot of shampoos contain biotin, vitamin E, Q10, wheat protein, zinc, panthenol, coffein, different kinds of oils and all kinds of stuff. But does hair actually absorb this stuff? Will it make my hair better or it is just a marketing trick? I'm not a expert but I think that hair is basically dead keratin and it can't and won't absorb anything. But I could be wrong of course. Vitamin E and Q10 could improve the condition of my scalp skin if applied on the skin surface but that's probably it.

It's better for me to continue to take vitamins in form of tablets or should I buy one of these magic shampoos to improve to quality of my hair?

Update: I'm very thankful to you all for your advices, opinions and provided information.

I've decided that I will use a chemical-free Bio shampoo from the vegan store after learning about all the chemicals and marketing tricks in the cosmetic industry. Of course it won't give me the ''Ultra Magic Super Soft Shine Hair" but it will get the job done when needed and it's health/nature friendly.

submitted by /u/myendlessbattle
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Can a planet with a spin-orbital resonance like Mercury occupy the habitable zone?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 06:51 PM PDT

What would it look like? How would the wind/ocean currents behave?

submitted by /u/TemporaryUsername04
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Can we observe humidity and evaporation from a distance?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 06:34 PM PDT

I live in a dry climate. I was wondering if it could be possible to create a tool that can view humidity from afar, to locate a pool of water or other source of evaporation. Similar in usage to an IR camera for heat. Sorry if this is a dumb question!

submitted by /u/sneaky-pizza
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Why can the lone star tick bite make you allergic to red meat, if that very same allergene your body starts reacting to has always been present in the meat itself?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 09:52 AM PDT

So I've heard that getting bitten by the lone star tick will make you allergic to red meat, specifically to saccharide "alpha-gal", present in most mammals, except humans. I wonder why we don't develop this allergy by eating the meat itself. Wouldn't that sugar circulate the body and be detected as foreign anyway? I'm sure I'm missing an important mechanism here, I just can't figure out why the body is fine with it as long as it's exclusively eaten, but after a bite you can't eat it anymore. I'm really curious about this acquired allergy.

submitted by /u/RedditLloyd
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How similar were avian/nonavian dinos at KPg extinction?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 09:58 AM PDT

66 million years ago, would biologists have still called the birds dinosaurs? Or were they diverged enough to only say they were "descended from dinos"?

What about today? Birds ARE dinosaurs or only their living descendents? For example, mammals are descended from fish but it's unreasonable to say "mammals are fish", right?

submitted by /u/battycoati
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Why is the Cold Sore Herpes Virus impossible to completely eradicate from the body and why is it invincible during dormancy?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 07:12 PM PDT

does covid bounce of the mask or stay on the mask?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 11:45 PM PDT

I've been avoiding touching the outside of the mask, since I assume covid kind of sticks to or lands on the mask. Is this true? Or does covid "bounce off" the mask? Potentially to some degree.

submitted by /u/jevring
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How did taxonomists arrive at the conclusion that crocodiles are more closely related to birds than lizards?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 07:20 PM PDT

I understand that there are several interesting similarities between crocodiles and birds: 4 chambered heart, gizzard, nurturing young, something about the way birds' teeth used to theoretically be connected way back when they used to have teeth.

I also understand that there are subtle differences between crocs and lizards: 3 vs 4 chamber heart, splayed legs vs vertical legs, eye socket anatomy, overlapping scales vs. non-overlapping scales, (sometimes) detachable tails.

There are also many obvious differences between birds and crocodiles: one lives underwater, the other flies and lives in trees. One has feathers and a beak, the other has scales, a snout, and is cold blooded. One has 4 legs and a long tail, the other has 2 legs and 2 wings and hollow bones.

Along with that, there are some very obvious similarities between crocs and lizards: cold blooded, scaly, 4 legged predatory reptiles with long tails and without shells.

However, I am having trouble wrapping my mind around the decision that the few similarities between crocs and birds outweigh both:

  1. their very conspicuous differences, and
  2. the much more obvious similarities between crocs and lizards.

It seems like taxonomists just agreed on this wild conclusion to be edgy and interesting. Can someone enlighten me on how such an unintuitive result came to be widely accepted? In some ways, it seems to undermine taxonomy as a science.

submitted by /u/spacecowboy271
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Heart diseases - what is the difference between hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, cardiomegaly and dysplasia?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 09:49 AM PDT

I understand that heart muscle is thickened/enlarged in all these cases, so why are there so many distinctions? Would anyone explain to me the differences in the simplest possible way? I got interested in this, but I'm a total layman in medicine or biology. Thank you.

submitted by /u/151bar151
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How would lasers and plasma interact with a strong magnetic field?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 08:01 AM PDT

So I'm working on a sci fi ttrpg where both lasers and plasma weapons are a thing as are force fields (electromagnetic fields), but trying to find out how they all interact has been somewhat difficult. Would a strong EMF have any impact on the permeation of lasers or plasma? Would there be any unique or cool side affects with said interaction?

submitted by /u/Humble_Skeleton_13
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How do bees, insects, wasps etc., or insects in general that live in group communicate with each other about the location of food resources and prey?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 08:01 AM PDT

Saturday, April 16, 2022

Why does it take so long for our eyes to adjust to the dark but it only takes a few seconds to adjust to a bright environment?

Why does it take so long for our eyes to adjust to the dark but it only takes a few seconds to adjust to a bright environment?


Why does it take so long for our eyes to adjust to the dark but it only takes a few seconds to adjust to a bright environment?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 07:44 PM PDT

Walking outside you blink a few times and then can see but if you turn off a light, you can't see as well as if you were in the dark for awhile. Are we just evolved to see in bright situations?

submitted by /u/Topazler
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Help me answer my daughter: Does every planet have tectonic plates?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 06:24 AM PDT

She read an article about Mars and saw that it has "marsquakes". Which lead her to ask a question I did not have the answer too. Help!

submitted by /u/awkwardexitoutthebac
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How does Transit photometry measure size and orbit radius, and how does it tell them apart?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 06:45 AM PDT

When looking straight on an object in front of an light source, an object half as big but double as close would look the same as an object twice as big but half as close, so how do methods of transient photometry diferentiate that, considering they just measure the dip in brightness as the planet passes in front of the star?

submitted by /u/Seph_the_this
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Do genetic diseases that don't show up until later in life get passed on more frequently?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 09:53 PM PDT

It seems like they would. Because if a diseases that showed up earlier in life, say while you were still fertile, then there's more of a chance of you dying/becoming incapacitated and not being able to reproduce and therefore not able to pass on the disease.

submitted by /u/SinJinQLB
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Would it be a problem to not have a pulse?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 08:35 PM PDT

Would it be a problem to have a continuous flow of blood instead of a rhythmic pulse? I mean specifically in an artificial heart or something.

I tried researching myself but struggled. Thanks!

submitted by /u/MossBlock
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How do killer t cells distinguish between good cells and cancer cells?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 07:53 PM PDT

Do corals have cnidocytes?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 08:12 PM PDT

Corals are classified as cnidarians, but I've never heard of a coral sting before.

submitted by /u/The_Middler_is_Here
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What's the difference between agglutination and immune complex in immunology?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 06:40 AM PDT

Do dry dirt and dust helps prevent natural metal corrosion?

Posted: 16 Apr 2022 06:03 AM PDT

The dry dirt and dust that collects near metal things helps maintain those against corrosion or it's indifferent if it stays clean of dirt and dust? Or worse?

Was wondering because where is dirtier, the metal ( coated ) have less sign of corrosion.

submitted by /u/RisottoPensa
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Does a 500cc 2-stroke engine at its most efficient RPM have double the CFM as a 500cc 4-stroke at its best RPM?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 08:04 PM PDT

Friday, April 15, 2022

Do lactose intolerant people have less of a blood sugar increase after consuming dairy?

Do lactose intolerant people have less of a blood sugar increase after consuming dairy?


Do lactose intolerant people have less of a blood sugar increase after consuming dairy?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 05:37 PM PDT

Lactose is a sugar, so that got me thinking: if we don't have an enzyme to digest it, do we have less sugar intake and, therefore, less of a blood sugar increase?

submitted by /u/AlexMcFly0
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Why do most animals on earth live “roughly” the same time frame?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 05:08 PM PDT

Most animals survive between like 5 years and 100 years. I know some outliers like turtles end up living to like 150 but what's stopping things from living to 1000, 10'000?

I'm guessing there's some smaller beings or 1/not-very-many celled organisms that last a long time but I'm not aware of anything that's not microscopic that lasts ages. How come?

submitted by /u/Laurenc0
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If you plant the same species of tree in different hemispheres, do they still flower at the same time?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 04:56 PM PDT

For example, if you plant a cherry tree in the southern hemisphere, will it still flower in march-april? or in semptember-october (spring)?

submitted by /u/samiam130
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How is the screening for a specific monoclonal antibody carried out?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 11:01 AM PDT

I'm currently studying for final and I can't seem to understand how a single clone is screened for. Doubts; how are cultures of single clones obtained? How do we screen for a monoclonal antibody for a specific epitope? I understand it could be done evaluating the supernatants of the cultures via Elisa to see if we're producing antibodies for the antigen, I just can't seem to fully understand.

submitted by /u/magarf98
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What is the chromatin organization like in quiescent stem cells?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 04:37 PM PDT

Is it more tightly coiled around hetereochromatin than it is in normal cells? (allowing it to "age more slowly than more metabolically active cells"?)

submitted by /u/inquilinekea
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Could the water on Earth have literally come from Mars? Or, could the water from Mars have made it to Earth?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 09:54 AM PDT

Random question about Earth and Mars…

So, is there a way that the water here on Earth used to actually be on Mars? In other words, we are thought that the current atmospheres of the each of the terrestrial planets is original, having been there since its formation. But obviously they have changed. I know the carbon and oxygen cycles very much participated in the formation of our own atmosphere, but I haven't heard a satisfying answer to the drastic rise in oxygen levels long ago, other than life itself created it. So, as a crazy thought, I wonder if the water and other gasses of the various inner planets could have actually transferred from one to the other? Like, in a process analogous to a mass spectrometer, could all the water have slowly bled off of Mars and found its way to earth, perhaps as the sun changed and matured? Could all the sulfur have accumulated on Venus by the same process?

submitted by /u/awesomelybearded
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effect of premarital sex on marriage quality?

Posted: 15 Apr 2022 01:05 PM PDT

I've been digging into research trying to answer the question: "what are the evidence-based effects of either having premarital sex or the time till sex on marriage quality?". I've found a number of articles from the early 2000's and 2010's that have looked into this, but I have found it difficult to sus out if these are "agenda-driven" studies.

Given the close ties of abstinence till marriage stances and numerous religious institutions, I am finding it hard to tell (since this is not my field of study) whether the studies are credible. Can anyone with some familiarity with this type of research help shed some light on this? In particular, I see a lot of work funded by either the National Marriage Project at the University of Virginia, the Wheatley Institution(BYU) and or BYU's School of Family Life. It's not to say these institutions are incapable of producing good science, but rather that I can see a potentially concerning conflict of interest. What's more, I have found contradictory results from analyses performed from non-family-based research fields, eg economics, vs those that are explicitly family focused (e.g journal of family health, etc...). for instance: https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12206 vs http://before-i-do.org/ (concatenation of various research from some of the aforementioned sources).

submitted by /u/forrScience
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