AskScience AMA Series: I'm Patrick Long, M.D. and I am a geneticist with a specific interest in the adult genetics field. I just started an adult genetics clinic, SequenceMD, to address the needs of this widely underserved population. AMA!

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• AskScience AMA Series: I'm Patrick Long, M.D. and I am a geneticist with a specific interest in the adult genetics field. I just started an adult genetics clinic, SequenceMD, to address the needs of this widely underserved population. AMA!
• Is Africa's large number of endemic diseases related to the idea that humans most likely evolved there?
• How do migratory birds who fly huge distances keep track of all the different predators and edible/non-edible foods they might encounter on their journeys?
• Why does the latest alignment image from the JWST have streaks in it?
• can cats recognize themselves in the mirror?
• Do other animals lie to each other, like humans do?
• The Wandering Albatross mates every two years; do they all mate on even or odd numbered years, or is it staggered? If it is the latter, do they switch sometimes, or are they essentially two populations? Why do they mate every two years in the first place?
• What did the dinosaurs/birds that survived the k-t extinction event look like?
• Why don’t similar coronaviruses like SARS and MERS also have long term symptoms?
• Are quark stars and strange stars real?
• Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology
• What are the major outstanding hurdles of making an artificial human womb?
• Are there any habitable planets that are very big ( sun's size or bigger)?
• What kind of reaction occurs when alcohol touches an open cut?
• Does glass pollute, compared to plastics or metal?
• Did the asteroid that killed off the dinosaurs have a name?
• How do we know for sure that irrational numbers/repeating decimals go on forever?
• Is genetic colorblindness due to a difference in the eyes or brain?
• Could a Chinese Water Dragon and Bearded Dragon produce viable offspring?
• Have wages kept up with inflation over the last 50 or so years?
• Do the 5 senses all have a common ancestor or did every species evolve them on their own?

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Patrick Long, M.D. and I am a geneticist with a specific interest in the adult genetics field. I just started an adult genetics clinic, SequenceMD, to address the needs of this widely underserved population. AMA! Posted: 16 Mar 2022 04:00 AM PDT Hi Reddit! SequenceMD team here: we are Dr. Patrick Long and genetic counselor, Alisha. We're here to answer any questions you may have about medical genetics or... anything! We'll start by answering our own question: why adult genetics? Genetic testing is a routine part of the diagnostic workup for many childhood onset disorders including cerebral palsy, developmental delay, movement disorders, etc. Your genes don't change when you turn 18, but it's still not standard of care to test adults living with these disorders. In some cases, genetic testing can reveal treatment options, management guidelines, or preventative care, that is very much relevant to adults. Most geneticists in the United States are pediatric focused. Adults who are able to see a geneticist may face long wait lists or be denied testing. We believe that genetic testing should be an accessible choice for those who are interested. We'll be on at 10AM MDT (12 PM EDT, 16 UT), AUA! Username: /u/SequenceMD submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

Is Africa's large number of endemic diseases related to the idea that humans most likely evolved there? Posted: 16 Mar 2022 11:13 AM PDT Do places with similar ecological conditions like in the south american rainforests also have as many endemic diseases? submitted by /u/Deathglass [link] [comments]

How do migratory birds who fly huge distances keep track of all the different predators and edible/non-edible foods they might encounter on their journeys? Posted: 16 Mar 2022 11:14 AM PDT Some birds fly thousands of miles on their migrations and it seems to me that these birds would need to keep track of lots of different types of food sources, as well as being aware of threats posed by different predators, and other dangers, along the way. Is it all just inherited memory or instinct? Or do the younger birds just copy the older birds and the cycle just keeps repeating? submitted by /u/PlanetOfTheAprons [link] [comments]

Why does the latest alignment image from the JWST have streaks in it? Posted: 16 Mar 2022 02:22 PM PDT https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/telescope_alignment_evaluation_image_labeled.png Why does the central star have the 6 large streaks coming out of it? Doesn't that mean that there's aberrations in the optical system? submitted by /u/ilovethemonkeyface [link] [comments]

can cats recognize themselves in the mirror? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 09:23 PM PDT Or do they learn to tolerate the weird odorless cat? Anytime my cat sees another,she goes APE SHIT,same for dogs. she is TERRIFIED. Doesn't matter if it's thru a closed window or not. submitted by /u/Platinumsteam [link] [comments]

Do other animals lie to each other, like humans do? Posted: 16 Mar 2022 03:30 PM PDT submitted by /u/EmmaStonewallJackson [link] [comments]

The Wandering Albatross mates every two years; do they all mate on even or odd numbered years, or is it staggered? If it is the latter, do they switch sometimes, or are they essentially two populations? Why do they mate every two years in the first place? Posted: 16 Mar 2022 11:47 AM PDT submitted by /u/onedeath500ryo [link] [comments]

What did the dinosaurs/birds that survived the k-t extinction event look like? Posted: 16 Mar 2022 12:37 PM PDT I've always been curious what these animals looked like. I know many animals we would call birds today existed at the time, but did any of the more dinosaur-like birds survive? did any other small dinosaurs survive for a time? submitted by /u/eevee047 [link] [comments]

Why don’t similar coronaviruses like SARS and MERS also have long term symptoms? Posted: 16 Mar 2022 10:37 AM PDT submitted by /u/TheSentinelsSorrow [link] [comments]

Are quark stars and strange stars real? Posted: 16 Mar 2022 05:23 PM PDT Their existence seems to be much less accepted than neutron stars or black holes, but why shouldn't they exist? As I understand it they are just denser states of matter, and if we think black holes and neutral neutron stars exist, then it would be very likely that some objects with a density in between exist too? submitted by /u/cowox93112 [link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology Posted: 16 Mar 2022 07:00 AM PDT Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...". Asking Questions: Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists. Answering Questions: Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience. If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here. Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away! submitted by /u/AutoModerator [link] [comments]

What are the major outstanding hurdles of making an artificial human womb? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 07:09 PM PDT Are they largely technical, or more socio-political? submitted by /u/ProfessorBarium [link] [comments]

Are there any habitable planets that are very big ( sun's size or bigger)? Posted: 16 Mar 2022 12:32 PM PDT submitted by /u/Cheap-Somewhere7399 [link] [comments]

What kind of reaction occurs when alcohol touches an open cut? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 05:42 PM PDT submitted by /u/ThatGamingGuy99 [link] [comments]

Does glass pollute, compared to plastics or metal? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 07:00 PM PDT I should perhaps have been more precise in my question. I'm trying to understand if replacing plastic (or metal or something else) with glass is a good thing environmentally. submitted by /u/sveint [link] [comments]

Did the asteroid that killed off the dinosaurs have a name? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 08:47 PM PDT Everyone knows that the asteroid that took out the dinosaurs landed in Yucatan Mexico, and the crater is called the chicxulub crater, but did the meteorite itself have an actual name? submitted by /u/OkSlice3886 [link] [comments]

How do we know for sure that irrational numbers/repeating decimals go on forever? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 04:42 PM PDT submitted by /u/nutbutter69420 [link] [comments]

Is genetic colorblindness due to a difference in the eyes or brain? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 05:42 PM PDT I've tried finding this out from Google to no avail. I know colorblindness can be acquired by either damage to the eyes or brain, but is genetic colorblindness due to differences in the eyes or brain? I know both are responsible for typical color perception. submitted by /u/Peachntangy [link] [comments]

Could a Chinese Water Dragon and Bearded Dragon produce viable offspring? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 06:44 PM PDT I know they aren't in the same genus, but they're both in the family agamidae. Just got curious about this submitted by /u/TankmanSpiral7567 [link] [comments]

Have wages kept up with inflation over the last 50 or so years? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 06:43 PM PDT I read often on social media, especially Reddit, that wages haven't kept up with inflation, but that seems contrary to the data at a cursory glance: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/08/07/for-most-us-workers-real-wages-have-barely-budged-for-decades/ Workers in 1964 made ~$20/hr in 2018 dollars, and workers in 2018 made ~$22.50 per hour. Does this accurately represent reality or has the way inflation is calculated not properly capture changing economic circumstances? EG, you can now buy a small black and white tv for super cheap. That doesn't really do much to improve your quality of life if you are struggling, but a worker's earning power technically increased vs someone in the 60's. submitted by /u/CartoonistStrange399 [link] [comments]

Do the 5 senses all have a common ancestor or did every species evolve them on their own? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 01:42 PM PDT Not every species but every animal domain. submitted by /u/CosechaCrecido [link] [comments]

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Is there a scientific reason they ask you not to use flash on your camera when taking photos centuries old interiors or artifacts?

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• Is there a scientific reason they ask you not to use flash on your camera when taking photos centuries old interiors or artifacts?
• Why is the Earth not tidally locked with the Sun?
• Does your body become less "skilled" with rarely used autonomous functions in the same way as conscious skills?
• How do neutron star mergers populate the universe with heavier elements?
• How can we create agonists that only bind to one receptor subtype?
• What are the differences between serotonin agonists/antagonist, short term vs long term?
• What is the most complex endosymbiosis event (e.g., dinoflagellates)?
• Is the biosynthesis of carbon allotropes possible?
• Is the ability to do tongue rolling tricks like clover or twisting tongue genetic?
• If it is believed that Mars lost its atmosphere because it lost its magnetic field & lost its protection against solar winds/storms, why does Venus have such a thick atmosphere since it too has no intrinsic magnetic field to protect from the sun & is closer to any solar storm?
• How do asteroid belts influence planets? Will it influence tides, like the moon?
• What is the difference between an aqueous solution and a hydrate?
• How is carbonation measured?
• What detrimental effects does smoking weed have on a fetus? Is it more detrimental in the earlier terms?
• Why do Rapid Antigen Test kits center around 2 quite distinct price range? Are there different technologies to do so? Is it simply based on the country of manufacturing?
• why is bone growth (epiphyseal plate) not possible after plates close ?
• Is it possible for intestines to "narrow" in the course of life?
• Are there any non-steroid testosterone precursors?
• How is dish soap, liquid soap, body wash, shampoo, face wash, and cleansers different?
• Why does exposure to radiation result in cell mutation?

Is there a scientific reason they ask you not to use flash on your camera when taking photos centuries old interiors or artifacts? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 05:09 AM PDT submitted by /u/fugaziozbourne [link] [comments]

Why is the Earth not tidally locked with the Sun? Posted: 14 Mar 2022 05:37 PM PDT The moon is tidally locked and always has one side facing Earth, so why doesn't the earth do the same with the Sun? Given enough time, will it? submitted by /u/feed2brdswitonescone [link] [comments]

Does your body become less "skilled" with rarely used autonomous functions in the same way as conscious skills? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 08:12 AM PDT It's pretty clear that if you don't use a physical skill regularly (say golf swings, hand-eye coordination, the perfect goal kick, etc.) it'll degrade over time. Does something similar apply to autonomous functions like, say, throwing up, conscious urination (as opposed to a catheter), ocular response (for people who are blind), etc.? submitted by /u/MitchellFanAccount [link] [comments]

How do neutron star mergers populate the universe with heavier elements? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 08:38 AM PDT There's something remarkable I learned from PBS Space Time recently - there's an extra step in our cosmic history! Initially the pathway to the modern galaxy was: Hydrogen / Helium production from big bang Coalescence to primordial stars In these stars, fusion of elements up to Iron, and production of heavier elements from the resulting supernova Coalescence of these elements to create the contemporary stars and galactic matter The discovery (not sure how recent), is that production of heavier elements from a supernova can't be responsible for the observed abundance of above-iron elements. Something about the rapid neutron capture process (r-process) not occurring at a high enough rate to fuse these heavier elements. The candidate now for r-process are neutron star mergers. Now my question: how can this be possible if neutron star mergers always or almost always create black holes as dictated by their solar masses? The typical solar mass range for a neutron star is 1.4 to 3.2, and the typical lower limit solar mass range for black holes is 1.5 to 3.0. I am thinking that the merger of any neutron stars would create a black hole, and therefore it doesn't matter how fruitful your r-process is, all those heavier elements are now sequestered in a black hole. Can someone help explain how this matter could be ejected from such mergers? Thank you! submitted by /u/ChaoticLlama [link] [comments]

How can we create agonists that only bind to one receptor subtype? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 07:45 AM PDT For example, we can synthesize molecules that only bind to one adrenergic receptor subtype. Since it has to be similar in shape to epi/norepi, how does this specificity occur? Do these specific agonists stimulate the other adrenergic receptors to some degree? submitted by /u/Vitaminx219er [link] [comments]

What are the differences between serotonin agonists/antagonist, short term vs long term? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 06:35 AM PDT Am I correct in thinking serotonin agonists raise serotonin? And that antagonists reduce it? But in terms of sensitivity to serotonin, agonists decrease and antagonist increase? What are the key differences between the two and how do they affect someone short term vs long term. I'm very curious on the subject. I took tryptophan which is a precursor to serotonin and didn't feel too great. Started getting brain zaps. I then a few days later took tyrosine to boost dopamine and reduce serotonin and this gave me a huge migrain. Both times had high levels of anxiety, and anxiety is something I've dealt with for a while. I've never taken medicine but have done psychadelics in the past. I stopped when I realised I was getting brain zaps a couple of days after a psychedelic trip. It's got me very curious about my own brain chemistry and why I'm getting these effects. It's a complex issue but hoping someone could share the light on something? submitted by /u/MKS18 [link] [comments]

What is the most complex endosymbiosis event (e.g., dinoflagellates)? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 08:22 AM PDT Green Algae = Primary endosymbiosis Diatoms = Secondary endosymbiosis Dinoflagellates = Tertiary endosymbiosis Is there any higher level endosymbiosis event than dinoflagellates? If so, what is it? If not, what's the most complex instance of endosymbiosis? submitted by /u/o-rka [link] [comments]

Is the biosynthesis of carbon allotropes possible? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 08:06 AM PDT submitted by /u/Verstandeskraft [link] [comments]

Is the ability to do tongue rolling tricks like clover or twisting tongue genetic? Posted: 15 Mar 2022 07:40 AM PDT submitted by /u/FunCicada4412 [link] [comments]

If it is believed that Mars lost its atmosphere because it lost its magnetic field & lost its protection against solar winds/storms, why does Venus have such a thick atmosphere since it too has no intrinsic magnetic field to protect from the sun & is closer to any solar storm? Posted: 14 Mar 2022 08:47 PM PDT I mean, Venus had such a think atmosphere, thicker than Earths & is so hot around the entire thing, yet is a similar size. It just baffles me that Mars potentially lost its atmosphere because no magnetic field, yet Venus never did. Finally, does Earth actually need a magnetic field to keep its atmosphere protected from solar winds? Or are there just different mechanisms to protect an atmosphere & Earth's happens to be a magnetic field? submitted by /u/acetryder [link] [comments]

How do asteroid belts influence planets? Will it influence tides, like the moon? Posted: 14 Mar 2022 12:35 PM PDT submitted by /u/BoxfullOfSTDs [link] [comments]

What is the difference between an aqueous solution and a hydrate? Posted: 14 Mar 2022 09:11 PM PDT submitted by /u/IAW1stperson [link] [comments]

How is carbonation measured? Posted: 14 Mar 2022 04:42 PM PDT There's a marked difference between freshly poured/opened soda and 'flat' soda, as well as between water and perrier. How is carbonation measured? Is it different for open vs closed containers? What is the science, and the tools, involved? (Or if someone can simply point me in the right direction.) submitted by /u/hotdogrealmqueen [link] [comments]

What detrimental effects does smoking weed have on a fetus? Is it more detrimental in the earlier terms? Posted: 14 Mar 2022 11:42 PM PDT submitted by /u/ShilaBlack [link] [comments]

Why do Rapid Antigen Test kits center around 2 quite distinct price range? Are there different technologies to do so? Is it simply based on the country of manufacturing? Posted: 14 Mar 2022 07:28 PM PDT There are lots of RAT kits out there recently. Where I live (Hong Kong), the government has a daily change of mind whether we'll be mandatorily tested (3 times in a roll) and how it is going to be arranged. Anyhow, it gets more people nervous and many buy these kits as contingency. After an initial lack of supplies, it is quite abundant today. Here is a sample list: https://www.covidrat.info/rat/item-search (credit to a redditor who wrote the website, pulling data from various location). What I notice is that these kits sort of center around 2 price levels: around USD2.5-5, and around 10-15. Those that are made in China are cheaper. Those that were from Germany are more expensive. But other than that, I can't find significant differences in terms of accuracy etc. Is that the only difference? Are there different technologies (to create the kit) that create the huge price gap? Edit: Reddit post by the creator of the webpage: https://www.reddit.com/r/HongKong/comments/tbl2b9/i_made_a_better_covid_rapid_test_kit_search_tool/ submitted by /u/leercmreddit [link] [comments]

why is bone growth (epiphyseal plate) not possible after plates close ? Posted: 14 Mar 2022 10:23 PM PDT Why is bone growth impossible, for example if growth plates have closed. Knowing how growth plates work, why would applying enough pressure through whatever means you'd like (let's use a weight for example) allowing to create space within the bone (growth plate) allowing for more bone to grow. Obviously, you have to apply an exceptional amount of pressure to the epiphyseal to allow the bones to separate, causing growth. Disclaimer: i'm aware of the basic reasoning behind it, but feel like there is more of a reasoning behind it submitted by /u/Long_Rip_1987 [link] [comments]

Is it possible for intestines to "narrow" in the course of life? Posted: 14 Mar 2022 07:39 PM PDT Im curious if there are mchanisms that would cause the narrowing of intestines. I dont mean the length. I suppose maybe the correct word is the circumfrence....the interior space inside the tubing of the instestines. A campbells soup can thinning to a small pill bottle? Is it possible for only a portion of the instestines to do this? If this is possible...what might be such a cause? submitted by /u/SequinSaturn [link] [comments]

Are there any non-steroid testosterone precursors? Posted: 14 Mar 2022 10:48 AM PDT Are there any precursors to testosterone that do NOT have the side effects of anabolic steroids and are NOT considered steroids? Is there something before testosterone in the transduction pathway that if someone were to take they would boost their T levels? submitted by /u/Ridiculous_Cheese19 [link] [comments]

How is dish soap, liquid soap, body wash, shampoo, face wash, and cleansers different? Posted: 13 Mar 2022 09:15 PM PDT My other question is my understanding is that the cleaning agent in soap is lye (sodium hydroxide) which sticks oils in your hands. there are liquid soap out there with it this ingredient and some proclaim to be "soap free" so how do they clean? submitted by /u/floatontherainbowtw [link] [comments]

Why does exposure to radiation result in cell mutation? Posted: 13 Mar 2022 10:07 PM PDT submitted by /u/Illputsomethinghere [link] [comments]

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How can an almond help with digestion but also be indigestible?

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• How can an almond help with digestion but also be indigestible?
• Would it be correct to say that the brain is built around a binary language, given that either a certain neuron is firing or it is not?
• Why do citrus fruits generally have a high concentration of Vitamin C(e.g Ascorbic Acid)?
• Why do we launch telescopes into space?
• What caused this geological feature?

How can an almond help with digestion but also be indigestible? Posted: 14 Mar 2022 07:00 AM PDT Apparently it's called "roughage". It is "fibrous indigestible material in vegetable foods which aids the passage of food and waste products through the gut" which for example can be an almond. How come there are so many whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, fruits, and vegetables, that your body can't digest, but also helps digestion? To the uneducated mind, it sounds like an oxymoron. submitted by /u/GuiltyIslander [link] [comments]

Would it be correct to say that the brain is built around a binary language, given that either a certain neuron is firing or it is not? Posted: 14 Mar 2022 05:46 AM PDT submitted by /u/voltaicbasho [link] [comments]

Why do citrus fruits generally have a high concentration of Vitamin C(e.g Ascorbic Acid)? Posted: 14 Mar 2022 05:33 AM PDT submitted by /u/Kuro199 [link] [comments]

Why do we launch telescopes into space? Posted: 14 Mar 2022 01:15 AM PDT For example, obviously, the James Webb Space Telescope. It's going very very far away from us and the obvious google answer is "clearer picture" because of atmosphere stuff. Ok, I can see that. But why launch them so far? I'm asking because with the universe being as big as it is, what difference does a million miles really make to help us better understand the formation of the universe? Why not just launch it to the edge of the atmosphere? submitted by /u/EverydayAvenue [link] [comments]

What caused this geological feature? Posted: 13 Mar 2022 02:53 PM PDT Was out for a hike with the kids recently in central Kentucky, and saw this feature. https://imgur.com/a/px7FoBJ Apparently it's only visible during winter, otherwise it's obscured by the trees. But there's this perfectly level discontinuity across every hill. What is going on there? submitted by /u/Dyolf_Knip [link] [comments]

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Do we know of any cultures past or present without any form of religion or spirituality?

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• Do we know of any cultures past or present without any form of religion or spirituality?
• Do animals benefit from cooked food the same way we do?
• Why doesn't the flu (unlike Covid) continually get more transmissible over time?
• What is the technical difference (if any) between a hazmat suit and a contamination suit?
• Why do butterflies have such "bouncy" flight patterns compared to some other bugs?
• How do painkillers work on a cellular level?
• what does it mean that the king cobra is a "royal family" of four snake species?
• Is there any type of animal whose nervous system isn’t based on neurons?
• When doing clinical trails/other studies, does anyone think the type of people willing to volunteer can skew results?
• Whenever you look at any light source, lines or streaks protrude from them. Why is that?
• How do smoking cessation medications decrease withdrawal effects?
• Are there venomous snakes that don't kill?
• Do antihistamines build up and/or become more effective over time if you take medicine long-term?
• What happens to cells in microgravity?
• is it Known exactly which wolf/canine species modern dogs were bred fromand what region this occurred in?
• If born into a room with no colors, can we naturally imagine colors in our mind before we've experienced them?
• How recently did the corpus callosum, which humans have had for millennia, evolve to the point of connecting both hemispheres of the brain?
• When a dielectric is polarized due to an electric field does it get deformed?
• Are all spirits effectively the same after distillation?
• Do successive covid reinfections increase or decrease in severity?
• Can someone tell me the difference between an AESA and PESA radar?
• Why do sprouts produce so many antioxidants relative to the mature plant?

Do we know of any cultures past or present without any form of religion or spirituality? Posted: 13 Mar 2022 11:02 AM PDT submitted by /u/hlohm [link] [comments]

Do animals benefit from cooked food the same way we do? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 08:13 AM PST Since eating cooked food is regarded as one of the important events that lead to us developing higher intelligence through better digestion and extraction of nutrients, does this effect also extend to other animals in any shape? submitted by /u/Rusk- [link] [comments]

Why doesn't the flu (unlike Covid) continually get more transmissible over time? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 05:54 PM PST Throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, we have repeatedly seen more transmissible variants emerge. As I understand it, this is evolutionarily almost inevitable: if a strain has a mutation that makes it more transmissible, it should generally outcompete less transmissible variants until it becomes dominant (exceptions being 1) if it is substantially more lethal such that it kills people before they can spread it, but this hasn't been a factor for Covid-19, and 2) if a variant is better able to overcome prior immunity, it may become dominant even if it doesn't have an inherent transmissibility advantage). This happened with Alpha, then Delta, the Omicron, etc. The implication seems to be that infectious diseases should have evolutionary pressures almost constantly pushing them towards greater infectiousness. However (to my understanding), the flu hasn't inevitably gotten more infectious over time. Instead, some seasons will have more infectious strains than others. Why is this? Thanks in advance, and my apologies if anything or any premise in this question is incorrect! submitted by /u/Adodie [link] [comments]

What is the technical difference (if any) between a hazmat suit and a contamination suit? Posted: 13 Mar 2022 03:02 PM PDT submitted by /u/Chicken_Spanker [link] [comments]

Why do butterflies have such "bouncy" flight patterns compared to some other bugs? Posted: 13 Mar 2022 07:19 AM PDT Went to the zoo this weekend and they had a butterfly garden where they just fly around you. There was also a bunch of insects in another section. Butterflies seem to bounce in their flight, compared to something like flies, termites, bees etc. submitted by /u/buttflakes27 [link] [comments]

How do painkillers work on a cellular level? Posted: 13 Mar 2022 07:03 AM PDT I am interested in how painkillers work to essentially kill pain. I take an advil, this gets dissolved by my saliva and stomach acids. The chemical(s) infused in the drug get transported in my bloodstream to all parts of my body. I assume then that this chemical (drug) binds to certain cells where the pain is emitted from. Is this only to nerve cells because that is where the pain signal is coming from correct? So this chemical (drug) will bind to nerve cells to block pain? What exactly is it binding to and for how long? Does this create changes within the cell simultaneously, for example would certain transcription factors be activated to yield the production of different proteins? So I guess I have a two part question: how does a drug (infused with a chemical) firstly accomplish its goal on a cellular level (in this case blocking pain), and by doing so does this affect the landscape of the intercellular environment - what does on inside the cell in anything when this chemical binds to the nerve cell to block pain. Thank you! submitted by /u/Rare_Donkey7371 [link] [comments]

what does it mean that the king cobra is a "royal family" of four snake species? Posted: 13 Mar 2022 06:04 AM PDT National Geographic posted an article saying that the king cobra is not a single species, but a royal lineage of four species, what does that even mean? Link: https://api.nationalgeographic.com/distribution/public/amp/animals/article/the-king-cobra-may-be-a-royal-family-of-four-species submitted by /u/queef_mixtape [link] [comments]

Is there any type of animal whose nervous system isn’t based on neurons? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 07:59 AM PST As I understand it, all nervous systems are based on neurons: axons, action potentials, synapses, etc.. Broadly similar in all animals. Is there an alternative to this model that works in different way and still works quickly? My first thought would be chemical messaging but that is essentially hormone regulation. That's not something you could "think" even in the most rudimentary sense. submitted by /u/Whoopteedoodoo [link] [comments]

When doing clinical trails/other studies, does anyone think the type of people willing to volunteer can skew results? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 10:50 PM PST submitted by /u/saintmosk [link] [comments]

Whenever you look at any light source, lines or streaks protrude from them. Why is that? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 07:21 AM PST submitted by /u/Markus-but-with-a-c [link] [comments]

How do smoking cessation medications decrease withdrawal effects? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 07:13 PM PST I have looked into the mechanism of action for smoking cessation medications like Chantix and Bupropion. They are stated to be efficacious by binding to the α4β2 sub-type of the nicotinic receptor where it produces agonist activity, while simultaneously preventing nicotine binding to these receptors. The part that confuses me is how it decreases the withdrawal effects. If the medication is acting as an agonist to nicotine receptors to block the dopamine system stimulation provided by nicotine — wouldn't you still experience the same withdrawal by the lack of dopamine stimulation that you would experience by quitting without the help of cessation aids? Tl;Dr: Based on my understanding of the mechanism, it seems that medications would 'discourage' smoking as it would remove the dopamine stimulation that smoking would give you, but doesn't explain how it would decrease withdrawal effects. submitted by /u/tatro36 [link] [comments]

Are there venomous snakes that don't kill? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 10:31 PM PST Hey there! ​ I am a writer, and currently i'm doing researches for a story which involves reptiles. I know there are venomous snakes and snakes that don't produce venom, but is there any snake species that is venomous, but which venom can't kill, just paralyze or something like that? submitted by /u/RRHN711 [link] [comments]

Do antihistamines build up and/or become more effective over time if you take medicine long-term? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 07:59 PM PST I have seasonal allergies (runny nose, sneezing) and was telling a friend that no allergy medication seems to work for me. She said that I should try taking the medicine every day for an extended period of time to make it more effective. If the medicine had any effect on me I could see where she is coming from. The pills last 24 hrs and if you take one every 24 hours then you are always covered. But given that the medication doesn't have an effect in the first place, would continued usage really make a difference? I've tried a few different 2nd-generation anti-histamines (Zyrtec, Claritin) but none have perceptibly alleviated my symptoms within the first 24 hours of taking them. submitted by /u/sykworks [link] [comments]

What happens to cells in microgravity? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 08:59 PM PST submitted by /u/CthulhuLover01 [link] [comments]

is it Known exactly which wolf/canine species modern dogs were bred fromand what region this occurred in? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 12:04 PM PST submitted by /u/Mahxiac [link] [comments]

If born into a room with no colors, can we naturally imagine colors in our mind before we've experienced them? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 06:14 AM PST submitted by /u/jack_hof [link] [comments]

How recently did the corpus callosum, which humans have had for millennia, evolve to the point of connecting both hemispheres of the brain? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 10:01 PM PST submitted by /u/old_pond [link] [comments]

When a dielectric is polarized due to an electric field does it get deformed? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 04:05 PM PST I think the answer is yes. There is an equivalent bound surface and volume charge in the dielectric, therefore some forces exist locally. So this should also be the reason why some dielectrics will stick to your hair after rubbing? submitted by /u/IHateMyselfyebuddy [link] [comments]

Are all spirits effectively the same after distillation? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 09:23 AM PST So as from the research I have done about this it seems that distillation works by heat a mix of fermented sugar, alcohol and water to a specific temperature that causes more of the alcoholto evaporate than the water. So when it is condensed again you have a liquid with more alcohol and less water. My question is doesn't this process remove almost all the flavour from what you are fermenting since only the water and alcohol are evaporating? And if so, why do certain spirits need to be made from certain fermentations like rum from molasses? I suspect that some of the other compounds are also brought across in distillation but I cannot find a source for this. submitted by /u/GiveMeNovacain [link] [comments]

Do successive covid reinfections increase or decrease in severity? Posted: 11 Mar 2022 05:09 PM PST Will they eventually wear-down a person's immune system or prime it to better handle it? eta... I mean an individual who gets it several times, which I guess would include variants. Particularly health workers who are continually at risk of exposure. With it being endemic, it's likely we all will potentially get more than one case of it even with vaccination, so with long-covid being a concern, will we all just eventually get weaker and more debilitated till it takes us out, or will we find it less and less of an issue? submitted by /u/strelm [link] [comments]

Can someone tell me the difference between an AESA and PESA radar? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 06:15 AM PST This has been really confusing me. I have a very basic idea of how PESA radars work, but it's extremely difficult for me to understand how both kinds of radar are different. submitted by /u/skyw4lker_91 [link] [comments]

Why do sprouts produce so many antioxidants relative to the mature plant? Posted: 12 Mar 2022 09:41 AM PST submitted by /u/inquilinekea [link] [comments]

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