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Monday, March 14, 2022

How can an almond help with digestion but also be indigestible?

How can an almond help with digestion but also be indigestible?


How can an almond help with digestion but also be indigestible?

Posted: 14 Mar 2022 07:00 AM PDT

Apparently it's called "roughage". It is "fibrous indigestible material in vegetable foods which aids the passage of food and waste products through the gut" which for example can be an almond. How come there are so many whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, fruits, and vegetables, that your body can't digest, but also helps digestion? To the uneducated mind, it sounds like an oxymoron.

submitted by /u/GuiltyIslander
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Would it be correct to say that the brain is built around a binary language, given that either a certain neuron is firing or it is not?

Posted: 14 Mar 2022 05:46 AM PDT

Why do citrus fruits generally have a high concentration of Vitamin C(e.g Ascorbic Acid)?

Posted: 14 Mar 2022 05:33 AM PDT

Why do we launch telescopes into space?

Posted: 14 Mar 2022 01:15 AM PDT

For example, obviously, the James Webb Space Telescope. It's going very very far away from us and the obvious google answer is "clearer picture" because of atmosphere stuff. Ok, I can see that. But why launch them so far? I'm asking because with the universe being as big as it is, what difference does a million miles really make to help us better understand the formation of the universe? Why not just launch it to the edge of the atmosphere?

submitted by /u/EverydayAvenue
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What caused this geological feature?

Posted: 13 Mar 2022 02:53 PM PDT

Was out for a hike with the kids recently in central Kentucky, and saw this feature.

https://imgur.com/a/px7FoBJ

Apparently it's only visible during winter, otherwise it's obscured by the trees. But there's this perfectly level discontinuity across every hill. What is going on there?

submitted by /u/Dyolf_Knip
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Do we know of any cultures past or present without any form of religion or spirituality?

Do we know of any cultures past or present without any form of religion or spirituality?


Do we know of any cultures past or present without any form of religion or spirituality?

Posted: 13 Mar 2022 11:02 AM PDT

Do animals benefit from cooked food the same way we do?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 08:13 AM PST

Since eating cooked food is regarded as one of the important events that lead to us developing higher intelligence through better digestion and extraction of nutrients, does this effect also extend to other animals in any shape?

submitted by /u/Rusk-
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Why doesn't the flu (unlike Covid) continually get more transmissible over time?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 05:54 PM PST

Throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, we have repeatedly seen more transmissible variants emerge. As I understand it, this is evolutionarily almost inevitable: if a strain has a mutation that makes it more transmissible, it should generally outcompete less transmissible variants until it becomes dominant (exceptions being 1) if it is substantially more lethal such that it kills people before they can spread it, but this hasn't been a factor for Covid-19, and 2) if a variant is better able to overcome prior immunity, it may become dominant even if it doesn't have an inherent transmissibility advantage). This happened with Alpha, then Delta, the Omicron, etc.

The implication seems to be that infectious diseases should have evolutionary pressures almost constantly pushing them towards greater infectiousness.

However (to my understanding), the flu hasn't inevitably gotten more infectious over time. Instead, some seasons will have more infectious strains than others.

Why is this?

Thanks in advance, and my apologies if anything or any premise in this question is incorrect!

submitted by /u/Adodie
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What is the technical difference (if any) between a hazmat suit and a contamination suit?

Posted: 13 Mar 2022 03:02 PM PDT

Why do butterflies have such "bouncy" flight patterns compared to some other bugs?

Posted: 13 Mar 2022 07:19 AM PDT

Went to the zoo this weekend and they had a butterfly garden where they just fly around you. There was also a bunch of insects in another section. Butterflies seem to bounce in their flight, compared to something like flies, termites, bees etc.

submitted by /u/buttflakes27
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How do painkillers work on a cellular level?

Posted: 13 Mar 2022 07:03 AM PDT

I am interested in how painkillers work to essentially kill pain.

I take an advil, this gets dissolved by my saliva and stomach acids. The chemical(s) infused in the drug get transported in my bloodstream to all parts of my body. I assume then that this chemical (drug) binds to certain cells where the pain is emitted from. Is this only to nerve cells because that is where the pain signal is coming from correct? So this chemical (drug) will bind to nerve cells to block pain? What exactly is it binding to and for how long? Does this create changes within the cell simultaneously, for example would certain transcription factors be activated to yield the production of different proteins? So I guess I have a two part question: how does a drug (infused with a chemical) firstly accomplish its goal on a cellular level (in this case blocking pain), and by doing so does this affect the landscape of the intercellular environment - what does on inside the cell in anything when this chemical binds to the nerve cell to block pain.

Thank you!

submitted by /u/Rare_Donkey7371
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what does it mean that the king cobra is a "royal family" of four snake species?

Posted: 13 Mar 2022 06:04 AM PDT

National Geographic posted an article saying that the king cobra is not a single species, but a royal lineage of four species, what does that even mean?

Link:

https://api.nationalgeographic.com/distribution/public/amp/animals/article/the-king-cobra-may-be-a-royal-family-of-four-species

submitted by /u/queef_mixtape
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Is there any type of animal whose nervous system isn’t based on neurons?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 07:59 AM PST

As I understand it, all nervous systems are based on neurons: axons, action potentials, synapses, etc.. Broadly similar in all animals. Is there an alternative to this model that works in different way and still works quickly? My first thought would be chemical messaging but that is essentially hormone regulation. That's not something you could "think" even in the most rudimentary sense.

submitted by /u/Whoopteedoodoo
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When doing clinical trails/other studies, does anyone think the type of people willing to volunteer can skew results?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 10:50 PM PST

Whenever you look at any light source, lines or streaks protrude from them. Why is that?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 07:21 AM PST

How do smoking cessation medications decrease withdrawal effects?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 07:13 PM PST

I have looked into the mechanism of action for smoking cessation medications like Chantix and Bupropion. They are stated to be efficacious by binding to the α4β2 sub-type of the nicotinic receptor where it produces agonist activity, while simultaneously preventing nicotine binding to these receptors.

The part that confuses me is how it decreases the withdrawal effects. If the medication is acting as an agonist to nicotine receptors to block the dopamine system stimulation provided by nicotine — wouldn't you still experience the same withdrawal by the lack of dopamine stimulation that you would experience by quitting without the help of cessation aids?

Tl;Dr: Based on my understanding of the mechanism, it seems that medications would 'discourage' smoking as it would remove the dopamine stimulation that smoking would give you, but doesn't explain how it would decrease withdrawal effects.

submitted by /u/tatro36
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Are there venomous snakes that don't kill?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 10:31 PM PST

Hey there!

I am a writer, and currently i'm doing researches for a story which involves reptiles. I know there are venomous snakes and snakes that don't produce venom, but is there any snake species that is venomous, but which venom can't kill, just paralyze or something like that?

submitted by /u/RRHN711
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Do antihistamines build up and/or become more effective over time if you take medicine long-term?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 07:59 PM PST

I have seasonal allergies (runny nose, sneezing) and was telling a friend that no allergy medication seems to work for me. She said that I should try taking the medicine every day for an extended period of time to make it more effective. If the medicine had any effect on me I could see where she is coming from. The pills last 24 hrs and if you take one every 24 hours then you are always covered. But given that the medication doesn't have an effect in the first place, would continued usage really make a difference? I've tried a few different 2nd-generation anti-histamines (Zyrtec, Claritin) but none have perceptibly alleviated my symptoms within the first 24 hours of taking them.

submitted by /u/sykworks
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What happens to cells in microgravity?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 08:59 PM PST

is it Known exactly which wolf/canine species modern dogs were bred fromand what region this occurred in?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 12:04 PM PST

If born into a room with no colors, can we naturally imagine colors in our mind before we've experienced them?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 06:14 AM PST

How recently did the corpus callosum, which humans have had for millennia, evolve to the point of connecting both hemispheres of the brain?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 10:01 PM PST

When a dielectric is polarized due to an electric field does it get deformed?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 04:05 PM PST

I think the answer is yes. There is an equivalent bound surface and volume charge in the dielectric, therefore some forces exist locally. So this should also be the reason why some dielectrics will stick to your hair after rubbing?

submitted by /u/IHateMyselfyebuddy
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Are all spirits effectively the same after distillation?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 09:23 AM PST

So as from the research I have done about this it seems that distillation works by heat a mix of fermented sugar, alcohol and water to a specific temperature that causes more of the alcoholto evaporate than the water. So when it is condensed again you have a liquid with more alcohol and less water. My question is doesn't this process remove almost all the flavour from what you are fermenting since only the water and alcohol are evaporating? And if so, why do certain spirits need to be made from certain fermentations like rum from molasses? I suspect that some of the other compounds are also brought across in distillation but I cannot find a source for this.

submitted by /u/GiveMeNovacain
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Do successive covid reinfections increase or decrease in severity?

Posted: 11 Mar 2022 05:09 PM PST

Will they eventually wear-down a person's immune system or prime it to better handle it?

eta...
I mean an individual who gets it several times, which I guess would include variants.
Particularly health workers who are continually at risk of exposure.
With it being endemic, it's likely we all will potentially get more than one case of it even with vaccination, so with long-covid being a concern, will we all just eventually get weaker and more debilitated till it takes us out, or will we find it less and less of an issue?

submitted by /u/strelm
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Can someone tell me the difference between an AESA and PESA radar?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 06:15 AM PST

This has been really confusing me. I have a very basic idea of how PESA radars work, but it's extremely difficult for me to understand how both kinds of radar are different.

submitted by /u/skyw4lker_91
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Why do sprouts produce so many antioxidants relative to the mature plant?

Posted: 12 Mar 2022 09:41 AM PST

Friday, March 11, 2022

Can someone exaplain the new covid brain damage study?

Can someone exaplain the new covid brain damage study?


Can someone exaplain the new covid brain damage study?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 05:51 PM PST

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04569-5

I'm not scientifically literate enough to full understand this study.

Can someone please tell me,

What was the average amount of brain loss?
Is this a big deal or relatively minor?
Will these effects be permanent or does the brain normally heal?

Can you assume this data would be similar in young people or would I have to wait for another study?

submitted by /u/Striking-Hall1705
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what is a coefficient? like the convection heat-transfer coefficient and the drag coefficient

Posted: 11 Mar 2022 07:42 AM PST

If we have a map of every neuron in c. elegans, can we model c. elegans perfectly "in silico"? If not, why not?

Posted: 11 Mar 2022 02:03 PM PST

I'm referring to this paper in Nature.

EDIT for clarification: I understand that we can't model anything "perfectly". I suppose a refinement of my question would be, if we know the state of all the neurons (to the best of our current ability to pin down that state) of a live c. elegans at time t=0, how accurately can we model how the system of the worm will evolve up to, I dunno, a second later? Ten seconds? 0.1 seconds?

And if the answer is, "we don't even know what will happen 0.0001 seconds later", why is that? And, yes, I also know the answer will be some sort of "it is a high dimensional and immensely sensitive dynamical system and god made PDEs hell to solve" (or whatever the proper formalism is), but I'm curious about what the specific technical obstacles are

submitted by /u/__ByzantineFailure__
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Do songbirds birds pre-plan nest locations, or is it an "on the fly" decision made when they get broody?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 07:50 AM PST

I have several bluebird nest boxes, one of which was heavily used last year (3 successful broods). They have been around this year and checking out my other boxes, but seem to spend time evaluating boxes not really profiled for bluebirds (interior dimension, location, entrance size).

So do birds actually "plan ahead" weeks in advance which location they plan to use for a nest, or do they do a sort of psuedo-random rotation of possible sites, and the one they happen to be investigating the day they decide to start building is the one that gets used? Bad analogy, but like walking back and forth between two bathrooms you aren't sure which you want to use, until you absolutely need to pee.

submitted by /u/ferrofibrous
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How does a phone call on loudspeaker not result in a feedback loop?

Posted: 09 Mar 2022 06:20 PM PST

How do the companies on earth farm/get neon gas?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 07:00 PM PST

I have tried to research it but all I found conflicting answers so I was wondering if anyone has a concise explanation of the process of gathering it?

submitted by /u/UncleNe0
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Does water become marginally more viscous as it approaches freezing?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 01:14 PM PST

What happens to previous variants of COVID?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 10:38 PM PST

Are the original variant or Delta still around while we're dealing with Omicron? If they get replaced, what is the mechanism for that? (Like, I assume the virus variants can't "eat" all the older variants, but in that case, how do we know that all of the previous variants are actually gone and replaced?)

submitted by /u/valryuu
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How does the start of Proton-Proton chain in fusion work?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 06:50 AM PST

Maybe I've been misinformed in some places, but some articles I've read that in the start of P-P fusion, one of the protium atoms β+ decays into a neutron to then form deuterium after fusion. Other places, I read that the same thing happens except the positron emission occurs after the two protium atoms form a diproton. Which is correct?

Also, is the decay of one of the protons only possible under the immense amount of pressure stars provide or is β+ decay in P-P fusion the "natural" occurrence?

submitted by /u/jamx02
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Why is diffuse reflection a hazard of working with lasers?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 06:53 AM PST

Moreover, how can surfaces that appear shiny be diffuse reflectors of UV wavelengths? Also, how can surfaces that appear dull be specular reflectors of IR wavelengths? What is about those wavelengths that allow them to act differently on those types of materials?

submitted by /u/calmnchaos
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Is there intermediate memory storage in the brain?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 07:08 PM PST

So I've heard that when you walk into a room and forgot why you walked in there it's because what you were planning to do has left your short term memory. And then later when you remember why you went in the room, it's that task going into your long term memory. Where was that memory being stored for those 5 minutes when it wasn't in your short term or long term memory?

submitted by /u/Suspicious_Role5912
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Is cyanuric acid organically present in the body?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 06:22 PM PST

Reading about the Chinese Milk Scandal and the whole problem about the melamine content in the first place is that after reacting with cyanuric acid it can crystalize and form kidney stones, but in the sources I'm looking through I can't find anything saying the products also contained cyanuric acid. Was the cyanuric acid already in the body? Does melamine go on to produce cyanuric acid?

submitted by /u/The_Teriyaki_Empire
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Scheduled C-section - how does the body know its no longer pregnant?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 10:05 AM PST

Pretty straightforward question - how does the body know it's not pregnant after a scheduled C-section?

I'm guessing when it goes through labor for a vaginal delivery the body is preparing to not be pregnant any longer, but how does it know when there is no labor involved? After the C-section is it just like "oh, no baby here, guess we're done."?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/waygooksaram
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What are the difference between intramuscular aqueous suspension and oil injection?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 03:38 PM PST

My doctor recently changed my medicine into aqueous suspension. Still the same strength, the same site, same interval. When I asked why, he just said that they have supply problem and going to put me in this one until everything is back to normal.

Just wanted to learn more about it, kinda hard to find on the internet. Mainly because I don't know what keyword to use or where to look. So, here I am.

submitted by /u/PolyethyleneLezBean
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Did dinosaurs have respiratory turbinates?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 02:53 PM PST

How would this effect the ectotherm vs. endotherm debate? Also, at what point in their evolution did birds develop respiratory turbinates (assuming non-avian dinosaurs didn't have them)?

submitted by /u/unironically_me
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How do dung beetles and other feces-consuming animals not get sick from all the bacteria and viruses?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 09:55 AM PST

Surely there's such a large amount of bacteria in feces that the immune system alone cannot handle it? If it can, how is that even possible?

submitted by /u/BNKookie
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Is Phenol in the list of the aromatics that are the exception in the Chemical Oxygen Demand?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 05:57 AM PST

How do doctors determine how much time some patients have left (or is it just in movies) ?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 04:27 AM PST

If a patrticle is executing uniform circular motion under gravitational fprce, then why does it not fall to the center?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 07:44 AM PST

So if a particle is executing uniform circular motion, then it will accelerate and acceleration means that it will radiate energy and then come closer to the center and finally fall into it or become a part of it. Why does this not happen?

submitted by /u/psycopath3551
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How do we know that there are more galaxies?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 11:45 PM PST

Space is endless. Just the milkyway is HUGE! How can we see more galaxies? Like how does the telescope work that you can see beyond logic? How do we know that there are more galaxies?

submitted by /u/Sadwithacake
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Why do we catabolise haemoglobin and excrete (most of) the products?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 11:08 AM PST

Is there a benefit to doing this over recycling it? Or is it a case of evolution going with what's "good enough" and "not worth the effort (energy) improving on"?

It just seems a bit silly to me to go to the effort of breaking down the haemoglobin to recycle the iron while throwing away the rest which could also be re-used too. It's not like you just stop needing haemoglobin at some point (I mean, before death)

submitted by /u/Quinlov
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What happens when a star with mass just below that which makes it a black hole moves at relativistic speeds?

Posted: 10 Mar 2022 06:54 AM PST

When something moves at high speeds tending towards c it's relative mass increases. Furthermore, if a massive star just under the threshold mass (where it would collapse into a black hole) were accelerated to relativistic speeds, would it's increase in mass cause it to collapse into a black hole relativistically? What would that look like for an observer? Would it look like a star for an observer? I've only just started learning spec rel so if I've made any mistakes in my postulation forgive me :)

submitted by /u/BestCosmo
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