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Wednesday, March 9, 2022

Why doesn't the sugar in my tea crash out of solution when chilled despite the tea needing to be warm to dissolve it in the first place?

Why doesn't the sugar in my tea crash out of solution when chilled despite the tea needing to be warm to dissolve it in the first place?


Why doesn't the sugar in my tea crash out of solution when chilled despite the tea needing to be warm to dissolve it in the first place?

Posted: 08 Mar 2022 10:36 PM PST

Why do places with very arid/deserted conditions (the Middle East, Siberia, Alaska etc) tend to produce so much oil?

Posted: 09 Mar 2022 04:48 AM PST

I know there are loads of other places that produce oil, but a very large amount seems to come from specifically deserted or freezing places that don't easily support a whole lot of vegetation or animal life. Why is that?

submitted by /u/Shlegnog
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 09 Mar 2022 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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If a gene (eg SOX2 and PAX6) is "repressed" by a histone mark like H3K27me3, then is it consistently suppressed by that histone mark in all cells, or only in some cells?

Posted: 09 Mar 2022 04:41 PM PST

(and does it mean that the gene is consistently next to histone H3 in
all cells?)

[and bivalency/multivalency means that that multiple histone marks can
be next to the gene, right?] I wonder how much steric hindrance is a
consideration for higher orders of multivalency?

submitted by /u/inquilinekea
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Is it possible to take neurons from the brain for in vitro studies?

Posted: 09 Mar 2022 08:08 AM PST

More specifically, to study neurological diseases and mechanisms.

submitted by /u/DuckingOlay
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Does 100% oxygen saturation always contraindicate ischemia/heart failure/heart attack/angina etc?

Posted: 09 Mar 2022 04:54 AM PST

Or can any of these pathologies appear even in the presence of fully oxygenated blood?

submitted by /u/pathetic_intp_bot
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How big would a Centrifuge need to be so Gs = RPMs?

Posted: 09 Mar 2022 08:10 AM PST

So in terms of the centrifuge I use at work, Gs and RPMs are different. RPMs are relative to how big the centrifuges circumference is and this got me thinking, how big would a centrifuge have to be so that Gs and RPMs would be equal, if that's even possible?

submitted by /u/zsverduzco
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How can a part of the brain be simultaneously less active and more connected?

Posted: 08 Mar 2022 08:59 PM PST

A lot of research about the effect of psychedelics on the default mode network shows lower activity in the default mode network but more connectivity between the default mode network and other nodes or networks (and sometimes more connectivity between nodes in its own network). How can a part of the brain be simultaneously less active and more connected? Doesn't connectivity imply activity? I've Googled this, because it seems like it should be a simple answer, but I can't find anything.

submitted by /u/learnimaginecreate
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What do people mean by 'brain matures at 25~ish'?

Posted: 09 Mar 2022 06:19 AM PST

And if its a real thing, whats the average age for male population?

submitted by /u/baqlavamotherfucker
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Can the electron-capture decay be stopped?

Posted: 08 Mar 2022 02:30 PM PST

I know there's a type of radioactive decay where the electron can be capture by the nucleus, transforming a proton into a neutron. I understand radioactive decay can't be stopped, but if you strip an isotope (that decays that way) of its electrons, like plasma, can you make it stop decaying completely? I only found articles saying that chemical bonds can change the half-life, but i didn't have much luck confirming if my question is possible

submitted by /u/Pedroarak
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How does water form ice when under pressure?

Posted: 08 Mar 2022 11:13 PM PST

Traditionally, water freezes when the molecules are slowed down (due to freezing temperatures) enough for them to create stronger/stable bonds. However, I've recently been made aware that water can freeze under the right amount of pressure.

From what I understand, if you pressurize water, you decrease the space for the molecules to spread out, actively lowering the melting point.

Here's where I'm confused.

If it's true that ice can form under pressure, does it form eventually when there's not enough space for the molecules to rapidly bond/unbond?

Is that what's happening with Gliese 436 b?

Is the answer that simple or am I missing something? I feel like there's a gap in my understanding.

submitted by /u/askwatermelon
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How do rivers work in the desert? More specifically how are there not more plants near rivers in the desert?

Posted: 08 Mar 2022 09:53 PM PST

I was just looking at a photo of the Colorado river, more specifically Horseshoe bend, and I was just thinking that's an awful lot of water to be a whole river floating by and hardly any vegetation next to it.

I always assumed that plants didn't grow in the desert due to the lack of water but there's a ton of water in the Colorado river flowing through this canyon but still barely any plants even right next to it.

Even if the river is somewhat seasonal I would still think that plants would take advantage of all the water floating by when it was available.

Is there some other mechanic I'm missing?

submitted by /u/justinlongbranch
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What are the long-term effects of sleep deprivation in very young children?

Posted: 08 Mar 2022 01:20 PM PST

I'm increasingly hearing from my friends about how they're concerned with parents that just fill up their child's day with tons of stuff to do, waking them up early. I keep hearing about kids, really young kids, falling asleep in class because they have to get up so early for school. I know that toddlers and young kids around the ages of 5-9 need anywhere from 9-12 hours of sleep every night, and there are tons of kids that age and younger who get nowhere near that much sleep. It must be important for a reason that they get that much sleep.

So what happens if they don't? What can we expect from kids being chronically sleep deprived as they become adults? Will this have mental health or neurological effects on them?

submitted by /u/Orion_Diplomat
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Are breast cancer rates among post-hormone therapy trans women on par with breast cancer rates of ciswomen?

Posted: 08 Mar 2022 08:22 PM PST

Tuesday, March 8, 2022

Why does a can of compressed air get ice cold when used?

Why does a can of compressed air get ice cold when used?


Why does a can of compressed air get ice cold when used?

Posted: 08 Mar 2022 08:06 AM PST

I learned from 'Green Planet' that many plants secrete 'defensive compounds' when attacked by herbivores, or even when 'warned' by neighbouring plants that herbivorous insects are attacking. But why do plants need to wait until they are attacked to accumulate these toxins in the leaves?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 10:15 PM PST

What is the down side to having the substances present all the time? Is it that the insects evolve a defence?

submitted by /u/RoboticElfJedi
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Is flooring the gas pedal fastest you can accelerate (manual transmission)?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 01:04 PM PST

I remembered that a while ago I saw a video about how NOS works.

Basically it just allows fuel to burn more effectively by providing extra oxygen for ignition in cylinders.

It raised a question in me:In regular gas engined vehicles the gas pedal increases flow of fuel to cylinders. Optimal ignition requires exact proportions of fuel and air (oxygen source).

Could there be a threshold where pushing pedal injects so much fuel that it starts to take up so much space that could be used for air that in result it decreases power output?

Is there any truth to my thoughts? Are there any mechanisms that prevent this?

Edit: Just to clarify I'm thinking of accelerating when vehicle is already moving no from a full stop

submitted by /u/Skudra24
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How does human brain differentiate timbres of sounds?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 11:02 AM PST

Consider a speaker, all they do is produce waves that correspond to whatever you are listening to. Our brain is the thing that decomposes this complex wave into different parts and enable us to percieve multiple timbres. Do we know how this works? I guess we have a biological Fourier transformator inside ourselves.

submitted by /u/allahyokdinyalan
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Difference between a Covid variant and Subvariant?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 11:08 AM PST

Any viroligists who can help me understand? Like there is the Delta and Omicron variant, but also there are subvariants of each.

submitted by /u/stevotherad
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Is it possible that there are heavier leptons than the Tau particle?

Posted: 06 Mar 2022 09:15 PM PST

The Tau particle is the heaviest lepton discovered, but is it theoretically possible that there might be heavier generations of leptons? Like, do our current theories predict that heavier generations of leptons are prohibited or is it just likely that we've never observed heavier leptons because of the high energies and fast decay times that they'd likely have?

submitted by /u/dethtron5000
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Monday, March 7, 2022

Was there a decrease in other infectious diseases other than Covid due to wearing masks during the past two years?

Was there a decrease in other infectious diseases other than Covid due to wearing masks during the past two years?


Was there a decrease in other infectious diseases other than Covid due to wearing masks during the past two years?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 01:55 AM PST

Before Einstein, did physicists believe that the only constraint on how fast matter could move was available energy?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 08:40 AM PST

Today, we know that it would take infinite energy to achieve a finite speed (with that speed being the speed of light). But before we learned that fact, did physicists believe that if you had infinite energy you could achieve infinite speed?

submitted by /u/transley
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How did the Cassini spacecraft settle the debate on how old the rings of Saturn were - old as the planet itself (4 billion years) vs fairly recent (100 million years)? What did it look for?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 04:57 AM PST

How does DNA function as an information storage medium?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 08:32 AM PST

I wanted to relate this topic to microarrays, but I searched and didn't find much about it.

submitted by /u/rafinhaeheh
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What makes Cefixime poorly soluble in water?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 07:21 AM PST

What structural features of Cefixime molecules make them particularly poorly soluble when administered orally?

submitted by /u/FinalLifeguard8353
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What makes water taste "weird" after it's left out for too long?

Posted: 06 Mar 2022 11:59 PM PST

Is there a connection between gut bacteria and dreaming?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 04:30 AM PST

I almost never remember my dreams. For example if I remember 1 a year it's a big deal. This past month I've been on a super restrictive diet, (trying to lose the COVID kilos). However a couple of times I've had a regular meal and then when I go to sleep I have super vivid dreams that I can remember when I wake up.

I am wondering if there is any link between a gut biome and dreaming? As lately my gut bacteria has been cut off from its regular sugars and carbs and processed food that it was used to. And then when having a little bit of it back i have dreamed vividly. (I've been on my restrictive diet for a 5 weeks now and have had 3 cheat meals during this time which have each triggered amazing dreams)

submitted by /u/whidzee
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How do winter flowering plants get polinated?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 04:14 AM PST

Primroses started blooming in Feb. Crocuses and Camelias started flowering now in March. They all seem to have colourful flowers and a sweet smell which indicates that they are trying to attract flying insects, but there does not seem to be any about (or at least that I can see). How successful are these flowers with insect polination?

submitted by /u/a_is_for_a
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Does water evaporate faster if it is mixed with alcohol?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 12:10 AM PST

Title is pretty self-explanatory. Was wondering if a mixture of alcohol and water were to evaporate (I am aware that the alcohol will evaporate much faster), but would this have any effect on the evaporation rate of the water itself as well?

Reason is because I made a cheesecake and accidentally got the crust soggy. I flipped it upside down and put it back in the oven to try to evaporate as much moisture as possible.

Had the idea of putting some everclear in a spray bottle and misting it down a bit to speed up evaporation. Would this hypothetically work? Thanks fellow scientists, I love you all :)

submitted by /u/AndrewjSomm
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How are the properties of exoplanets found?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 04:00 AM PST

does the location of the centromere change during different stages of mitosis?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 03:39 AM PST

If a centromere is said to be a constricted region in a chromosome, does this mean that the location of the centromere does not change during the different stages of mitosis?

submitted by /u/Ok-Panda533
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If so many people have oral herpes, why do I never see people with cold sores on their mouth?

Posted: 07 Mar 2022 04:45 AM PST

Why can some minerals like quartz have obvious inclusions, but not others?

Posted: 06 Mar 2022 07:42 PM PST

For example, searching up quartz/amethyst with gold inclusions brings up lots of pictures and selling links, but not for gems like sapphire or emerald, which I think would be quite pretty. Why is that?

submitted by /u/shingomido
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Is a or b pinene soluble in fats like melted butter?

Posted: 06 Mar 2022 09:08 PM PST

It seems like we should have an answer to this but I can't seem to find one.

submitted by /u/Ill_Bowl_9946
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Why Fe+3 have greater atomic radii than Co+3?

Posted: 06 Mar 2022 08:57 PM PST

How long would the process of "Kesslerization" take after the collision that starts it?

Posted: 06 Mar 2022 08:33 AM PST

I was trying to pitch a C-tier rom-com to a friend that involved *unnamed rich person* being in orbit during the beginnings of the Kessler cascade. My question is, would somebody in orbit have time to deorbit safely after the first couple of collisions make it clear that something like this is going to happen, or would they be toast? I realize that it depends heavily on where the first collisions are and what the density of satellites is like, so let's say we're looking at today's satellites and a first collision wherever a first collision is most likely.

All of my attempts to find information about this only told me that once orbit is full of debris it will take 100s/1000s of years to clear up again, which is not what I am looking for.

submitted by /u/macpootis
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Why can’t humans survive on salt water?

Posted: 06 Mar 2022 08:35 AM PST

Sunday, March 6, 2022

I developed seasonal allergies when I was 33. How does my body decide that things it has encountered for decades are now hostile?

I developed seasonal allergies when I was 33. How does my body decide that things it has encountered for decades are now hostile?


I developed seasonal allergies when I was 33. How does my body decide that things it has encountered for decades are now hostile?

Posted: 06 Mar 2022 06:59 AM PST

What happens in our brain when we stutter?

Posted: 06 Mar 2022 09:51 AM PST

Can any microbes (yeast, bacteria etc) make/synthesize lactose?

Posted: 06 Mar 2022 08:38 AM PST

Trying to Google just returns a lot about lactose intolerance. I'm interested in whether it would be possible to make dairy-free lactose so you could make "real" plant-based cheese/yogurt via the normal lactose-requiring fermentation processes. Thanks!

submitted by /u/daking999
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MedicineWhat affect does the quantity of injuries have on healing time? For example, would a paper cut take longer to heal if I had a broken Jaw at the same time?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 11:47 PM PST

Edit: First gold, thank you kind stranger.

submitted by /u/BrittnyKuhns
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What was Earth like in the 1000 years after the K-T extinction event?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 12:50 PM PST

I'm curious about what the recovery of life looked like in the immediate (in geological terms) aftermath of the Chicxulub asteroid impact. Pop science says that in the following few years or decades, the ash clouds blocked out the sun and photosynthetic life more or less stopped. What did the small burrowing animals that did survive eat during this time to, well, survive? (If fungi: did fungi grow to Devonian-era sizes?)

What happened when the ash cover dissipated? What would the landscape look like and what sorts of animals and plants would have covered it? Evolution isn't a fast process, but with so many biological niches open, how quickly would it take to see physiological differences between new species?

submitted by /u/pretende
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What chemical reaction is happening when dry hopping a beer?

Posted: 06 Mar 2022 08:50 AM PST

When you dump hops into an active fermentor, also know as dry hopping, sometimes the addition of the hops will vigorously force co2 out of the fermenting wort. Why does this happen?

submitted by /u/harlsgeist
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Why does protein from crustaceans look so different than land meat?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 06:02 PM PST

Why are the ice caps of Mars so different in size?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 04:24 PM PST

Can ampicillin agar plates be stored at -20C?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 07:39 PM PST

We don't clone often in my lab, and I end up making an entire sleeve of amp agar plates and only using like three, and the rest sit in the fridge for over a month and then are not good anymore. Would be great if I could freeze the sleeve of plates for later use?

submitted by /u/moosepuggle
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Can S. aureus be slide coagulase negative?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 11:34 PM PST

What would the “anti-Pangea,” where continents are as far from another as possible, look like?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 05:59 PM PST

Everybody knows about true supercontinents, where nearly all landmasses are contiguous. What would the planet look like with all landmass as spread out as possible? What would the map look like?

There would be much less elevation from mountains and such, so would the sea level be higher as land actually takes up more space? How much higher? Would there be reduced access to freshwater?

submitted by /u/Maxerature
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Why are ionization energies so much larger than electron affinities?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 02:44 PM PST

As I understand it, the ionization energy is the energy required to take an electron away, off of an atom. Electron affinity, on the other hand is kind of the opposite, as it's the amount of energy given off when an electron is given to an atom. As such, I thought they'd be similar in terms of value.

I've been looking at charts of electron affinity and first ionization energies, and it seems that that's not the case, however. For example, hydrogen has an ionization energy of 1312 kJ/mol... but an electron affinity of only 73 kJ/mol. What's up with that? The electron affinity is less than a tenth of the ionization energy. Both values deal in putting/removing an electron around the hydrogen atom... why does the change in energy vary so much? This doesn't seem to just be hydrogen, either, as even the lowest first ionization energy (Fr, ~380 kJ/mol) is larger than the largest electron affinity (Cl ~349 kJ/mol).

I've been trying to understand this and in looking further I've only gotten more confused by looking at standard enthalpy of formation too... If I want to make a mole of NaCl, I'd have to take a mole of Na, and a mole of Cl, and move the electron from every Na atom to a Cl one, right? So that's 496 kJ/mol to take the electrons off of Na, and 349 kJ/mol back when I give them to Cl, so I guessed that this whole process should take 147 kJ. But the standard enthalpy of formation of NaCl is about -411 kJ/mol, which means its an exothermic reaction. Where is this additional ~558 kJ/mol coming from?

Apologies if my understanding of these concepts is wrong... but could someone possibly explain why it is this way?

submitted by /u/XoRoUZ
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How are gas prices set?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 05:31 PM PST

While I understand that economic forces determine prices (supply, demand, etc.), do the effects of war truly change supply so dramatically that prices would change so quickly? I feel like prices have to be the product of speculation at some point.

submitted by /u/Harothir
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How does fire spread?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 02:27 PM PST

Do we have any systems in which other planets rotate around a giant planet instead of a star?

Posted: 04 Mar 2022 08:00 PM PST

Like something with star-level mass but not out of material that can react in a fusion reaction under that much gravity.

If no, then why not?

submitted by /u/_Hormoz_
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Saturday, March 5, 2022

How does the language in which we think change?

How does the language in which we think change?


How does the language in which we think change?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 08:14 AM PST

So at one time the language my brain uses to express thought changed from one language into another and I can't understand the process behind that. (At that time I lived in another country for some time and was not confronted a lot with my first language.)

How does that happen? My brain made all these associations throughout my life doesn't it have to "reboot" all the information? Isn't it difficult to translate everything I remember? Why does my conscious mind do that, even though I understand my first language better?

As you can tell, I have a VERY rudimentary understanding of neuroscience. Do these questions make sense?

Language is so fundamental to how we think. I am just confused about how this drastic change happens.

submitted by /u/mA1yA
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Why haven’t bacteria (or other pathogens) evolved to not have antigens, so that they can’t be destroyed by the immune system?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 09:51 AM PST

As sea levels continue to rise, will sand migrate to the "new" beach locations? Or will sandy beaches end up becoming a thing of the past?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 10:07 AM PST

Why isn't diamond electrically conductive while graphite is electrically conductive?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 02:09 AM PST

Does consuming violent content make you used to violence?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 02:06 AM PST

My parents say that watching or playing violent content will make you not care about murder and not feel guilt etc. Is this true? Could you give me some links regarding this as well?

submitted by /u/arsolana
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When I ignite methanol, is it only the fumes that's on fire, or is it the liquid burning itself?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 03:25 AM PST

Is "IL-1 receptor antagonist" pro or anti inflammatory?

Posted: 05 Mar 2022 01:14 AM PST

Artists picking color schemes talk about the psychology of certain colors a lot (red = rage/passion, green = nature/health, yellow=activity/sportiness, etc.) and often discuss them as cultural universals. Are they?

Posted: 04 Mar 2022 11:19 AM PST

Because whenever I hear these arguments my suspicion meter goes to max. Even what even counts as a "basic/simple color" is not a cultural universal so how could "color mood" be?

submitted by /u/screwyoushadowban
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