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Monday, February 28, 2022

What's the difference between a slug, a sea slug, and a nudibranch?

What's the difference between a slug, a sea slug, and a nudibranch?

What's the difference between a slug, a sea slug, and a nudibranch?

Posted: 28 Feb 2022 01:53 PM PST

Why do emu have calf muscles when no other ratites or birds do?

Posted: 28 Feb 2022 01:24 PM PST

What categorizes something as oil? Crude oil and olive oil are oils, but why not bees wax?

Posted: 28 Feb 2022 01:01 PM PST

Looking at the molecular structures of all three and their properties, there look to be similarlies but obviously huge differences.

I'm just wondering how we classify things as oils and what are the criteria.

Crude oil clearly isn't "fat with unsaturated fatty acid chains" as most cooking oils would be described.

submitted by /u/PolskiOrzel
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Can every non-metallic element eventually become metallic (Like Metallic Hydrogen) at high enough pressures?

Posted: 28 Feb 2022 08:06 AM PST

So, I've randomly found out about metallic hydrogen and about how it forms metallic compounds ad 425GPa of pressure, so I'm wondering if any other (or even every other) non metal could do the same thing.

submitted by /u/GeneraleArmando
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How does the current rate of Ocean Acidification & Effect on Marine Ecosystems compare to that of the K-T Extinction & Permian-Triassic Extinction events?

Posted: 28 Feb 2022 11:47 AM PST

I have heard that oceans have acidified on average by 0.1 units on a logarithmic scale from 8.25-8.1 in the past century, with a potential further Ph decrease to 8.0-7.7 by 2100. At the same time, it is known that the current rate of Acidification is approximately 100x greater than typical rates of Ph change.

Taking into account the greater Ph changes in higher-latitude waters and the known biological effects of decreased Ph on different organisms, how does the current Ocean Acidification due to Fossil Fuel emissions compare to that of previous extinction events?

submitted by /u/wiz28ultra
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Is my nervous system identical to someone else?

Posted: 28 Feb 2022 01:38 PM PST

Like if a specific neuron is exactly in the same place as another neuron that's exactly the same.

submitted by /u/Bruhmella_offical
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Is there a definition for bloating?

Posted: 28 Feb 2022 04:29 AM PST

I hear people talk about being bloated and it seems kind of vague. Is it gas in the upper GI tract, gas in the lower GI tract, feeling full, feeling fat, or what?

submitted by /u/woburnite
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Are there any pharmacodynamic interactions between fluvoxamine and atomoxetine?

Posted: 28 Feb 2022 07:52 AM PST

I tried looking it up online but i couldn't find it myself, only pharmacokinetic interactions, which were very useful to find.

Thank you for helping.

submitted by /u/Ahmed_Reshah
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What decides the shape and branching of the part which holds the grapes?

Posted: 28 Feb 2022 07:06 AM PST

I recently ate grapes and a question crossed my mind. What decides at which angle and distance from each other, does different branches emerge of the part that holds the grapes? Is it the genes or what? Because I don't get these type of genes would evolve.

submitted by /u/AlterEgo_of_NoOne
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AskScience AMA Series: Molecular engineering (MolE) encompasses everything from protein design, nanomaterials, vaccine development, battery/solar cell design, & much more. We're a group of students, professors & staff connected to the University of Washington's MolE Institute. AUA about MolE!

AskScience AMA Series: Molecular engineering (MolE) encompasses everything from protein design, nanomaterials, vaccine development, battery/solar cell design, & much more. We're a group of students, professors & staff connected to the University of Washington's MolE Institute. AUA about MolE!

AskScience AMA Series: Molecular engineering (MolE) encompasses everything from protein design, nanomaterials, vaccine development, battery/solar cell design, & much more. We're a group of students, professors & staff connected to the University of Washington's MolE Institute. AUA about MolE!

Posted: 28 Feb 2022 04:00 AM PST

We are graduate students, staff, and faculty from the University of Washington Molecular Engineering and Science (MolES) Institute. Molecular Engineering is a new field; we were one of the first Molecular Engineering graduate programs in the world, and one of only two in the United States. Though MolES only opened in 2014, we have had many discoveries to share!

Molecular engineering itself is a broad and evolving field that seeks to understand how molecular properties and interactions can be manipulated to design and assemble better materials, systems, and processes for specific functions. Any time you attempt to change the object-level behavior of something by precisely altering it on the molecular level - given knowledge of how molecules in that "something" interacts with one another - you're engaging in a type of molecular engineering. The applications are endless! Some specific examples of Molecular Engineering research being done within the labs of the MolES Institute are:

  1. MolES faculty member and Chemistry professor Al Nelson developed a new way to produce medicines and chemicals and preserve them in portable, modular "biofactories" embedded in water-based gels known as hydrogels. This approach could enable access to critical medicines and other compounds in low-resource areas.
  2. The Baker lab in MolES and Biochemistry is engineering artificial proteins to self-assemble on a crystal surface. The ability to program these interactions could enable the design of new biomimetic materials with customized chemical reactivity or mechanical properties, that can serve as scaffolds for nano-filters, solar cells or electronic circuits.
  3. Bioengineering/MolES Institute Professor Kelly Stevens developed a new 3D printing approach to create biocompatible hydrogels with life-like vasculature - opening the possibility of printing living human tissue for things like organ replacement!
  4. Researchers in MolES and Chemical Engineering professor Elizabeth Nance's lab are attempting to deliver therapeutics to the brain using tiny nanoparticles that can effectively cross the blood-brain-barrier in brain injury and disease.
  5. MolES PhD student Jason Fontana is working in the labs of James Carothers and Jesse Zalatan to develop tools that facilitate genetic engineering in bacteria for optimizing biosynthesis of valuable products.

Molecular engineering is recognized by the National Academy of Engineering as one of the areas of education and research most critical to ensuring the future economic, environmental and medical health of the U.S. As a highly interdisciplinary field spanning across the science and engineering space, students of Molecular Engineering have produced numerous impactful scientific discoveries. We specifically believe that Molecular Engineering could be an exciting avenue for up-and-coming young scientists, and thus we would like to further general awareness of our discipline!

Our panelists today consist of faculty members of the University of Washington MolE Institute, as well as PhD students in the MolE program. They are:

Faculty:

  • Alshakim Nelson (/u/polymerprof) - Associate Professor of Chemistry, Director of Education of the MolE Institute. Research Interests - polymer chemistry, biohybrid materials, stimuli-responsive materials, 3D printing
  • Neil King (/u/ProteinKing_MolES) - Assistant Professor of Biochemistry, Institute of Protein Design. Research Interests - protein design, self-assembling protein nanoparticles, vaccine design
  • Jeff Nivala - Research Assistant Professor, Molecular Information Systems Lab, Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering. Research Interests - synthetic biology, DNA data storage, nanopore sensing, single-molecule protein sequencing, machine learning for biological systems design, and cyber-bio security
  • David Bergsman (/u/ProfBergsman) - Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering, Research Interests - ultrathin nanostructures, nanocoatings, chemical separations, water purification, data science for material design
  • Doug Ballard (/u/uw-moles) - Graduate Program Advisor of the MolE PhD Program, MolE Institute Representative

Students:

  • Ben Nguyen (/u/nguyencd296) - polymeric drug delivery systems, polymer-drug conjugates, cancer immunotherapy, renal drug delivery
  • Evan Pepper (/u/evanpepper) - human microbiome, microbial evolution
  • Phuong Nguyen (/u/npnguyen8) - nanomedicine, neuroscience, biomaterials
  • Ayumi Pottenger (/u/errorhandlenotfound) - infectious disease, drug delivery, polymer chemistry
  • Olivia Dotson - nanomedicine, materials synthesis
  • Marti Tooley (/u/MartiTooley)- protein engineering, vaccine development, immune modulation
  • Cholpisit Ice Kiattisewee (/u/theicechol) - bacterial synthetic biology, CRISPR

We'll be on from 11-1PM PST (2-4 PM ET/19-21 UT), AUA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Are the stars we see at night mostly individual stars or galaxies?

Posted: 28 Feb 2022 04:49 AM PST

And follow-up: If they are individual stars, why aren't they part of galaxies?

submitted by /u/rrcjab
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Is the acceleration of charges the only way to create EM-radiation?

Posted: 28 Feb 2022 06:24 AM PST

Even if the answer is only "yes", I still think it's relevant.

submitted by /u/neuromat0n
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Why does the moon have so many impact craters? Has it been hit significantly more than Earth?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 07:00 PM PST
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What is happening physiologically when you have a “knot” in a muscle?

What is happening physiologically when you have a “knot” in a muscle?

What is happening physiologically when you have a “knot” in a muscle?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 03:21 PM PST

How do we Change the Pitch and Sound of our Voices?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 09:14 AM PST

I was pondering as to how we change the tone and pitch of our voices. I was thinking we somehow change some sort of frequency in our vocal cords but I wanted to see if anyone knows.

submitted by /u/CreVolve
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How can SmartWatches measure the blood pressure?

Posted: 26 Feb 2022 10:37 AM PST

And how accurate is it?

submitted by /u/Capable_Resolution94
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When your throw up due to Noro virus, is this at all beneficial for our body in fighting the virus, or is it just a vector for it to spread?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 01:07 PM PST

Why do some metals rust and some dont?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 11:47 AM PST

How are autopsies performed on bodies that have been dead for many years?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 02:53 PM PST

I recently read a book (fiction) where a character was murdered and the body, which was hidden in the trunk of a car the whole time, was not found for around 40 years. An autopsy was performed and the cause of death was determined to be two stab wounds.

How would such causes of death be determined if a body has decomposed significantly?

submitted by /u/People_broth
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Why do so many animals have yellow eyes? Does the color of an animal's eye indicate anything about the eye's structure?

Posted: 26 Feb 2022 09:45 AM PST

Sleep: at which level of complex of an organism, regular sleep become necessary?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 04:56 AM PST

Is there some sort of threshold, where an organism is so complex or/and intelligent that regularly sleep is necessary? Or do even single-cell organism sleep?

I could imagine that the definition of sleep might be crucial here. I would boil it down to the need of a regular maintenance mode, where the body needs to shut down several functions, i.e. is not fully operational.

As a bonus: where/when did sleep arise in the evolution of biologic life?

submitted by /u/reddit_wisd0m
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Do any prey animals fake(feign) disease or infection to deter predators?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 08:32 AM PST

I was thinking about the "zombie deer" video of the deer running in circles and was wondering if any prey animals ever feign disease or infection to ward off potential predators. Like maybe a lion wont eat a zebra if it starts moving erratically or something.

submitted by /u/Captain__Areola
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Is HPV actually harder to clear after 30, or is it just a statistics thing?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 07:33 AM PST

Some Googling reveals that 9/10 people clear an HPV infection within 2 years. However, it also says that HPV is less easily cleared after 30. But is this due to the fact that the immune system suddenly dips when you're 30? (AFAIK know the immune system is pretty stable until like 50?) Or is it just a statistics thing: i.e. most people get HPV in their twenties and clear it, so the people with more persistent infections are overrepresented after 30? The sources really do not specify.

submitted by /u/KindPiglet7499
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Does the ISS always follow the same path?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 09:21 AM PST

Is it always the same circle so it always flies over the same city and so on does it change?

submitted by /u/DaDwaits4U
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What causes yours eyes to hurt when you are exposed to bright light?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 08:33 AM PST

Why does quartz come in so many different shapes and colors?

Posted: 26 Feb 2022 09:15 AM PST

I was recently in a museum of natural history, and as I was walking through the rocks and minerals section, I noticed that a bunch of seemingly completely different crystals were actually one and the same thing: quartz. I was puzzled by this, since it seems like there's only a finite number of ways to arrange one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms. Does quartz then have any unique properties that lend themselves to this incredible variability? I noticed that others minerals (e.g., pyrite) looked the same no matter what context they were in, which is what I'd expect.

Thanks for any insight you can provide!

submitted by /u/opteryx5
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Does (and how does) loss of taste or smell due to Covid or other causes affect people with synesthesia?

Posted: 26 Feb 2022 08:26 AM PST

Synesthesia is the condition whereby people experience sensations through other senses. For example, somebody might hear colours or see music.

I'm wondering specifically about people whose senses of taste or smell are activated through other stimuli; if they lose the ability to taste or smell, does that include tastes and smells triggered through those stimuli?

submitted by /u/onetonenote
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with the HIV MRNA vaccine going into testing, how are they going to figure out if it actually works?

Posted: 26 Feb 2022 02:57 PM PST

I'm asking since i'm pretty sure they won't reuse needles or find an HIV positive person for the test subject to have unprotected sex with

submitted by /u/GrungySheriff
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If mRNA is so unstable, why doesn't body heat degrade it after it enters the body?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 02:41 PM PST

do all humans have one form or another of parasites (parasitic worms) inside their bodies?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 08:43 AM PST

What happens to a sound wave when it makes contact with the inner ear? Is it absorbed? Or does it bounce back and distort/color other incoming sound waves?

Posted: 26 Feb 2022 09:41 PM PST

How do cells know to divide in such a way to create tubular shapes like blood vessels ?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 08:43 AM PST

Is “long covid” the same or similar to other post-viral syndromes?

Posted: 26 Feb 2022 10:58 AM PST

I have been very interested in learning about long haul covid. To my understanding other viruses such as malaria can cause long term symptoms like fatigue and intense pain. A lot of these stories sound similar to the experiences of long COVID patients. Could past research into post-viral syndrome give us clues into how we might treat long haulers?

(I am a bit unsure if this is the wrong subreddit to ask this question. Mods feel free to remove if it's not the right place.)

submitted by /u/y2kmarina
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What is the impact of COVID 19 on sperm and developing fetus?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 07:52 AM PST

I'm considering becoming pregnant. We haven't caught covid-19 yet (triple vaxxed in Dec '21), although it's very likely we will within the next year.

I'm wondering can COVID-19: 1) Damage the DNA in sperm; 2) Cause birth defects or other long-term reprecussions for the child if the mother catches COVID during pregnancy; 3) The likelihood that a fourth vaccine will be offered to people 6+ months after the third vaccine

Thank you.

submitted by /u/Future_Class
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Does the position of the moon have any measurable effects in the Earth's magnetic field in respect of any place on the Earth's surface as it moves about its orbit?

Posted: 26 Feb 2022 08:04 AM PST

Why is clonidine, a CNS depressant, effective for managing ADHD if stimulants are too?

Posted: 26 Feb 2022 10:36 PM PST

Stimulants such as methylphenidate increase the activity of sympathetic neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, and this is cited to be their primary mechanism of action, whereas clonidine decreases the activity of sympathetic neurotransmittion by decreasing norepinephrine. How can they both be used to manage ADHD then?

submitted by /u/DeliciousPreference5
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Is there any relation between children with mental ilness and their fathers being addicted smokers?

Posted: 27 Feb 2022 04:32 AM PST

So I recently read some news about the relation between mental ilness and older fathers. Older fathers tend to have more often kids with mental illness than people without and it is thought that this is due low sperm cells quality. So I know that smoking reduce sperm cells number and quality . My question is : Is there any study that shows a relation between addicted smokers and their children having more often mental ilness?

submitted by /u/Bogdi504
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Saturday, February 26, 2022

Botany question: Do flaxseeds come from the same plant that is used to make linen?

Botany question: Do flaxseeds come from the same plant that is used to make linen?

Botany question: Do flaxseeds come from the same plant that is used to make linen?

Posted: 25 Feb 2022 08:10 AM PST

I am writing some content (for my job) about flaxseed oil supplements and I'm curious: According to Webster's flaxseeds are "... the small seed of flax (especially Linum usitatissimum) ..." Is this the same flax plant used to create linen? Or is there more than one type of flax plant? Thanks.

submitted by /u/Euphoric-Structure13
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What does the "BA" stand for when talking about omicron variants?

Posted: 25 Feb 2022 07:31 AM PST

As in BA.1 and BA.2

submitted by /u/landoncolby
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Was malaria imported by the conquistadors to South America? If not, how did the indigenous tribes deal with the disease?

Posted: 25 Feb 2022 06:25 PM PST

Are there neutral germs?

Posted: 25 Feb 2022 08:46 PM PST

Most of the microbes I've heard about are either harmful whose lifecycles hurt the body or symbiotic who function with and help the body. Are there any that just… coexist?? without being attacked by our immune system?

submitted by /u/carribean98
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Friday, February 25, 2022

How fast could large sauropods like brachiosaurus move?

How fast could large sauropods like brachiosaurus move?

How fast could large sauropods like brachiosaurus move?

Posted: 24 Feb 2022 04:56 PM PST

Do ASPM and Microcephalin genes really predict IQ and behavior?

Posted: 24 Feb 2022 08:31 PM PST

Hi I was debating an Anglo Saxon racialist on race and IQ and he cited "Linguistic tone is related to the population frequency of the adaptive haplogroups of two brain size genes, ASPM and Microcephalin" and "What about the ASPM gene of chromosome one a new ASPM allele arose in Eurasia and has been suspected at increasing intelligence and has been demonstrated to be absent in blacks." he sent this Linguistic tone is related to the population frequency of the adaptive haplogroups of two brain size genes, ASPM and Microcephalin | PNAS

So my question is, is this a misreading or motivated reasoning for hatred? I also want to understand why this is wrong (if it is) and how to dismantle this argument thoroughly?

submitted by /u/SyanideBlack
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Where do the spores that cause mold on bread come from?

Posted: 24 Feb 2022 12:39 PM PST

Are there spores in the bakeries where the bread is baked and they get in/on the bread before it is even packaged? Or are there spores living on my skin that are transferred onto the bread each time I open the bag to get a couple of slices? Or are they just floating around in my kitchen and each time I open the bread bag, some of that spore-bearing air ends up inside of the bag? Will an unopened loaf of bread still get moldy?

Also, some related questions:

Why do "name brand" breads (eg Wonderbread or Dempster's) seem to last forever without getting moldy (or even stale for that matter) while more "artisanal" breads produced by independent bakeries always go moldy in under a week, and "grocery store" breads produced by in-house bakeries at grocery stores seem to fall somewhere in between, usually getting moldy after 1-2 weeks? Is the difference in shelf-life of these different types of breads due to different preservatives being used, or does it have more to do with the environment in which the breads are made?

What is going on between the time a spore is first introduced to a loaf of bread and the point where the mold becomes detectable (either visually or by scent)? Is there ever a point where the mold is not detectable but still dangerous?

submitted by /u/Cheshire-Kate
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What is the difference between TBI and a concussion?

Posted: 24 Feb 2022 08:47 PM PST

Hi,

I don't fully understand the difference between a TBI and a concussion. I understand they're both head traumas, but what exactly is the difference? Can someone help clarify, thanks!

submitted by /u/CrazyPepperoni
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Are there stars that shine too faint to show up in the night sky?

Posted: 24 Feb 2022 08:16 PM PST

If the square inverse law holds surely at some point we just won't see it. And if this is true, doesn't that explain partially why the night sky isn't lit up with stars?

submitted by /u/FuckableAsshole
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Do cardiopulmonary baroreceptors increase or decrease SNS?

Posted: 24 Feb 2022 08:28 PM PST

My understanding is that low pressure cardiopulmonary baroreceptors sense a change in plasma volume (>10%) and decreases firing rate to NTS. This results in decreasing SNS and increasing PNS response and causes decreasing renin, ADH and increasing ANP release - so overall more water loss to return your plasma volume back to baseline.

However, it also causes increase heart rate (Bainbridge mechanism) which is mediated by increase SNS? So how does that work (as in does cardiopulmonary pressue receptors increasing SNS or decreasing SNS??)

submitted by /u/Moncasta
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What happened to the water on Mars after it evaporated off?

Posted: 24 Feb 2022 12:01 AM PST

So Mars lost most of its water, probably over a long period of time. That's a lot of water. Where is it now? Is it orbiting the sun in a similar orbit? Was it left behind when the solar system moved around the galaxy? Was it pushed somewhere by the solar wind?

submitted by /u/Humanzee2
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why do we drink milk after spicy food?

Posted: 24 Feb 2022 05:01 AM PST

I used to think milk was alkaline, hence would combat the acids that lead to spiciness, upon learning that milk is mildly acidic I am stumped as to why it calms down spicy sensations? Any help is much appreciated.

submitted by /u/EchelonJohn
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