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Monday, February 14, 2022

Why are organic solvents usually volatile?

Why are organic solvents usually volatile?


Why are organic solvents usually volatile?

Posted: 14 Feb 2022 01:56 PM PST

Most of the organic solvents that I'm familiar with also happen to be very volatile. Is this a coincidence, or is there some underlying property of volatile compounds that make them good organic solvents?

submitted by /u/Sure-Ad-471
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How do auxetic materials work?

Posted: 14 Feb 2022 02:10 PM PST

I learned that auxetic materials have a negative poisson's ratio, so when you pull on them they also expand in other directions. How does this work? The solid can't gain volume, so where is the material coming from?

submitted by /u/Machoflash
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When one draws in their stomach, where does the volume go? Can the intestines compress?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 05:09 PM PST

No additional questions.

submitted by /u/splitframe
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Does water freeze if left still in perfect conditions?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 02:47 PM PST

Theoretically, would water freeze if it were left in a closed container in a vacuum of space (no external forces on container) over an infinite period of time? Temperature is correlated with the speed of particles. Therefore, over an infinite amount of time, would these water particles eventually slow down/settle enough to freeze?

submitted by /u/DrCocomo
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How do eyelash microorganisms get to a newborn?

How do eyelash microorganisms get to a newborn?


How do eyelash microorganisms get to a newborn?

Posted: 14 Feb 2022 07:50 AM PST

All people have eyelash microorganisms, but I don't think they are born with them. How do they populate a newborn?

Edit—I was referring to the mites that exist near eyelashes, but I'm also curious about other microorganisms as well! Thank you for all of these detailed and thoughtful responses. The human body is cool:

submitted by /u/ablarimer
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Is there another pair of animals that reverse hunter and prey in their lifecycle?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 04:19 PM PST

Question from my 4th grader. The dragonfly nymphs prey on tree frog tadpoles, but grown tree frogs can hunt dragonflies. Is there another pair of animals that reverses these roles? Thanks in advance.

We were watching a video on National Geographic kids if you want to share this with your kids.

submitted by /u/greg_d128
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If you were to hold a strong magnet very close to your body. Would that magnet have an influence (if any) on our bodily functions over time?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 07:13 AM PST

How valuable is sterilization of a knife used to cut raw chicken?

Posted: 14 Feb 2022 10:04 AM PST

The guidelines for cleaning a knife after cutting raw chicken typically advise to sterilize with something like a chlorine bleach solution after washing with soap and water. Conversely, the guidelines for washing your hands after handling raw chicken are to thoroughly wash with soap and water for 20-30 seconds.

If washing with soap and water is truly sufficient to ensure your hands are not a significant disease vector for something like salmonella, why does the same not hold true for a knife blade?

submitted by /u/burf
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Why do lighter Olympic ski jumpers have longer jumps?

Posted: 14 Feb 2022 11:24 AM PST

In research for a presentation on the topic I came across this study which simulated jumps, keeping ALL factors (velocity at takeoff, drag and body size, angle of fall, air density, etc) constant, and changing ONLY body mass. They found a direct relationship between body mass and jump distance, with lighter simulated athletes attaining longer jump distances and more airtime.

How is this possible? If you have two objects of the same size and drop them from the same height, they fall at the same speed. So why is it that when body size, air resistance, angle of flight, etc are all held the same, mass still influences jump distance?

I know that the athlete's trajectory has a horizontal component as well as a vertical. So from my understanding, mass shouldn't affect the vertical component (acceleration due to gravity). How does it affect the horizontal component, when takeoff velocity (the forward acting force) and air resistance (the inhibiting force) are held the same?

I'd really appreciate any help with this, I'm totally stumped-- but to be fair, my understanding of physics is pretty limited (I'm in health sciences). Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/forestfortuity
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How are natural instincts explained on a fundamental level? Where do they originate and how are they inheritable?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 07:12 AM PST

How are instinctual behaviors inherited? Would they survive in an animal raised in isolation from others of its same species? I find complex behaviors like intricate web, hive, and nest creation particularly fascinating.

submitted by /u/Artane_33
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Why do some animals hop instead of walking?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 07:54 AM PST

Some birds, rodents, marsupials etc hop rather than stride, but not all. What is it that makes it a better way to move for only certain members of the species. Why is it always one or the other and not some mix? Are there any examples of it being individual case by case rather than across the board for that animal?

submitted by /u/cl0th0s
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Did Ice Stay At the Poles Year Round During Pangea When all the land was concentrated in the tropics, How Did That Affect the Weather?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 05:09 PM PST

What happens in a photon-photon colliding when each photon energy is 120 Mev?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 10:28 AM PST

Hello, I am a 17 y.o stduent who is trying to fully understand photons colliding. We usually know that when two photons collide and each one's energy is 0.511 Mev they produce an electron and a postiron and this idea is the same for other particles. But what if two photons with an energy, which is not equivalent to any other particle, collide? What would they produce? Or would they even collide? Like for example 120 Mev. Thank you very much.

submitted by /u/vizex9
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Given the constant tectonic movement, will there someday be an 8th continent?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 08:55 AM PST

Does an acquired immune response (e.g. to a virus) get stronger when it is “used” to successfully defend against that virus in subsequent exposures?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 09:19 AM PST

What is the chemical and anatomical difference between the muscle tissue that makes up crustacean meats like crab & lobster vs. vertebrates including cattle, poultry, and fish?

Posted: 12 Feb 2022 06:34 PM PST

Protocooperation and Facultative Mutualism difference?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 08:30 AM PST

As the title suggests, can someone please explain the difference between these two positive relationships between organisms? As I understand both have the same meaning - a type of interaction where both parties benefit but isn't essential to their survival.

submitted by /u/Hris22
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Why is cerebrospinal fluid salty?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 02:13 AM PST

I would've thought that the reduced Ψ outside of cells would've been damaging but I feel like I'm missing something extremely obvious, a bit of a mental block really.

submitted by /u/detonater700
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How is Sodium Polyacrylate able to absorb water?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 03:21 AM PST

Through reading, I can see that it has something to do with the osmosis between the Sodium and the water and the cross-links between the chains to keep it all together. Is anyone here able to explain it to me in more depth or provide me with some high school friendly resources where I can understand more about this (maybe diagrams)?

submitted by /u/Zombie_Chickenz
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Do Species of different genus mate?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 12:10 AM PST

I'm not talking about closely related species like lions and tigers but things like fur seals and king penguins. It's so fucked up that its interesting

submitted by /u/EstablishmentShoddy1
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I was always taught that you get stronger when exercising because your muscles "tear" and they repair by adding new growth. Recently I learned that a certain muscle cell metastasizes, leaving one copy for future use and the other copy embeds into the muscle. What exactly happens for muscle growth?

Posted: 12 Feb 2022 07:11 PM PST

Is there expansion in gravitationally bound space?

Posted: 12 Feb 2022 06:09 PM PST

I was just reading a layman's article about expansion, that it is observed in largely empty space but not in gravitationally bound areas like galaxies. Do scientists believe that there actually is no expansion in that bound space? Or do they believe that space does expand in those areas, that gravity holds the mass together while the new space expands out past it, and that as a result expansion is not observed?

submitted by /u/movtga
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What was the Arctic Ocean like during the peak glaciation?

Posted: 12 Feb 2022 07:46 PM PST

The oceans were smaller when a lot of the water was locked away as ice on land, freeing up great expanses of continental shelf. But the deep ocean remained liquid. That much I understand. But some things are confusing to me:
I know there are undersea ridges similar to the mid-Atlantic Ridge in the Arctic Ocean. And I know the sea was saltier.
1) Was the sea ice thinner, because of the higher salinity? (Is the Arctic ice cap frozen salt water all the way, or is it mostly fresh water because fresh water freezes out of solution? Does new precipitation continuously added to the top make the ice cap basically fresh water anyway?) Or was it thicker, because the climate was colder?
2) Did the polar cap rest on the ocean floor? Was the ice cap grounded in places, like on the Langseth Ridge?
3) Did the lower sea level mean some of these undersea peaks were islands during the glacial periods? (For that matter, were there lots of islands, like Iceland today, along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?)

Thank you!

submitted by /u/whyareyouwhining
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How does conservation of energy allow or prevent a spring system from regaining energy?

Posted: 13 Feb 2022 03:29 AM PST

I'm not sure if you are familiar with a safety lancet , basically its something like this https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=YwpJc6Ii8OM

Just wondering if the safety lancet in the video could somehow :

1)be fired (by being pressed down onto someones skin)

2)compress itself back to a near fully compressed state after it reached its maxed extended state and started returning(>99%, almost no losses whatsoever like extremely extremely small) where the plastic hooks could hold it back in place (imagine the spring rebounding and the hooks being allowed to return to their original position because the user has stopped applying pressure to the persons skin thereby allowing the hooks to return to their original position therefore recapturing the spring in its original position)***

Best example i can think of is an automatic gun where the firing pin is ready to strike the primer of the bullet again without manually compressing the hammer like in a revolver , i know a gun uses the recoil from the cartridge explosion to reload just the closest thing i can think of

All this without any other intervention , solely the device as it is. Maybe some sort of system with extremely low losses? So low that the spring is retracted to almost the same height as it started from. I know there would be a ton of calculations to get the spring to return just as the hooks were returning back ot their original position , just wondering if this is possible. In my head if the losses were extremely small to the point you could barely even see the losses this would be possible because the hooks would recapture the spring replacing the energy lost to friction and piercing of the skin , but i have minimal knowledge of physics & engineering and wanted to ask the experts.

Not trying to design a reusable lancet. Just want to know if its possible. I know safety lancets are for the most part designed to be single use. I just feel that if the losses were extremely small it would be possible

Apologies for the lengthy and long winded question just wanted an answer with explanation behind it rather than "nope"

Thank you for any time spent answering the question

submitted by /u/funkymonkey123444
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How do we know that the brain stops developing at 25?

Posted: 12 Feb 2022 04:54 PM PST

Is it around the same age for all people, even those with brain conditions? When was this number discovered?

submitted by /u/HyperConnectedSpace
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Where do great white sharks give birth?

Posted: 12 Feb 2022 12:27 PM PST

Saturday, February 12, 2022

How are electrons reapportioned between the two new atoms during nuclear fission?

How are electrons reapportioned between the two new atoms during nuclear fission?


How are electrons reapportioned between the two new atoms during nuclear fission?

Posted: 12 Feb 2022 11:50 AM PST

Is there anything interesting in our solar system that is outside of the ecliptic?

Posted: 12 Feb 2022 03:34 PM PST

What is the difference between visceral and acute phase proteins?

What is the difference between visceral and acute phase proteins?


What is the difference between visceral and acute phase proteins?

Posted: 12 Feb 2022 05:35 AM PST

I know that acute phase proteins are upregulated when the body is experiencing inflammation, but don't know much about visceral phase proteins or what defines them. Could someone please help? Thanks.

submitted by /u/JosephGreg
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Could a sensitive gyroscope be used to measure the rotation of the galaxy?

Posted: 11 Feb 2022 06:21 AM PST

I've read that modern fiber-laser gyroscopes are sensitive enough to be used to measure the Earth's rotation. Could they be used to measure other rotating systems that the Earth is a part of? e.g. rotation around the sun, rotation of the solar system, rotation of the galaxy?

submitted by /u/POTATO_OF_MY_EYE
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Did the Hunga-Tonga explosion produce a significant overpressure at the spot on the other side of the earth where the shockwave converged?

Posted: 10 Feb 2022 09:38 PM PST

I'm wondering if locations on the exact opposite side of the Earth from major volcanic eruptions are at some kind of risk for e.g. having their windows blown out.

The thought was triggered by this animation.

submitted by /u/philgross
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What number of Virions would be required to die from Rabies?

Posted: 11 Feb 2022 04:59 PM PST

Could a single Rabies virion entering the body kill somebody? Or would their immune system catch it? Is there any idea the viral load required to lead to a lethal infection and if under that bar does the body then express any antibodies to rabies?

submitted by /u/Alashion
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How come similar latitudes north and south don't experience the same climate?

Posted: 11 Feb 2022 06:27 PM PST

Base on this r/dataisbeautiful post it seems like southern hemisphere locations which are equidistant from the equator are not as cold as their northern counterparts. What causes this?

submitted by /u/klokwerkz
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What does partial colocalisation of a protein with the mitochondria mean?

Posted: 12 Feb 2022 07:41 AM PST

I was reading a journal article on parkinson's disease from frontiers in aging Neuroscience and came across this part, which I did not really understand.

It said that 'TMEM230 is a transmembrane protein, partially colocalised with mitochondria.' What does 'partially colocalised' mean? My understanding is that when a protein is colocalised with something, it means that this protein can be found there. But what does it mean to be partially colocalised? Does that mean TMEM230 is not found inside of the mitochondria but as it's name suggests, part of TMEM230 is in the mitochondria (embedded in the membrane) while part of it is exposed to the other parts of the cell?

I would like to confirm if my understanding of this is correct

submitted by /u/throwawaychick3n
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How is the heat contained of these so-called "mini suns" ?

Posted: 11 Feb 2022 01:17 AM PST

I saw on the news that some laboratory created a mini-sun that was sustained for 5 seconds and could provide an enormous amount of energy during the time it's 'alive'. This was in the context of nuclear power testing.

My question is 2 folded: 1. It was said on the news that the heat this mini-sun produced was like 10 times hotter than the actual sun. What unholy magical material surrounds this heat that can keep it contained? How?

  1. Is it pure science fiction to think that if a mini-sun could be created, a mini black hole could be created too? Would this be the worst thing happening to us?

Thanks for your answers! Hope I was clear enough, I couldn't really find the news online

submitted by /u/Tissueboi
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How do [SpaceX] rockets track the amount of fuel they've used?

Posted: 11 Feb 2022 11:27 PM PST

I reckon a SpaceX rocket must need to keep track of how much fuel it's used in order to calculate how much it weighs so it lands nice and soft on the pad. Does it have to calculate the amount it will have used I'm advance, or does it do some figuring out on the fly?

submitted by /u/RealBobcatGoldthwait
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What is the jerk experienced by air resistance?

Posted: 11 Feb 2022 02:37 PM PST

Since the acceleration of an object is decreasing as it nears its terminal velocity it must be experiencing some negative jerk, my question is, what is it and how do you calculate it?

submitted by /u/Plehthepig
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Does UV-A light with a wavelength of 395-400nm have an effect on bacteria growth?

Posted: 11 Feb 2022 07:10 AM PST

I'm designing an experiment to examine the effect of probiotic bacteria exposure time to UV-A on the growth of the bacteria.

I read a research article about the usage of UV-A for decontamination of healthcare-associated pathogens which the result was that UV-A proved to have an antimicrobial effect and was useful to modestly reduce bacteria in the environment. The UV-A light used in their experiment had a peak wavelength of 365nm and data was collected over 8 hours. However, the UV-A that I'll be using is a 30W device with 395nm UV-A rays. Does this UV-A device also have an antimicrobial effect?

I expect to observe a lower level of decontamination because of the higher wavelength of the UV-A device I am using but I don't wish to not see any results, that's why I decided to make this post.

submitted by /u/lifo33
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Is it possible to create a screen based on reflected light instead of producing it's own light?

Posted: 11 Feb 2022 09:55 AM PST

I know old LCD screens would turn dark or light and didn't produce their own light, so you couldn't see them in the dark. b But what about color displays?

submitted by /u/frogjg2003
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When testing visual acuity, is the Snellen chart or Landolt C chart more accurate, and why?

Posted: 11 Feb 2022 06:35 AM PST

I can't find any studies from a Google search. Can anyone weigh in with an answer?

submitted by /u/Seto_Fucking_Kaiba
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Could a pathogen potentially have the same receptors as a body cell? And if so how would the immune system fight against it?

Posted: 11 Feb 2022 06:51 AM PST

So T-Cells have to go through a process in the Thymus where they are tested against receptors of normal body cells and if they react to them they are destroyed. This make sense because you wouldn't want them to accidentally fight body cells. But couldn't a pathogen theoretically have the exact same receptors as a normal body cells. How would the adaptive immune system respond to that if no T cells has the same receptors

submitted by /u/Queen_of_stress
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How are motors within a vacuum cooled?

Posted: 10 Feb 2022 06:25 PM PST

Most open-air motors rely on convection-based cooling (whether passively or actively cooled). How do engineers overcome the lack of air-cooling within a vacuum? Mount them to giat heatsinks? Different material composition? I can't find anything online explaining how they achieve this.

submitted by /u/19Jacoby98
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Does the duration of the presence of THC molecule in the saliva differ if one consumes marijuana in infusion rather than by smoking it ?

Posted: 11 Feb 2022 07:40 AM PST

The title speaks by itself !

submitted by /u/KvnGotTheMagic
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Is it possible to be schizophrenic without having hallucinations?

Posted: 10 Feb 2022 06:25 PM PST

I was reading up on symptoms for Schizophrenia and noticed that all the major symptoms can be found:

  • Hallucinations — imagined voices or images that seem real
  • Delusions — beliefs that are not true (e.g., other people are reading your thoughts)
  • Disorganized thinking or trouble organizing your thoughts and making sense
  • Little desire to be around other people
  • Trouble speaking clearly
  • Lack of motivation

But except for one major symptom which is the Hallucinations. Is it probable that you can be diagnosed with Schizophrenia without actually having hallucinations or would it be more probable that you're just having these symptoms and are actually diagnosed with something else i.e. BPD, Anxiety, Depression, etc..

submitted by /u/Pureenus
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Do any seed banks contain genetic material or seeds for plants in the ocean/lakes?

Posted: 10 Feb 2022 10:37 PM PST

I've heard we have seed banks to be used if any mass extinctions ever happen again. Do these banks account for plants that live in the water? Do they contain seeds or genetic material for any deep sea fauna?

Edit: also curious about if weed seeds are stored. If so, are different strains stored?

submitted by /u/Internal-Record-6159
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How is it that Cardarine (GW501516) and Meldonium both increase athletic endurance using completely opposite mechanisms of action?

Posted: 11 Feb 2022 04:53 AM PST

Both Cardarine and Meldonium are used by athletes to help boost endurance and stamina.

-Cardarine is a PPARδ receptor agonist that works by regulating expression of genes associated with contractile proteins, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid oxidation...essentially switching your body's preferred energy source from carbs to almost exclusively fat. It is believed this is the mechanism of action that causes the increase in endurance from cardarine.

-Meldonium works by reducing the amount of carnitine in your body, which is needed for fat oxidation - thus reducing the oxidation of fat for energy and switching your body's preferred energy source to carbohydrates. It is believed this is the mechanism behind meldonium's ability to increase endurance.

So cardarine switches your body to burning only fat, which increases endurance...

And meldonium switches your body to burning only carbohydrates, which also increases endurance?

How is it that these two contradicting mechanisms of action both increase endurance?

submitted by /u/Natural_SARMS
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Mineral wool insulation biosolubility compared to fiberglass insulation?

Posted: 10 Feb 2022 06:13 PM PST

All I was able to find is that mineral wool insulation MAY be less biosoluble than fiberglass according to this video from a toxicologist working for an insulation manufacturer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSJjipaPxUE. But cannot seem to find scientific studies showing the comparative relativity and how it would act in human physiology.

submitted by /u/stuwbgn16
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Do other animals give a name to each other?

Posted: 10 Feb 2022 02:42 PM PST

I'm thinking of social animals able to emit sound… do they identify each other with specific names equivalent to our anthroponyms?

submitted by /u/lizbbit
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Thursday, February 10, 2022

Why is a neutron thrown out of the nucleus in a nuclear fusion with deuterium and tritium?

Why is a neutron thrown out of the nucleus in a nuclear fusion with deuterium and tritium?


Why is a neutron thrown out of the nucleus in a nuclear fusion with deuterium and tritium?

Posted: 10 Feb 2022 09:18 AM PST

I have read that in nuclear fusion between deuterium and tritium, a neutron is ejected from the nucleus created. I am interested now, why exactly this happens, why this neutron does not remain simply in the nucleus?

submitted by /u/Bytonic101
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Which one accurately describes range fractionation?

Which one accurately describes range fractionation?


Which one accurately describes range fractionation?

Posted: 10 Feb 2022 11:51 AM PST

I'm really confused. In a group of cells, does range fractionation mean there are sections of different stimulus intensity cells or are they randomly scattered throughout the group?

Ie. "HHHMMMLLL" OR "HMLMHLMHL"

submitted by /u/5millionducks
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A comedian used the term "oral fixation" I thought it was a joke, but people are talking on the internet about it. Is it real or just pseudo science?

Posted: 10 Feb 2022 11:33 AM PST

Everything I've seen online seems bro science or just related to Sigmud Freud, and I think he's famous for being really wrong. Basically my idea was that Sigmund Freud's ideas weren't good, his ideas were so famous becuase in spite of that, he was a great writer.

submitted by /u/alfonso-parrado
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Is 'full maturity' of the brain a popsci myth?

Posted: 10 Feb 2022 11:09 AM PST

I've seen so many different numbers for it ranging from 18-48. I've read that the prefrontal cortex is able to change shape well into someone's thirties and forties, so how do you define its full development? Neural pruning? That doesn't have an exact age either. Evidence just seems to point to the brain either constantly maturing or changing shape based on experiences one makes in life.

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2010-12-brain-fully-mature-30s-40s.html

submitted by /u/BogusDetector
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Do kangaroos give birth directly into their pouch, or does the baby have to climb in?

Posted: 10 Feb 2022 11:02 AM PST