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Saturday, February 5, 2022

If Cheetahs were extinct, would palaeontologists be able to gauge how fast they were based on their fossil record?

If Cheetahs were extinct, would palaeontologists be able to gauge how fast they were based on their fossil record?


If Cheetahs were extinct, would palaeontologists be able to gauge how fast they were based on their fossil record?

Posted: 04 Feb 2022 07:10 AM PST

And how well are we able determine the speed and mobility of other extinct creatures?

submitted by /u/moversby
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What is happening physiologically when you have a “knot” in a muscle?

Posted: 04 Feb 2022 10:30 AM PST

What is happening physiologically when you have a "knot" in a muscle? By knot I am referring to a tight or particularly sore area in a muscle belly. When palpated it can feel like a small lump or tense area. They tend to go away with stretching, and or some pressure to the area.

submitted by /u/Tubby0518
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Why is the omicron wave *falling* so quickly in so many different political jurisdictions?

Posted: 05 Feb 2022 07:53 AM PST

For example: In NY (and several other US states), daily new cases has dropped by ~75% in the past 2 weeks. That seems much faster drops in new cases than previous waves.

Why are case rates, after the peak of the wave happens, dropping so very quickly?

submitted by /u/astroproff
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Would plants still be green for photosynthesis if we had a different kind of star for our sun?

Posted: 05 Feb 2022 07:21 AM PST

Let's say we had a blue dwarf, neutrino, or red giant instead of Old Sol. Assuming we were still in a comparable habitable zone and life developed along similar lines, would our plants still be mainly green?

submitted by /u/Borlongati
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The influence of Isaac Newtons spectrum at his time?

Posted: 05 Feb 2022 08:43 AM PST

Hello everyone, I wonder which influence Isaac Newton had with his discovery of the color spectrum and the invention of his color wheel at his time. I know that a lot of astrophysics today is done with spectralanalysis, but the spectralanalysis today is much more developed. Where did Newton had a direct influence with his color theory at his time? Who did use Newtons color wheel or spectrum so you could say Newton had a direct influence on him?

submitted by /u/InternetRambo7
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Is it actually possible for a healthy individual to increase their lung capacity/function?

Posted: 05 Feb 2022 03:05 AM PST

When I was a kid I uses to think free divers and other swimmers could increase their lung size via breath training, but it turns out training actually just increases CO2 resistance. Still cool, but I'm still slightly disappointed these swimmers aren't actually growing their lungs like muscles.

So, my question is, is it impossible for a healthy adult to increase their lung capacity/function?

submitted by /u/l1v1ng
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Is it possible for animals to suffer from insomnia or other sleep disorders like humans do?

Posted: 05 Feb 2022 07:29 AM PST

Does having H1N1 t-cells help immunity against covid?

Posted: 05 Feb 2022 08:29 AM PST

How did the anus and urethra evolve?

Posted: 04 Feb 2022 04:35 PM PST

Do Animals physically discipline their kids, or is that a uniquely human thing?

Posted: 05 Feb 2022 07:28 AM PST

If a pregnant woman were to end up in a coma, would there still be childbirth?

Posted: 04 Feb 2022 10:45 AM PST

Say that the woman is now braindead and 8-9 months pregnant, would the child die in the womb or would there be sort of an "inactive" birth where the body takes control?

submitted by /u/inafonalie
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Can someone explain the physical or chemical mechanics of cleaning carrot juice with vegetable oil?

Posted: 05 Feb 2022 05:45 AM PST

I washed for the first time carrot juice stain from a new white plastic kitchenware whit vegetal oil. It blew my mind how effective it was! Looked like a magic trick...

submitted by /u/RXY36
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Do as many interesting changes and reactions happen between, say, 10,000 Celsius and 10,200C as happen between 0C and 200C?

Posted: 05 Feb 2022 04:55 AM PST

It seems like so much happens between 0 and 200 degrees, and I just imagine that up in the thousands of degrees stuff doesn't change all that much.

Is it just our confirmation bias since we obviously evolved to notice and care more about things that relate to us, especially organic compounds? (Is there a whole potential series of compounds analogous to hydrocarbons that have lots of things happen between 10,000 and 10,200 that we don't know about/there aren't conditions for in the universe?)

Is it that more things happen between 0-200 at our pressure, but just as much would happen between 10,000 and 10,200 at, say, 0.01 atm?

Or is it that the number of "interesting" changes is the same according to a geometric change in temperature, rather than arithmetic? So between 273K and 473K is almost double the energy, so maybe the correct comparison is 10,000K and ~17,000K?

Or is the answer yes, just as much interesting stuff happens at any given band of 200 degrees?

submitted by /u/spacenegroes
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Lagrange plot: what is it really?

Posted: 05 Feb 2022 03:28 AM PST

There is a classic plot used to visualize or explain Lagrange points. Sometimes it uses isobars, sometimes it's 3d. You know the one.

It's sometimes captioned as "potential energy". Sometimes people assume the gradient indicates the net force on a particle at that position.

But what does this plot represent exactly? What is the value at an xy position? What is its unit? Is it scalar or vector?

And why are the L4 and L5 points kidney-shaped "hilltops", implying a state of high energy? Aren't they supposed to be stable?

submitted by /u/aaaidan
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Why does phosphorus have 3 and 5 as its valency?

Posted: 05 Feb 2022 03:28 AM PST

Does albinism influence the body ability to synthesize Vitamin D from sunlight?

Posted: 04 Feb 2022 06:46 AM PST

Also, does an albino individual need around the same amount of Vitamin D as a non-albino individual?

submitted by /u/Jellye
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What is the difference(s) between influenza A, B, C and D strains - and are their mechanisms of infection similar?

Posted: 04 Feb 2022 03:36 PM PST

Hi r/askscience! Ive tried to do some personal research into the above question. Though I am aware that there are differences in the 'behaviour' of each individual species (D primarily affects cattle whereas A and B are infamous for seasonal epidemics in humans etc), I was just wondering what causes these differences in behaviour? Ive tried to find relevant papers, though most of those results focus exclusively on the subtypes of influenza A.

I feel as though the answer might be obvious. If I were to hazard a guess, I would say that genetic variation has resulted in the evolution of four distinct strains (differing surface / spike proteins?), each with characteristic behaviour (host specificity, infectivity etc) differing one from the other. I might be completely wrong - but it was enjoyable to research. Any and all answers are greatly appreciated!

submitted by /u/WowzarTM
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How does heart transplantation work?

Posted: 05 Feb 2022 01:46 AM PST

Hi there, I am a high school senior studying for my med school exam and the materials sent by the university are about the cardiovascular system, more specifically the part about the anatomy and physiology of the heart, and about heart failure (pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment options, education), from Kumar and Clarks Clinical Medicine 10th edition. I was reading about non-pharmacological treatments for HF, and they mention heart transplantation, but further down it says that heart allografts do not function normally because of denervation. At first I thought they meant that receiving a heart allograft means you have to take life-long immunosuppresant therapy for it to work, but then I realized that the denervation part cannot be solved by immunosuppresants. Right now I am at a loss to be honest, how does heart transplantation even work? Do the nerves reattach themselves in some case? Because I genuinely don't see how it would work.

submitted by /u/VLightwalker
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Why are some veins squiggly?

Posted: 04 Feb 2022 06:37 AM PST

For example in the eye you can sometimes see very squiggly veins, but also in other places on the body.

Would it not make more sense if all our veins were straight, meaning they're shorter and less work would be needed to pump the blood across the body? Or is there a reason for the squiggles?

submitted by /u/Nswl
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Why does chocolate keep its form until disturbed when being melted?

Posted: 04 Feb 2022 07:51 AM PST

So unlike most things (butter, candy, ice, etc..) that just turn into a puddle of liquid when melted, when I melt chocolate, usually on a double broiler, and refrain from constantly stirring it, the pieces of chocolate basically look the same but when touched by my spatula "spill" into their liquid form

submitted by /u/UnculturedTeaPot
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What’s up with the nerves in a horse’s hoof?

Posted: 05 Feb 2022 03:36 AM PST

Obviously there's a reason behind this: https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/sl1x7c/a_horses_foot_without_the_hoof/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=ios_app&utm_name=iossmf?

Are they motor or sensory? I have so many questions, I don't know where to start.

submitted by /u/whel_sar
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Do veins and arteries get wrinkles on flex points like skin does?

Posted: 04 Feb 2022 11:51 AM PST

Friday, February 4, 2022

AskScience AMA Series: Outer space. Dinosaurs. Religion. Origin of life. The confluence of these massively interesting topics is, oddly enough, meteorites. I study rocks that fall from the sky and how they have influenced our planet and culture... AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: Outer space. Dinosaurs. Religion. Origin of life. The confluence of these massively interesting topics is, oddly enough, meteorites. I study rocks that fall from the sky and how they have influenced our planet and culture... AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: Outer space. Dinosaurs. Religion. Origin of life. The confluence of these massively interesting topics is, oddly enough, meteorites. I study rocks that fall from the sky and how they have influenced our planet and culture... AMA!

Posted: 03 Feb 2022 04:01 AM PST

It is hard to imagine an Earth without the influence of meteorites... what would Earth be like without the Moon, or biology? What would humanity be like without electronics? What would Christianity or Islam be without cosmic intervention? Sure, the dinosaurs were killed off by a meteorite setting the stage for mammals to take over the planet, but neither dinosaurs nor mammals would have existed in the first place if rocks from space pelting Earth hadn't made it possible. My goal is to expose as many people as possible to the interesting and important history of meteorites on our planet. This includes how meteorites have shaped us, in raw materials, historical influence, and scientific discovery - I'm Greg Brennecka, and I try to do this in my book Impact through entertaining stories, poorly drawn figures, and a sense of humor.

Short video about the topic of meteorite influence on the planet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80z68GZd_Ek

I'll be here at 12pm PT (3 PM ET, 20 UT), AMA!

Username: /u/gregbrennecka

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How are we always able to see light from the early universe?

Posted: 03 Feb 2022 03:28 PM PST

What if the photons that were emitted in the short period after the Big Bang (CBR) had all already passed this location in space? As long as the universe isn't expanding faster than the speed of light where we are, by sometime in the future shouldn't all primordial photons from everywhere that was heading in our direction have passed by us?

submitted by /u/Grotein
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When a neuron makes a "new connection" is it physically a new connection?

Posted: 03 Feb 2022 02:10 PM PST

I have been reading about neuron function, and really artificial neuron logic. From what I have read the cell takes inputs, does something and turns the output off or on. But what I am really struggling to find is when we say there is a new connection or pathway in the brain, do the cells physically find each other and have a new physical connection or does an existing connection just get more consideration from the cell?

submitted by /u/firemogle
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Could one make a vaccine to train one's immune system to attack their own body?

Posted: 03 Feb 2022 12:00 PM PST

As opposed to markers of some virus or whatever. Have there been incidents of people getting an autoimmune disease from vaccination trials?

(obligatory: this is unrelated to covid, though perhaps the soreness from the booster is encouraging this on my mind. Very pro-vaccine, I am just curious if such a thing is possible)

submitted by /u/FragmentOfBrilliance
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During astronomical night, how much solar radiation reaches the ground?

Posted: 03 Feb 2022 03:26 PM PST

On a moonless clear night (Sun is below 18° below the horizon and Moon is too dim / too deep below the horizon to cause any effect on the dark night sky), how much solar radiation (including IR, visible and UV) still reaches the ground?

submitted by /u/aks304
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What happend to the asteroid Chicxulub?

Posted: 03 Feb 2022 09:52 AM PST

That big asteroid hit earth and left a huge crater plus it killed 2/3 of all animal life, but where is the asteroid? Did it like bounce off of earth? Or did it like melt into the earth?

submitted by /u/Altruistic_Drummer_7
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What's the difference between a nondiabetic and someone who's diabetes is in remission?

Posted: 03 Feb 2022 08:43 AM PST

Hello, I've been having a hard time understanding this lately. I know that if a diabetic person achieves diabetes remission, they are still quite different in many ways. If they drink a soda or something for example, it will drive up their blood sugar far higher than a nondiabetic. From what I understand, diabetics have less beta cells/ decreased beta cell function, their gut does not release glp-1 at the same rate as a nondiabetic, and their cells in the liver and muscles do not have as many insulin receptors. As far as I know, the last two can be completely alleviated by weight loss and duodenal mucosal resurfacing. Is the loss of beta cells the only thing standing in the way of a true type 2 Diabetes cure?

submitted by /u/Blue97
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What determines which salt would crystalize first if two of them are saturated in water?

Posted: 03 Feb 2022 11:24 AM PST

So let's say we have a liter of water at room temperature and standard pressure. We start adding, spoon by spoon salt A and salt B to the water, until the liquid is saturated. Once we put in too much salt, what determines which salt will crystalize?

I'm asking because I wonder if it's possible to separate salt A from the water (in a salt A/water mix) by putting in salt B and hoping salt A would crystalize first before salt B would.

submitted by /u/pimpek321
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How big does a nebula have to be to form a star?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 11:02 PM PST

A friend told me that a nebula can't form a star if it's too small; and that if it's large enough, it will form a red dwarf.

Do we know how big the nebula has to be to form a red dwarf?

submitted by /u/eatshitnerdface
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What are the prerequisites for a chemical reaction?

Posted: 03 Feb 2022 01:40 PM PST

What exactly is needed in two substances for them undergo a chemical reaction? For example, why does baking soda and vinegar react, and soap and fat react, but when I mix ingredients for a cooking recipe, there dont seem to be any reactions? Or are there reactions taking place but theyre not obvious. If so, do they combine and make new chemicals in the mixture? Or are some substances just able to chill around others on a molecular level. Mixable enough to incorporate in something like a recipe, but without reacting.

submitted by /u/Whirlidoo
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Why is it common for one low tide to be much lower than the other low tide that same day?

Posted: 03 Feb 2022 12:35 PM PST

https://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Santa-Cruz-California/tides/latest

See chart in the link for example. The low tides today are 2.1' and -0.5'. Why are they so different? Also, what explains the pattern you can see from day to day on the chart, with the two low tides converging to about equal on Feb. 6, and then diverging again?

I understand how the position of the moon, earth, and sun create tides so you don't have to explain the basics. Thank you!

submitted by /u/surf_drunk_monk
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The Amazon is currently capturing a section of the Orinoco watershed via the Casiquiare canal. Is this how it expanded, and if so, do we know how long it has been doing it? Furthermore, are there any candidate watersheds it might capture in the future?

Posted: 03 Feb 2022 05:21 AM PST

why do orbitals have different energy levels?

Posted: 03 Feb 2022 05:34 AM PST

why do orbitals have different energy levels? and if orbitals are just a region in space where electrons in that energy level are found 90% of the time, then won't the ionisation energy change for different atoms of the same element, since in some atoms, the electron will be nearer to the nucleus than other atoms, making it more difficult to remove? if this is so, why is that there is only one fixed number for ionisation energy? sorry if i seem ignorant, just very confused

submitted by /u/lmaolol42069
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About how many named humans do we have records of? How far back in history do we know a significant portion of the population's names, ie 50%?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 08:34 PM PST

I think that the title is pretty self explanatory. But basically if we only used existing records to list out as many people who have lived on the earth as possible, how many of them would we actually know their name?

submitted by /u/TheQuestioningBeast
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Do LFT’s Reflect Covid Severity in the Line Thickness or Darkness?

Posted: 03 Feb 2022 04:44 AM PST

I see various posts and claims along the lines of "I'm almost clear now, the line was very faint [on my LFT]", and I wondered if there's any truth to this?

Does the line simply turn dark in a binary sense - in response to a trigger from a separate detection mechanism?

Or is the line the mechanism itself and the darkening/discolouration is the result of a chemical reaction to Covid, in which case I guess more Covid 'particles' would produce a stronger reaction?

submitted by /u/comrade-quinn
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When does Pfizer booster dose protection kick in?

Posted: 03 Feb 2022 02:20 PM PST

How long after receiving the Pfizer booster shot until one can be considered reasonably protected?

Could someone provide links to data from studies or from the manufacturer, no news articles please and thank you.

submitted by /u/effbendy
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Thursday, February 3, 2022

Do comatose people “sleep”?

Do comatose people “sleep”?


Do comatose people “sleep”?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 09:19 PM PST

Sounds weird I know. I hear about all these people waking up and saying they were aware the whole time. But is it the WHOLE time? like for example if I played a 24 hour podcast for a comatose person would they be aware the whole time? Or would they miss 8 or so hours of it because they were "sleeping"?

submitted by /u/kinkylesbi
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Is there a big elemental difference between Moon rocks and Earth rocks?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 04:58 PM PST

What is the difference between mucosal antibodies that "nasal vaccines" create and the ones found in blood that intramuscular vaccines create?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 11:25 AM PST

I just read this New York Times article and, while I am very happy these new vaccines are in development, I had absolutely no idea there were different antibodies for different parts of your body / getting vaccinated in a different place could create different antibodies. What the hell?

submitted by /u/__ByzantineFailure__
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Why are iron supplements considered hard on the stomach?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 01:56 PM PST

Regarding the incompressible flow assumption when applying the Navier-Stokes equations in CFD?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 11:17 AM PST

Hello fellow curious minds!

I've recently started studying the Navier-Stokes equations, aerodynamics and its application in CFD. From what I have understood, the Navier-Stokes equations are based on three fluid assumptions:

- Newtonian (which I've understood the implications of)

- Incompressible

- Isothermal

I am wondering how the incompressible assumption is regarded for when e.g. simulating an aircraft at some flight state, as air is compressible(not incompressible) in "reality". From what I've learnt, CFD (Ansys Fluent) is used in many aircraft applications for understanding the aircraft characteristics, is the impact of the incompressible fluid assumption small when it comes to the gathered results from the simulation(s), or how do engineers tackle this?

I am also curious about the Isothermal assumption, as I have seen that there is an option for enabling heat transfer in Ansys Fluent. But the Isothermal assumption implies that there is no heat add/loss to the fluid as it flows, how is this incorporated/calculated within the CFD software?

submitted by /u/Ok-Flounder2509
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Why do aggregation-prone proteins need to be kept at -80C instead of -20C?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 08:50 PM PST

Many protocols call for long-term protein storage at -80C. If a protein is immobilized in ice at -20C, why does the net 60C matter?

submitted by /u/C-Dub4
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Why don’t we ever hear about the amplitude of ionizing EM waves?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 03:46 PM PST

I know that non-ionizing EM waves have a measurable amplitude. So why is the amplitude of ionizing EM radiation never defined?

submitted by /u/BreakdancingMammal
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How rare is central heterochromia (having multiple colours within the eye)?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 02:12 PM PST

I have this as do a few of my close family, I thought it was just a fairly common thing but it seems to be somewhat uncommon and a unique eye condition. My eyes are blue/grey with gold around the pupil. How rare is this condition? Like in terms of % of population?

submitted by /u/bigbigcheese2
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Is there any proven correlation between face structure and personality traits?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 03:55 PM PST

I'm curious because in personal experience there's almost always a way to tell some personality traits (ex. funny, serious, egotistical, shy, etc.) from somebody just by looking at their faces, even if said person isn't doing a gesture (neutral).

Sure, everyone has nuances, but I would like to know if there has been any study on the probability of this happening.

submitted by /u/unembrujadomas
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Can there be a scientifically determined goal for atmospheric C ppm in Earth? Can it be determined by the fractional percentage of different spheres (hydro-, litho-..) that is composed of C?-NOT the percent of C, but the percent of each spheres’ composition that is C?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 03:24 PM PST

The fraction of a percent of the atmosphere that is composed of carbon is now greater (according to google) than the fraction of a percent of the lithosphere that is carbon (both less that one percent of each sphere). Does this mean anything exciting? Could it? I don't know what it is in the hydrosphere or pedosphere. The biosphere, as life is chock full of carbon, has a high percentage of itself that is composed of carbon.

Recent Visual Capitalist diagrams of the biomass of life on earth and human stuff surpassing that in mass is getting passed around.

Is there some kind a Gaia like hypothesis that the percentage of each spheres composition of carbon should have some kind of equivalence? As we are carbon based life forms and these spheres just different phase states? Could the critical zone just act like a membrane between various states of carbon? Further for something like peak life to occur again (I take that to mean high biodiversity and high biomass) can we ascribe an approximate and appropriate carbon ppm in the atmosphere for such a thing? Can that be determined scientifically by the hypothetical prescriptive equivalence? Or do we just rely on what ppm life evolved from and in. Which is confusing.

I know the atmosphere is very small and the lithosphere is very large.

I know science isn't prescriptive.

Medicine is though. Atmospheric health has been mentioned in papers.

I just want a theory and an answer and a diagram of a bar chart of percent over time and flux. That's all. 🙃

I just want someone to tell me that for every plant and animal and microbe to be happy and living their best life the ppm should scientifically be closer to X. Of course we would have to reverse climate change. 350 is just a geopolitical goal, and some say it is a lost one.

First time posting so I hope I get a response. Also, I'm new so please be kind.

submitted by /u/Anula3
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Is perception of time, a result of qualia of a sense?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 12:45 PM PST

Okay, hear me out. This might sound crazy.

Qualia, is the result of data you brain gets from a sensory organ. Like felling , seeing, smelling, tasting and hearing an orange.

Quaila is an experience sensory organs give data off, that the brain can understand. It's not math, in the sense of science would put it.

So. Why can't perception of time be a sense?

Our consciousness, is bound to perception of time. However, is it possible not experience time at all?

Well in scenarios like sleeping, comatose, dementia you don't experience time. So our "timesense" is offline.

Would that mean, we could hypothetically could alter a part of the brain, that would change perception of time for an individual. Just like splashing water on a person would make them feel wet?

Why isn't time perception a result of a sense?

submitted by /u/Jeaver
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Can autoantibodies go away?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 01:23 PM PST

Antibodies wane over time. Do autoantibodies always stay at the same level or can they go away?

submitted by /u/novamateria
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Wednesday, February 2, 2022

How do spiders produce silk?

How do spiders produce silk?


How do spiders produce silk?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 01:48 AM PST

Obviously they don't have a spool in their large rump, but is it like… just goop inside of them until they start pulling on it like a clown with an endless series of handkerchiefs?

submitted by /u/raccoon_patronus
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What exactly are tensors?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 07:57 AM PST

I recently started working with TensorFlow and I read that it turn's data into tensors.I looked it up a bit but I'm not really getting it, Would love an explanation.

submitted by /u/HeyArio
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How can effect of electromagnetic radiation on human sperm be explained physically?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 08:20 AM PST

I have been researching the question of whether electromagnetic radiation emitted from things like cell towers or wifi access points can be harmful to the human body. I have found many sources1 that state that there is no health risk. The frequencies these devices use are simply too low to pose a risk. That makes sense to me, and I have no reason to doubt that conclusion.

But then I found several sources2 that referenced a Japanese study that apparently found that WiFi radiation can actually negatively affect human sperm.

My question is, can the results of the study be explained using physics? What is damaging the sperm physically speaking? What am I missing?

I also want to make it clear that I am not a skeptic of science in any form. I am simply interested in this subject and would like to learn something.

Footnotes:

1 Sources claiming WiFi and cell tower radiation is harmless:

  1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4pxw4tYeCU
  2. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/askjack/2012/sep/27/wi-fi-health-risks
  3. https://www.howtogeek.com/234817/dont-worry-wi-fi-isnt-dangerous/
  4. https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/cell-phones/do-cell-phones-pose-health-hazard

2 The study claiming electromagnetic radiation is affecting sperm: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4503846/

submitted by /u/aarmac
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Since the amygdala is responsible for controlling the brain's libido, would damaging the amygdala in some way possibly permanently decrease libido? Could this be an effective treatment for depression?

Posted: 02 Feb 2022 07:01 AM PST

What failure modes on the Webb Telescope are the “electric heater strips” meant to avoid as it cools?

Posted: 01 Feb 2022 09:03 PM PST

NASA's webb.nasa.gov site mentions that as the telescope cools, "[it] will be carefully controlled with strategically-placed electric heater strips." I can imagine various warpings of the frame othat might happen if the scope cools unevenly, but I'm sure that's too crude or just wrong. What are the specific failures folks are trying to avoid?

submitted by /u/yanowitz
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How to extract carbon by recycling things?

Posted: 01 Feb 2022 10:05 PM PST

I am working on a game based in the far future when all the coal and oil reserves are used up and was trying to figure out how it would be possible to get carbon as a resource for the crafting system.

I know theres talks of scrubbing carbon from the atmosphere which I may add as a slow way to get carbon.

Is there any other ways of recycling things to produce carbon? Or at least a believable enough way for a video game?

submitted by /u/PeculiarLlama_
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Could eradicated diseases return through means other than bioterrorism?

Posted: 01 Feb 2022 07:04 PM PST

Diseases such as smallpox and rinderpest have been declared globally eradicated. It is stated they could return through bioterrorism. Could they return through another means?

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Does binding energy continue to increase at smaller and smaller scales?

Posted: 01 Feb 2022 03:56 PM PST

As far as I know, When a large molecule like ATP releases the energy of its mechanism through hydrolysis, it can liberate almost 0.5 eV of energy. In biological terms I have been told that this is a pretty significant amount of energy for most operations at that scale.

However, The chemical energy released from burning gasoline is significantly greater than the movements of the larger ATP structure-- where the combustion of a single Octane chain (C8H12) into CO2 and H2O releases almost 94 eV of energy.

Compared to that, the fission of a single uranium atom releases 200,000,000 eV of energy, which is obviously a totally different realm of consideration with very different mechanisms at work.

As far as I understand, this is to do with the relative difference in strength between the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force that governs chemical bonding, but does this trend continue further down to the quantum level?

If one were able to break down or fuse individual sub-atomic particles, would the energy involved in the interactions of quarks and other small things make uranium look like gasoline by comparison?

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