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Wednesday, January 5, 2022

Are there any organisms that consume viruses?

Are there any organisms that consume viruses?

Are there any organisms that consume viruses?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 05:10 AM PST

Not thinking multicellular likely a marine plankton or small single called protists

Edit: Thank you for all of the answers and links to interesting websites/ papers. Just to clear a few things up I was referring to free living virophores (if they are called that).

Edit 2: Also thank you for all the people telling me their kids consume them. Not quite what I was looking for lol, and to the one person which attempted to make this about vaccines and presumably Covid, that was no help at all.

submitted by /u/benjeeboi1231
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Do hormones in toddler boys and girls really differ much?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 03:28 PM PST

As a parent I have heard people repeatedly make comments about how boys are so much harder to raise because of their hormones. I'm not talking about pubescent kids, people make this kind of comment about my 3 year old and even my 1 year old. I always assume this is just sexist thinking but is there a big difference between biological boys and girls at such a young age? Thanks.

submitted by /u/cascadiaunited
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How much difference is there between male and female skeletons in children (pre-puberty)?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 10:16 AM PST

Physiologically how do cats purr?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 03:17 PM PST

Could a subatomic particle tunnel out of a black hole?

Posted: 04 Jan 2022 08:35 PM PST

When sliding a pipe into another pipe that’s a tight fit, why do we rotate the two?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 04:58 PM PST

Like the title says, when sliding a tightly fit pipe into another one, why do we often rotate them to push in further? Why is it often easier to do so rather than to just push straight in?

I was speculating that this might have something to do with static/kinetic friction, and that by rotating the pipes that overcomes the force of static friction and makes it slightly easier to push in further? Although I'm asking to see if anyone knows the real reason. Thanks!

submitted by /u/Mr_Magic396
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This may be a dumb question, but would it be possible to change what “type” of cell a cell is?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 07:50 AM PST

So I'm currently taking highschool biology, and we're covering cells. The notes mentioned that cells such as blood cells, muscle cells, and nerve cells have the same DNA, they just have different genes activated by chemical signals. Assuming that this is correct, could purposefully giving the cells a certain chemical signal to make them into a different cell work? As an example of what I mean, perhaps sending chemical signals to a stem cell to create new nerve cells to repair nervous system damage.

And if it is possible, why aren't we currently doing it?

submitted by /u/AceBalistic
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What causes food to start tasting bad when it gets burned?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 04:56 PM PST

What is the environmental impact of lithium mining?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 09:33 AM PST

Lithium ion and lithium polymer are the most common batteries used today in EVs. With the increase in EV production, how does lithium mining's carbon footprint and overall environmental impact compare to traditional petroleum based cars?

submitted by /u/cradle_of_humanity
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How much slower is the growth rate of tendons and ligaments (as well as other things im not aware of) compared to the growth of muscles?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 10:18 AM PST

Title. I always hear how you should pace your trainings in the gym because tendons take a long time to adapt to increased workloads and etc. What ive never seen (after some quick googling) however are percentages and numbers for this. Does a tendon (and ligaments, cartilage, etc.) grow (or strengthen if those two are different) at 1/10th of the rate of a muscle?

submitted by /u/noobiestnewbie
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How do the James Webb Space Telescope cooling systems actually dissipate heat?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 10:25 AM PST

I've read many articles about the cooling systems aboard the JWST; I understand the engineering of both the passive and active cooling systems, but I don't quite understand how heat is actually lost from the telescope. On Earth, as far as I know, you typically remove heat from something by transferring heat to other matter, but there is not a significant amount of matter in space for the telescope to dispense its heat into.

submitted by /u/Glandiun_
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Many emojis have taken on their own meanings from memes (e.g. ��), often entirely unrelated to the picture (��️, ��, �� etc). When reading ancient languages, how do we know their pictographs didn't also have completely unrelated meanings that came from e.g. cultural memes of the time?

Posted: 04 Jan 2022 05:57 AM PST

For example if we were to keep seeing a picture of an animal, how would we know they mean that animal, instead of perhaps that meaning something completely different due to a cultural meme at the time.

It could instead be related to virtually anything, just as many of our emojis have already taken on different meanings after only several years. Some of our emojis have a double meaning that you can kind of make out from the picture itself, such as 🍆 and 🍑. While others such as 🅱️, 🅿️, 💯, 🗿, etc have close to zero relevance.

And similarly some of our double meanings last a long time, while others like 🚱 (explanation) suddenly take on another meaning but only for a very short period of time. If this happened in historic languages how would we detect it if they made a character a meme for a relatively short period?

submitted by /u/Lost4468
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Do polyphyodonts (animals with continuous replacement of teeth) have tooth sensitivity and nerve endings like humans do? In particular, mammal polyphyodonts.

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 09:12 AM PST

I have not been able to find a lot of information on this topic, granted I have a limited understanding of teeth. I was able to find that shark teeth do not have real roots and are not connected to the gums, so I assume they do not have nerves; but it seems that crocodiles may? Regardless, I am most interested if manatees grow properly connected teeth, as well as elephants and kangaroos. I also read that elephants have precisely 6 generations of teeth (?), so maybe all 6 sets are present and connected from birth the same way 2 sets are present in human children... but manatees seem to have infinite sets, so what then>

submitted by /u/altiarblade
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In theory, could you transplant animal skin onto a human, and have them grow fur?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 09:07 AM PST

"Asking for a friend"

submitted by /u/hahapotatoman
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Is it possible to somehow combine (even vaguely) moscovium with uranium (or any other chemicals (even basic ones)) for extended lifetime of moscovium?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 09:36 AM PST

when a biological male takes hormones to transition sex, what determines how large their breasts grow? Is it unlimited? and why cant biological females use the same?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 04:57 PM PST

Why does dampening my gloves make it touchscreen friendly?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 05:51 AM PST

I have wool gloves, and it's index finger and thumb are touchscreen/touchpad friendly, but not other fingers. However, when I dampen it (my other fingers) a little, it works (touchsreen works). Why?

submitted by /u/AkhronusT
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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A walrus has several inches of blubber to keep its body warm, but what about vulnerable areas like the eyes, nose, ears and mouth?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 09:37 AM PST

How does terrestrial Co2 uptake work?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 09:23 AM PST

Good morning,

​

I am researching the global carbon cycle and have a decent understanding of it, especially the ocean. However, I am a little bit confused about terrestrial/forest uptake

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Carbon_cycle.jpg

In the above image, I understand that the oceans sequester approx. 2Gt of carbon via mixing with the deep ocean. However it shows the net terrestrial intake as 3Gt of carbon. From what I understand, trees are just a "storage" of carbon and only uptake when they are young and are basically neutral when they mature, then when they die or a forest fire occurs they release all of their carbon and the only way a forest is a permanent sink of Co2 is if the forest is "managed" and the Co2 is trapped in wood products for the life of the product.

​

Based on this, assuming no major wildfires, pine beetle infestations, etc. is the 3Gt of Co2 that terrestrial areas uptake a reliable number annually? Or will there be a point in ~1000 years where there is no additional space for trees to be planted, most trees will mature/die, and that 3Gt of sequestration will actually be a net source of Co2 (if that makes sense lol)

​

thank you for any expertise!

submitted by /u/Jumpy-South-1337
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Does the static aging of an enzyme have an affect on its function?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 03:11 PM PST

I understand that there are factors which affect the productivity of an enzyme such as: temperature, time exposed, cofactors etc. But does say leaving an enzyme out for X amount of time affect its overall function after that amount of time. For example if I had let the pineapple enzyme bromelain out for a week or a month, would it still function (or function less) after such amount of time?

submitted by /u/Cube_11
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Can you determine a mass of a galaxy by measuring the acceleration of the stars within it ?

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 06:26 AM PST

Is there a relationship between elevational change, and the theoretical “equivalent” change in latitude? (temperature-wise)

Posted: 05 Jan 2022 07:21 AM PST

For example, let's say you're on the equator and go up 3000m in elevation. It's probably going to be quite a colder, even though you're in the same spot latitudinally.

Now imagine you're on the equator again, and want to experience that same temperature, but this time by LATITUDINAL changes. Could you deduce how exactly far north/south to go? (If you assume all landscape features are the same, no change in elevation, no wind, etc)

Bit of a theoretical question but as someone who recently was freezing in a relatively low-latitude place, I was really intrigued by this. Thanks for any clarity you can provide!

submitted by /u/opteryx5
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vào lúc No comments:

Tuesday, January 4, 2022

Does repeated exposure to COVID after initial exposure increase the severity of sickness?

Does repeated exposure to COVID after initial exposure increase the severity of sickness?

Does repeated exposure to COVID after initial exposure increase the severity of sickness?

Posted: 04 Jan 2022 05:43 AM PST

I've read that viral load seems to play a part in severity of COVID infection, my question is this:

Say a person is exposed to a low viral load and is infected, then within the next 24-72 hours they are exposed again to a higher viral load. Is there a cumulative effect that will cause this person to get sicker than they would have without the second exposure? Or does the second exposure not matter as much because they were already infected and having an immune response at the time?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/OpioidAndAnthony
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I read that coronaviruses are all zoonotic, they come from animals and now infect humans, are there any examples of the reverse, human native viruses that affect animals?

Posted: 04 Jan 2022 02:36 AM PST

When you successfully fight off a mutated pathogen via antibodies from a previous infection/vaccination (that have reduced effectiveness, but still get the job done), does your body create updated antibodies for the mutated pathogen?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 03:03 PM PST

This question is geared towards the Omicron Covid-19 outbreak, but really extends to the immune system in general.

After receiving a booster of the Covid-19 vaccine, your body will produce antibodies targeting the original strain of the virus. Even though the potency of the antibodies against the Omicron variant is greatly diminished, this is still thought to improve your defenses against the disease.

I'm particularly interested in the case where your body easily defeats an exposure to Omicron due to a large abundance of antibodies from a recent booster. Will the body bother creating updated antibodies in this case? Or will subsequent exposures still carry risk of infection, especially as the level of antibodies in your system wane over time since receiving the booster?

submitted by /u/polar_nopposite
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How is it possible to treat allergies by repeatedly presenting the antigene to desentize but when you vaccinate (and booster) an antigene presentation trains the immune system to fight said antigene?

Posted: 04 Jan 2022 04:37 AM PST

Can a fever actually turn the tide in an immunologic battle that the human body would otherwise lose without the aid of medicine?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 08:21 PM PST

Read a lot about it but couldn't find an answer or a more proper subreddit to ask this, so hoping this doesn't get deleted.

For clarity: can a fever be THE causing factor behind the human body winning an immunologic battle against an infection that would otherwise cause death or other permanent type of harm without the help of medical treatment?

I know the question is very specific and it might be hard to find someone who knows the answer.

If you provide a positive answer please specify against which pathogens does a fever actually enable a turning of the tides if you can.

submitted by /u/arthuryestheking
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Can viral antigens detect dead virus?

Posted: 04 Jan 2022 11:15 AM PST

I have spent hours googling this, and while I've found many sources discussing how PCR tests have the ability to detect dead virus since they are looking for RNA which remains after the virus has died, I have not been able to find any definitive source that states that viral antigens will no longer detect virus after the virus has died.

submitted by /u/UpstairsRice5444
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Why does an object become radioactive when in proximity to a radiation source?

Posted: 04 Jan 2022 09:23 AM PST

My understanding is that when you have a radioactive material, e.g. Uranium, it decays which causes it to emit high energy particles, i.e. ionizing radiation. But say for example you leave a piece of clothing next to said Uranium for some time, the clothing will then become a radiation source itself.

So how does this work? Is the piece of clothing now decaying as well? Or are the high energy particles emitted from the uranium somehow getting trapped in the piece of clothing and then being re-emitted?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/djemsss
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What are the chances of immediate reinfection with COVID-19?

Posted: 04 Jan 2022 05:20 AM PST

If you just recovered from covid and got exposed to the virus immediately after, what are the statistical chances for reinfection? Is it even possible.

submitted by /u/Pokenhagen
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How many people have died from Omicron in the US?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 05:07 PM PST

The only thing I can find through Google is from 12/21/21 that there was the first confirmed death from the Omicron variant in the US. Has there still only been one reported death from the Omicron variant? Where can I find the real data?

submitted by /u/BillingSteve
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Do plants and any other objects (especially vehicles ) emit infrared (IR) and if they do what are the wavelengths?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 09:23 AM PST

Where does your mind/memories go when you’re blacked out drunk?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 01:52 AM PST

Are there subconscious ways to get these memories back? What actually happens to them? Or is it like a recording device that just stops and you'll never see them again?

submitted by /u/lauramichelle114
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vào lúc No comments:

Monday, January 3, 2022

When a huge piece of ice calves off a glacier/ice sheet into the sea, once the initial ‘wave’ settles is the sea level rise around the world instant or does it take a long period of time to take effect?

When a huge piece of ice calves off a glacier/ice sheet into the sea, once the initial ‘wave’ settles is the sea level rise around the world instant or does it take a long period of time to take effect?

When a huge piece of ice calves off a glacier/ice sheet into the sea, once the initial ‘wave’ settles is the sea level rise around the world instant or does it take a long period of time to take effect?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 03:38 AM PST

I hope this lengthy question makes sense. Essentially, I have always wondered whether sea levels around the world rise simultaneously when something large enters the ocean (e.g. an iceberg forms in Greenland and sea levels in the Pacific rise immediately once the initial wave caused by the falling ice settles), or whether it takes a period of days or even weeks for the effects of the sea level rise to be felt thousands of miles away.

I'm aware this may sound like a dumb question but I have been unable to find any clear answers to this and I am genuinely curious.

Edit: I should clarify, when I say instant, I don't mean it literally. I'm more meaning it as being a very rapid sea level rise rather than gradual/slow.

submitted by /u/WhaleWhaleWhale95
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What allows for the new omicron variant to be so much more successful in terms of effectively spreading in comparison to the previous variants?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 09:40 AM PST

Where does gut bacteria come from and how does it stay where it should be?

Posted: 02 Jan 2022 07:02 AM PST

My understanding

Gut bacteria is single cell bacteria of foreign DNA, that interacts with the food we have chewed and broken down with stomach acid. It breaks down the food into more basic compounds that are easily absorbed into the walls of the intestines.

The bacteria species are different at different points in the digestive system, each with their own roles and specialisms, where they distribute into the food, thrive, multiply, and potentially die out in the next phase of digestion.

The questions

Question 1: For a newborn baby (say), what is the origin of this bacteria if it is foreign, and how is it distributed in the digestive system by species where it needs to be?

Question 2: If food is constantly passing through the intestine, how does the bacteria stay where it should? Are there shelters or locations where they harbour and multiply?

Question 3: For someone with damaged digestive bacteria, what are the challenges in restoring the bacteria to these locations once lost (from heavy antibiotics, say)?

submitted by /u/australianjalien
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How does the SARS 2 virus infect a cell via ACE2?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 01:13 AM PST

This is something I've been wondering about for a while, ever since almost the beginning of this pandemic, actually.

ACE2, as the name implies, is an angiotensin converting enzyme. Its purpose appears to be that it sits on (or well, in, but one part sticks out above and one below) the cell membrane so that when molecules of the aforementioned angiotensin happen by and join with the enzyme head sticking out of the cell, they have a piece cut, converting them from one form to another.

Yet here's the thing. This protein also seems somehow to be able to serve as the entry point for the SARS 2 virus that causes COVID-19, when the much larger spike protein attaches to it. But that is very strange, because based on the "part description" above it seems to have nothing to do with transportation, yet apparently once the virus attaches there, the cell initiates an active transport process (endocytosis) in response that brings the virus in. Why, and how, does that happen? How can, and why would, a protein that is supposed to simply function as processing enzyme be able to do this "double duty" as a signal that something is to be brought from the outside of the cell to the inside? Is it that the virus's binding damages the protein or else causes it to malfunction in some way, and then the cell recognizes that damage and so tries to retrieve it for repair or replacement, and in doing so, the whole virus gets pulled in along with it?

submitted by /u/Shimmy_Shai
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Do the viruses that cause the common cold leave lasting damage to any part of the body like covid variants do?

Posted: 02 Jan 2022 11:30 AM PST

Why do Squids have circular pupils, yet, other cephalopods such as Octopus and Cuttle fish have wavy or rectangular pupils?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 06:37 AM PST

I'm not sure if squids are the only cephalopods with circular pupils, but, they are the only ones I know of that do. Why is it that other cephalopods have wavy or rectangular pupils, but, squids don't?

submitted by /u/Railman20
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Is a single vertical propeller enough for full flight and control?

Posted: 02 Jan 2022 08:26 AM PST

I've seen a toy floating around my advertisements that looks like a small ball with a fan on the inside. You're supposed to be able to toss it and it will come back to you. It's called the fly orb.

My question is though, is this single "propeller" enough to give this toy full flight capabilities (ex. up, down, left, right, etc)? OR is it not able to fly and control itself alone due to their only being one propeller and that's the reason why the toy is advertised to just return to your hand.

Edit1: Could also ask in this way, is a single vertical propeller enough to create a drone?

I am asking this here because 1. I am no scientist and 2. I have no idea how to look that up because the search terms are just too long. Hopefully the question makes sense, thank you!

Edit2: Thanks for the fantastic responses! For future reference the short answer is no, one propeller is not enough for quadcopter like flight. The replies below explain further.

Edit3: Thanks again for the great responses. So the answer above is not totally wrong, however it should be noted that single prop. copters utilize multiple stabilization techniques to achieve flight. Links are provided by the wonderfully smart posters below!

submitted by /u/boo_ey
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How do T-cells learn not to attack food antigens and everything exogenous?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 12:40 PM PST

If our thymus teaches our T-cells not to react to our body antigens, how do they learn not to attack everything else that is harmless? I guess there must be many T-cells that are reactive to any food antigen possible, and these are not coded in our DNA, so how come we are not allergic to every food possible and have so few allergies?

I heard in childhood we learn to tolerate many antigens, but does that mean I should be allergic to some exotic fruit if I first tasted it in adulthood?

Thank you for explaining

submitted by /u/WendetaWasp
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Can you pass antibodies through saliva?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 12:19 PM PST

Are all trajectories in a two body system elliptical on a large enough scale?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 11:32 AM PST

Let's say nothing in the universe exists except Voyager and the solar system. Voyager is very much not considered in orbit around the solar system, but my intuition says that two body systems are either in orbit about a common point, or are on a collision course on large enough time scales (ignoring dark energy). Are parabolic and hyperbolic trajectories all eventually elliptical?

submitted by /u/VincyThePrincy
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Where do the electrons go when my phone battery drains really fast when it’s cold?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 08:59 AM PST

I thought electrons couldn't be destroyed.

submitted by /u/AsianRedneck69
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Is there any research on the odds of omicron infection after a Delta infection vs no prior infection?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 06:24 AM PST

What do binding antibody units actually represent differently to the antibody units?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 12:12 PM PST

So antibody units respresent the concentration of antibodies but then does the binding antibody units represent how effectively they can bind onto covid? Or is it something else entirely

submitted by /u/insufficientbeans
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Once you’re fully immunized to a virus with any vaccine (flu vaccine, anti rabies, etc.) how long does it take for your body to kill the virus when you get exposed to it again?

Posted: 02 Jan 2022 06:38 PM PST

2 weeks after the vaccine how long would your immune system take to kill the virus when you're already fully immune

submitted by /u/DarthNefarious69
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Are there practical differences in mitochondrial DNA?

Posted: 03 Jan 2022 03:20 AM PST

Everyone knows that mitochondrial DNA is independent of the rest of an organism's DNA, and inherited solely from the mother. But are certain lines of mitochondrial DNA "better" than others? Just as some organisms have an evolutionary advantage over others due to to their genetic makeup, are there any mitochondria lines that are perhaps more "efficient" than others, leading to a survival advantage of the organisms carrying them? Or perhaps are some worse, leading to an evolutionary disadvantage that is overcome by other factors that organisms with seemingly "inferior" mitochondrial DNA are correlated with? Or is there no correlation whatsoever as far as we can tell, or for that matter not any noticeable difference between mitochondrial lines?

submitted by /u/losangelesvideoguy
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When cosmologists talk about negative curvature & a closed universe implying you can move in a straight line & return to the same point, do they really just mean at the big crunch?

Posted: 02 Jan 2022 10:32 AM PST

My confusion comes from so many explanations switching between talking about curved space (as in gravitational lensing), & curved space-time (as an explanation for why objects fall in that they simply stay put & move through their local notion of time).

It made me wonder if the claim that space being curved negatively -> parallel-lines-meeting is actually talking about space-time, and in a way that trivially just means that space will collapse. If so I don't think any layperson gets that impression from the description. (so hopefully I'm mistaken and it literally means purley spatial lines meeting as 2-d parallel lines may on a 3-d globe, in a universe that a human body could survive. I gather it could mean that, but if it also could just mean a big crunch, that's far less interesting).

edit: responding to a confused question I realized I should have written positive curvature, as that's the condition for both a big-crunch & moving in a straight-line & returning to the same point.

submitted by /u/rudster
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Are there tests if major organs to see the extent if any of the damage froma COVID-19 infection? Could you see the increase in damage from one infection to another?

Posted: 02 Jan 2022 07:32 PM PST

Just what's in the title.

I keep hearing it COVID-19 causing organ damage after server infections so I was wondering if there were specific heart or lung tests you can take after each infection to monitor the progress of any COVID related damage?

submitted by /u/HerbalTeaSimping
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NASA just made a sonication of the Eskimo nebula. How does that work?

Posted: 02 Jan 2022 08:40 AM PST

How do we know quetzalcoatlus could fly?

Posted: 02 Jan 2022 07:23 PM PST

Or as another thought, if we had nothing other than fossilized remains of a modern chicken, how would we deduce it is flightless?

submitted by /u/NoOne0507
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Have we accurately mapped Earth's inner core?

Posted: 02 Jan 2022 07:30 PM PST

Do we know it's shape accurately or do we just know an approximate radius?

submitted by /u/clburton24
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How are single-celled organisms isolated?

Posted: 02 Jan 2022 08:31 AM PST

I'm an amateur brewer/fermenter/food experimenter and I've been wondering how organisms like yeast or koji are isolated so that they can be sold as starter cultures.

submitted by /u/shosuroyokaze
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Cold and COVID At The Same Time?

Posted: 02 Jan 2022 12:50 PM PST

This was discussed on r/askscience close to a year ago, but with the rapidly changing landscape, I am curious to see what observations have been made. At the time, it seemed like there was some data that the cold may actually help prevent a COVID infection. This was pre-Omicron, and pre-delta dominance. Has any more data been established?

submitted by /u/alexohno
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Does excitation of an electron cause light to be emitted?

Posted: 02 Jan 2022 05:11 AM PST

I am 16yr old student who is studying physics and seeking further information about this topic. It is my understanding that electromagnetic waves can be produced when an electron de-excites, it loses energy which is emitted as light. However, I read online that electromagnetic radiation is caused by a disturbance in electric field which causes a disturbance in the perpendicular magnetic field etc.

If this is the case then why doesn't excitation cause a photon to be emitted? The electron is moving to an excited state, wouldn't this cause a disturbance in the electric field? However, when the electron is excited, it gains energy so I don't think it would emit a photon.

I am probably misunderstanding these concepts and I would appreciate any explanation. Thank you

submitted by /u/epicman22
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Why are heavy metals bad for the body?

Posted: 02 Jan 2022 07:49 PM PST

I know what heavy metal poisoning is and that it's bad, but I can't find a clear answer on why it's bad. What does it actually do?

submitted by /u/HubrisPersonified
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vào lúc No comments:

Saturday, January 1, 2022

Did the Apollo missions have a plan in case they "missed" the moon?

Did the Apollo missions have a plan in case they "missed" the moon?

Did the Apollo missions have a plan in case they "missed" the moon?

Posted: 01 Jan 2022 08:18 AM PST

Sounds silly, yeah but, what if it did happen? It isn't very crazy to think about that possibility, after all, the Apollo 13 had an oxygen failure and had to abort landing, the Challenger sadly ignited and broke apart a minute after launch, and various soviet Luna spacecrafts crashed on the moon. Luckily, the Apollo 13 had an emergency plan and could get back safe and sound, but, did NASA have a plan if one of the missions missed the moon?

submitted by /u/pinkLizstar
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What does it even mean for energy to flow through the electromagnetic field?

Posted: 31 Dec 2021 01:17 PM PST

Where I'm confused is, when we talk about the flow of energy in a circuit, when are we talking about the electrons and when are we talking about the fields? I don't get why the energy of the field isn't the energy of the kinetic energy of the electrons; or maybe I'm just misunderstanding what that means.

Let me explain my thought process so I can specify exactly where my confusion lies: First, there has to be a current in order for there to a flow of electrical energy, right? And if we consider current in terms of the E field, what happens is that the movement of the electrons that creates a disturbance in the E field by varying the value of the E field in space, like a wave, yes? (Although that disturbance isn't what's meant by EM waves, I don't think.) That energy that causes the disturbance is from the electrons. Isn't that the same energy that's flowing in the circuit, just the energy carried by a water wave is from the movement of the water molecules, even though the movement of the wave is distinct from the movement of the molecules?

As I think about this more, I'm wondering if it isn't somewhat an issue of semantics. I mean, it's debatable whether the EM field is even a physical thing at all or just an incredibly useful abstraction.* I guess maybe part of it is that I'm not sure entirely clear on the mathematics. I've studied Maxwell's equations, Coloumb's law, and the Lorentz force law, both in University Physics 2 and in Introduction to Electromagnetics, and they all make sense (though I admittedly have a hard actually internalizing Maxwell's equations; I almost invariably have to look them up and review what each one actually means if I want to talk about them in any detail). In principle, that should explain all of classical electrodynamics, and yet I don't see how any of them explain energy flow.

submitted by /u/dcfan105
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