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Thursday, December 23, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We're microbiologists and artists who recently competed in (and won!) the American Society for Microbiology's Agar Art Contest. AUA!

AskScience AMA Series: We're microbiologists and artists who recently competed in (and won!) the American Society for Microbiology's Agar Art Contest. AUA!


AskScience AMA Series: We're microbiologists and artists who recently competed in (and won!) the American Society for Microbiology's Agar Art Contest. AUA!

Posted: 23 Dec 2021 05:01 AM PST

Interested in how science and art overlap? So are we! We are scientists and artists who use a variety of artistic media to create works of art that showcase microbiology in our world. Some of us use combinations of microbes "painted" on nutritional agar; others use more traditional artistic platforms like drawings and photography to express our ideas. What we have in common (other than our love of microbiology and art) is that we are all winners of the American Society for Microbiology's 2021 Agar Art Contest!

The American Society for Microbiology has organized this annual contest since 2015, inviting scientists, artists, and anyone with an interest in the intersection of science and art, to create and submit their microbial artwork. This is a rugged competition: each year there are hundreds of entries from around the world that are narrowed down through two rounds of expert judging to identify the winners.

Join us today for a discussion about our individual artistic inspirations and creative processes. We'll answer your questions about how to turn microbes (and microbial ideas and concepts) into works of art. We'll be jumping on from 2 - 4 PM ET (7 PM - 9 PM UTC). Ask us anything!

With us today are:

  • Dr. Sarah Adkins-Jablonsky, Ph.D. (u/EvolvedtoHibernate)- Medical student, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine
  • Sonja Borndörfer (u/Sonja-1008)- Student, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf
  • Mireya Duran (u/tigerlily0423)- Medical Laboratory Scientist, Texas Health (Dallas)
  • Dr. Judy Nguyen, Ph.D. (u/judynwin)- Administrator, Monarch Butterfly Friends Hawaii
  • Natascha Varona (u/NataschaVarona)- Ph.D. Student, University of Miami

Links:

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How did wild sheep live a lifetime without the possibility to have their wool cut?

Posted: 23 Dec 2021 09:37 AM PST

How are people who test positive with an at home rapid test accounted for in totals and R0 figures?

Posted: 23 Dec 2021 09:00 AM PST

I know of dozens of people who tested positive in the last week (Colorado) and all of them with an at home test. Case numbers are spiking like crazy in surrounding counties, but I have to imagine with how many people are discovering they're infected outside the medical system it has to be significantly worse than reported. Do statisticians attempt to estimate the number of people in this scenario? Or is every number you see from total cases to R0 drastically undervalued?

submitted by /u/White_Ranger33
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Do we know what percentage of Covid invections come from inhalation vs surface contact?

Posted: 23 Dec 2021 12:46 PM PST

The UK government's Covid slogan is Hands (sanitising) Face (masks) Space (social distancing). Do we actually know how many people are infected from surfaces versus the air?

submitted by /u/Se7enineteen
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The mRNA vaccines use a seemingly roundabout method for creating the spike protein: inject mRNA which is then read by cells which then create the spike protein. Why not cut out the middleman and inject the spike protein directly?

Posted: 22 Dec 2021 09:18 AM PST

Why mRNA vaccine doesn't initiate cytokine attack?

Posted: 23 Dec 2021 04:07 AM PST

If cytokine storm is due to evading lots of pathogens and mRNA vaccine produce lots of spikes, why there isn't cytokine storm after vaccination?

submitted by /u/returnofdinosaurs
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How broadly might Pfizer’s new covid antiviral pill work?

Posted: 22 Dec 2021 04:39 PM PST

I read that Pfizer's new pill, paxlovid, is a protease inhibitor that interferes with viral replication, and that they expect it to work just as well against omicron as it did against previous variants.

Will it work against all potential sars-cov-19 variants? Might it work on other coronavirus? Other types of viruses, like influenza?

submitted by /u/Qwertyyzxcvvv
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What do we know about Long-Covid (i.e. people who haven't had any measurable damage but feel like something is wrong in their body)?

Posted: 22 Dec 2021 06:33 AM PST

Most sites say cats become malnutritioned if fed only meat and never any "cat food". Is this a marketing scam, or how would wild cats have been able to survive in nature?

Posted: 23 Dec 2021 04:45 AM PST

Been reading about how one would provide a full nutritious plate to a cat without using super processed "cat food"s, and this always strikes me as weird (seeing as cats are obligate carnivores).

submitted by /u/DarkEvilHedgehog
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Are covid reinfections generally less severe?

Posted: 23 Dec 2021 11:50 AM PST

Is getting covid once similar to the vaccine, as in you might get covid again but it's a lot less likely to be a bad case where you are hospitalized/die? Or does it not really change anything and the reinfection is just as likely to be bad as the first time?

Thank you.

submitted by /u/lyb770
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How does the immune system attack HIV?

Posted: 23 Dec 2021 06:51 AM PST

My question concerns the untreated HIV infection. As far as I know it works like that: In the acute phase, viral load is at hundreds of thousands or millions of virus copies per ml of blood. After a couple of weeks, antibodies are produced. Then, viral load decreases rapidly and stabilizes at around 10k to 30k copies. I assumed that this decrease is caused by antibodies. Now I read in a German article, that only few people develop neutralizing antibodies, most only produce antibodies that can detect but not block HIV. Does anyone know whether that is correct? And if so, why does the viral load drop after the acute phase? Is something else attacking the virus? Many thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/duckinatubber
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What does the Pfizer COVID-19 Anti-Viral Pill Do? How does it differ from taking Monoclonal Antibody Treatment in treating COVID-19?

Posted: 22 Dec 2021 12:01 PM PST

is the protein that is coded by the covid vaccine exactly the same as the one found on the virus?

Posted: 23 Dec 2021 07:21 AM PST

What was the vital force in vital force theory of organic compounds ?

Posted: 23 Dec 2021 06:47 AM PST

Why did the space shuttle have to do the 'roll maneuver?'

Posted: 22 Dec 2021 04:50 AM PST

After takeoff the space shuttle always performed a roll maneuver. Why couldn't it be oriented on the pad to avoid having to make such an adjustment?

submitted by /u/zonayork
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Is there a fundamental difference between brain signals decoding thoughts and signals decoding motions?

Posted: 23 Dec 2021 01:56 AM PST

I just saw an Elon Musk interview where he explained that at Neuralink they're essentially tapping into an animal's brain signal for motion and convert it to a digital signal. Is this in theory (being a big word) also possible with thoughts?

submitted by /u/Peerroxx
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Why was the hole in the ozone layer over the south pole?

Posted: 23 Dec 2021 04:52 AM PST

I think I get why how CFCs reduced ozone, however I don't see what mechanism made it so that this manifested as a localised hole over the south pole. Why north the north pole? Why a hole and not a general reduction everywhere/where use was highest?

submitted by /u/Bluy98888
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Do People who fast regularly have lower risk of diabetes ?

Posted: 23 Dec 2021 02:04 AM PST

People who fast regularly like religious people have a lower risk of being diabetic, is that true?

Being at a high risk of diabetes I'm trying to avoid as much risks as I can and i dont mind fasting but my mom wanted to know more about it so can someone please let me know..

Thank you

submitted by /u/_notkk_
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What advantages does the U.S. Army's new ferritin nanoparticle vaccine have over existing mRNA vaccines?

Posted: 22 Dec 2021 07:11 PM PST

In terms of its physical shape, how is COVID-19 different from other coronaviruses?

Posted: 22 Dec 2021 01:34 PM PST

COVID-19 is only one virus in the coronavirus family. I know that most of the viruses in this family are fairly harmless and are little more than the common cold, but it also includes more serious viruses like SARS and MERS. I am curious about how COVID-19 differs from other coronaviruses in terms of is physical makeup (as we can see in this illustration). One thing I hear that makes COVID-19 dangerous is the spike proteins on its surface. Do other coronaviruses not have spike proteins? If they do, why are the spikes on COVID-19 more dangerous?

submitted by /u/crono09
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Why does snow crunch?

Posted: 22 Dec 2021 08:36 PM PST

Do dyslexic people always read the word as the same rearranged word or it differs everytime they read it. If so why?

Posted: 22 Dec 2021 08:13 PM PST

Let's say a dyslexic person reads "stay" as "ytsa", will the person read it again as "ytsa" or some other rearrangement?

submitted by /u/__gg_
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Is there any limit to message length or the number of items coded into an mRNA vaccine?

Posted: 23 Dec 2021 03:59 AM PST

I was thinking about how the mRNA vaccines of this year code for a spike protein that is being replaced out in the wild by the omicron variant. Is it possible to write an mRNA vaccine that codes for BOTH the alpha and omicron spike proteins? Is it possible to add delta in too? Could an mRNA vaccine code for Covid and also flu? Is there any limit to the amount of viral information you could put in a vaccine? What are the technical limitations to mRNA vaccines and message length?

submitted by /u/SwagarTheHorrible
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Does hypothalamic inflammation always happen in response to eating food? Is it what produces satiety, esp in response to eating saturated fats?

Posted: 22 Dec 2021 11:28 PM PST

Inspired by this quote from rapamycin.news:

Richard Miller suggested that when you take these canagliflozin results together with the acarbose results, you're led to the inference that something about aging in the male mice depends a lot on staying away from really high glucose levels. However, whether that means that high glucose in the males triggers a circuit in the hypothalamus, which is bad for you or something, is just a hypothesis. It may be that it has to do with the susceptibility of the hypothalamus to inflammatory change differentially in males than in females. And this nebulous change has an impact on the cancer, or an impact on anti-cancer defenses or something

submitted by /u/inquilinekea
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Wednesday, December 22, 2021

What do the small gems in watches actually do?

What do the small gems in watches actually do?


What do the small gems in watches actually do?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 11:38 PM PST

Do antibodies continually update with repeated exposure?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 06:58 PM PST

Obviously COVID related… But if one encounters a virus, and survives to produce antibodies against this virus. Will repeated non-infectious exposure over time update the antibodies to any slight variations in the antigen?

Or is infection, and therefore a complete bypass of the adaptive immunity, necessary for the creation of new antibodies?

submitted by /u/JeckyllBjj
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Has the Earth's air pressure changed over time?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 01:54 PM PST

I know the make-up of Earth's atmosphere has changed a lot over time, but has the overall air pressure stayed the same since the Earth solidified? Or does a palpable amount of hydrogen get blown away by solar winds on a geological timescale?

If I opened a portal through time, what would happen at different points in history? How quickly would the air flow inwards/outwards and mix?

Thanks in advance for any & all answers!

submitted by /u/StupidSolipsist
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How are topical medicines absorbed into the skin? What really affects how well they are absorbed? (Rubbing? Cleaning the skin? Temperature?)

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 03:15 PM PST

I'm thinking mostly of medicated ointments intended to treat skin conditions such as rashes or burns.

Do these enter into skin cells? Nerve cells? Are they just soaked into the bloodstream like a transdermal patch?

If I put Benadryl (diphenhydramine) ointment on a skin rash, how is that different from taking the same compound in a pill? Is the difference primarily that the ointment covers my irritated skin with oily stuff, or does the delivery of the medicine directly to the affected area actually matter?

Does "rubbing it in" matter? Does rubbing an ointment on the skin actually make more of it get absorbed quickly, or is it mostly just a distracting massage?

submitted by /u/fubo
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What is the difference between shark and mammalian placenta?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 08:46 PM PST

Hi all,

My question is what's the difference between mammal and shark placenta? Do shark placenta also utilize edegenous retrovirus proteins to protect the baby shark from being attacked by the mother shark's immune system?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Charming-Claim1599
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Tuesday, December 21, 2021

What scale of nuclear warfare would it take to actually result in global nuclear fallout?

What scale of nuclear warfare would it take to actually result in global nuclear fallout?


What scale of nuclear warfare would it take to actually result in global nuclear fallout?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 10:08 AM PST

Flair may not be perfect, I went with physics because nuclear fission & fusion are collectively referred to as "nuclear physics".

There have been at least 2000 nuclear test explosions worldwide to date, spread throughout the northern hemisphere across many longitudes. The perception of the consequences of nuclear warfare seems to be (from an anecdotal perspective) that the sheer volume of weapons detonated in a total war scenario would result in a global nuclear fallout, or "nuclear winter" (whatever that means).

Is that perception incorrect? Would a theoretical nuclear war simply render major population centers uninhabitable while leaving the rest of the world unscarred? Are the effects of nuclear detonations more apparent when performed during a short period, and if so, were there any noticeable effects during and after 1962, when ~140 tests took place in a single year? How many detonations would have to take place between the nuclear powers for the effects to be felt in, say, rural Argentina?

submitted by /u/roosterkun
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Do moons of gas giants significantly affect the magnetic field of that planet?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 10:09 AM PST

A magnetic field of a exoplanet was recently discovered for the first time. Could perturbations in a gas giants magnetic field be a potential method for discovering exomoons?

submitted by /u/A_Vandalay
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To how small a part of Africa can we narrow down the evolution of modern humans?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 09:42 AM PST

Considering the Out-of-Africa model, do we believe that Homo Sapiens evolved out of Homo Erectus over the African continent as a whole, or did we 'become' modern humans in a smaller region (say for example Morocco, where the oldest Sapiens fossil so far was found) and then spread over Africa?

submitted by /u/The_Fredrik
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Is it possible for a planet to have only ONE polar ice cap?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 11:14 AM PST

Does it depend on how far the planet is from the star & the planet's tilt on the axis & other factors? Or is it only possible for the planet to have two ice caps? I'm doing this for worldbuilding, & the ice cap is at the southern part of the planet.

submitted by /u/heyits_phoenixX-G
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When does laminar flow become turbulent?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 07:09 AM PST

I want to know about laminar flow, specifically about the effects of when the flow accelerates.

If I were to take a 500 ft tube which was vertically placed, transparent, and air tight then aim a laminar flow directly down into it, where and when would the turbulence start? Or maybe it would never become turbulent?

With water though, I would think that eventually as the water flows down and increasingly narrows, the force from water pressure would collapse the water into droplets, but where and when?

Have similar experiments already been done? Do we have a good way of predicting this?

submitted by /u/redhead606
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Are all trees with the same leaf arrangement - alternate, opposite, pinnately compound, etc. - more closely related?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 09:16 AM PST

Is it a case of concurrent evolution or are, say, walnuts and ash trees (both pinnately compound, drastically different fruits) closer phylogenetically than oak and maple (alternate and opposite respectively)?

submitted by /u/RIPEOTCDXVI
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Why is the Arctic warming significantly faster than the global average?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 10:25 AM PST

Multiple studies and reports have shown that the Arctic is warming much faster than the rest of the planet. Why is this occurring?

submitted by /u/felixdixon
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I saw that the US goverment classifes an area as "substanial covid risk" if the number of cases are 50+ per 100k people which is at least 0.05% of the population. How do scientists identify risk levels for viruses?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 10:00 AM PST

Is there data yet that shows the effects of omicron in the vaccinated vs the unvaccinated?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 09:25 AM PST

What are the limitations on the interactions between human neurons and electronic connections for prosthesis?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 07:41 AM PST

So, I was asking around in some websites why we don't see many kind of circuits connected to human neurons, and, besides not receiving a lot of replies, a few people said that "the neurons connected to electronics eventually die out, making it unfeasible".

For context, I was asking because I saw this video of a scientist using rat neurons to control a robot:

"Robot controlled by Neurons":
https://youtu.be/NZihD9QGqMs

And this one, about prosthesis controlled mentally:

"The Robot-Arm Prosthetic Controlled by Thought":
https://youtu.be/sk1NkWl\_W2Y

I couldn't find much information about it, but it is true that the neurons die out or are killed by the circuits directly connected to them?

submitted by /u/mandiokai
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How does erosion work in the oceans?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 08:36 AM PST

Im not sure if erosion is the term that applies, but if not I imagine there has to be a similar force at work.

submitted by /u/Giatoxiclok
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Why can we only measure one component of electron spin at a time?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 10:53 AM PST

Why can we not measure the x/y/z component in a single detector? Is it theoretically impossible or practically not possible?

submitted by /u/bass1012dash
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If the Grand Canyon River was blocked/dammed would it fill up over time?

Posted: 20 Dec 2021 08:44 PM PST

If at some point along the Grand Canyon a catastrophic landslide or dam was built, would it fill up behind the blockage until it overflowed?

Due to the unique nature of the deep Canyon the water has no way to divert like flooding upriver. But for miles but has a vast basin that it could fill overtime, is this possible?

submitted by /u/InspectorAvenue
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Can planets orbit twin star systems?

Can planets orbit twin star systems?


Can planets orbit twin star systems?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 05:21 AM PST

Is there any development on higher energy density liquid fuels?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 05:36 AM PST

So it seems like the energy density of fossils fuels have more or less completely hit a brickwall. Is there any developments on any new fuel that has higher energy density then the traditional RP1 and jet fuel?

submitted by /u/saaltydoorknoerbs
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What produces the bad smell in meat that has gone bad?

Posted: 20 Dec 2021 07:11 PM PST

I have found no answer to this online. When meat goes bad and it starts to smell like sulfur, what is the meat releasing that smells like that?

submitted by /u/Dannn24
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What is the closest to the alpha-centauri system?

Posted: 20 Dec 2021 04:43 PM PST

I know that the alpha-centauri system is the closest to the Earth-Sun system, but that doesn't mean we are the closest to it. What is the closest star to alpha-centauri that is not us?

submitted by /u/Splatter_bomb
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If salicylic acid is keratolytic, why doesn't it weaken or dissolve your hair, which is made of keratin?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 05:44 AM PST

I know that salicylic acid can help keep your skin clear by breaking down dead skin cells, but why doesn't it break down our hair? Hair is made of keratin and is dead. I was looking into hey salicylic acid shampoo and started to wonder this. The only answers I can find online are a bunch of general information medical pages repeating the same information. I can't find any information out there about the actual mode of action on skin or hair.

Really not sure if this is chemistry or human body, but I put it under chemistry because I think it's more about the chemical reaction.

submitted by /u/raineywhether
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Does absence of tonsils / adenoids affect PCR and LF tests?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 07:11 AM PST

Can prions spread by the meat of an infected animal?

Posted: 20 Dec 2021 09:07 PM PST

Where on earth have humans been living the longest continually?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 06:25 AM PST

Listening to a podcast about ancient Assyria got me thinking: What is the place on earth where humans have been settled the longest continuously?

You always hear about the Fertile Crescent being the location of the earliest civilizations, and people still live there, but what about South America or Africa? Are any of the earliest cave dwellings still in use or incorporated into modern settlements?

Are there any cities or single sites that have been lived in and built up for, say, 4,000 years? 3,000? Even if the civilization that lived there changed over time. As I type this I'm thinking maybe Jerusalem, but perhaps there are even older places I'm unaware of.

submitted by /u/PooveyFarmsRacer
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Why does metal taste like it does?

Posted: 20 Dec 2021 03:28 PM PST

For example blood has this characteristic metallic taste due to the high iron content: in what way are our taste buds stimulated by metal that is so unique as a taste?l

submitted by /u/nickoskal024
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Why doesn't the roche limit have an effect on objects like the ISS or people when we orbit the Earth or Moon?

Posted: 20 Dec 2021 03:05 PM PST

This may not be the most accurate way to describe it, but I have been told that objects get ripped apart by the roche limit because they get too close to another object and the gravity from the bigger object rips them apart because their mass doesn't have enough gravity to hold itself together. Given we are much smaller and have way less gravity, why don't we get ripped apart in orbit?

submitted by /u/AgentFN2187
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how does anti parasitic drugs work?

Posted: 20 Dec 2021 04:52 PM PST

couldn't find an answer on how the mechanism of antiparasitic drugs work in google. I am quite curious since a lot of anti parasitic plants and drug are involve in cancer treatment alternative.

submitted by /u/Cavernjuice
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Do electrons slow down in a bose-einstein condensate or generally at these ultra low temperatures?

Posted: 20 Dec 2021 03:26 PM PST

Is the flu shot tested every year?

Posted: 20 Dec 2021 12:53 PM PST

I know that every year the strains of flu included in the flu vaccine change. Does this mean that the flu vaccine has to go through new clinical trials every year?

If so, how do they select the strains and get it trialed fast enough to roll it out? It seems that would take too long and by the time the vaccine is tested a different strain would be circulating.

submitted by /u/Ant_Zestyclose
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How similar does a vaccine have to be to a disease for the vaccine to work?

Posted: 21 Dec 2021 06:07 AM PST

I have read in a couple different places that the first vaccine was for smallpox. People were deliberately infected with cowpox to prevent smallpox. How can one disease give someone immunity to a completely different disease, and how similar do the diseases have to be for this to work?

submitted by /u/KittyinaShoe
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Is there such a thing as a cholesterol processing disorder? Where cholesterol is created and floats around the body without being properly used?

Posted: 20 Dec 2021 12:40 PM PST

Let me start with, I apologize for my grammar, I've always been one for run on sentences, and terrible writing skills like that

Ok, I've had a randomish idea and I would like someone that knows way more than me about these things tell me I'm right or a complete moron, or any combination of the two

I have ADHD, medicated with Adderall

I have high cholesterol, high enough to have cholesterol deposits by my eyes

My levels of vitamin D always come up low, even though I spend 5 days a week outdoors from basically sun up to sun down, take a 2000 unit supplement specifically for vitamin D, and ingest a fair amount of vitamin D fortified milk on a regular basis

I also have sexual side effects, that is attributed to the Lexapro but seems pertinent for this either way, to where I can get it up, just not finish and my sex drive is all over the place

Ok, given all of that, and how cholesterol is used on the body to make testosterone and estrogen, as well as vitamin D, and (if I was reading that study that I came across that I didn't know the lingo so may actually be completely off) have some Important use in the movement of dopamine in the brain, is it plausible that there is something malfunctioning in the areas that process cholesterol into these things, therefore they aren't working properly, and the cholesterol in my system is free floating because it's not in use?

submitted by /u/PoxTheDragonborn
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Do subsequent reinfections of the same disease increase the baseline number of antibodies that remain in your body?

Posted: 20 Dec 2021 02:09 PM PST

If I remember what I learned in high school biology correctly, when you are infected with a disease your body manufactures antibodies, and after the infection has passed the antibody count starts to decrease but never reaches zero, instead decreasing to some baseline asymptote.

Does getting infected again increase that baseline, or is a single infection equivalent to being infected many times?

submitted by /u/champloo11
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