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Wednesday, December 8, 2021

Why does flu even come in seasons?

Why does flu even come in seasons?


Why does flu even come in seasons?

Posted: 08 Dec 2021 08:04 AM PST

Any news about the antibodies created when infected with the new Omicron variant? Since it has multiple mutations, are the natural antibodies from Omicron effective in fighting the earlier variants?

Posted: 08 Dec 2021 07:56 AM PST

How can Neuropathy (Nerve Damage) cause Numbness is Some but Pain in Others?

Posted: 08 Dec 2021 07:41 AM PST

I was curious how neuropathy of a sensory nerve can result in both numbness and/or pain the area they effect. How can it cause both of these symptoms? Is this due to anatomical variations between people, differences in how the nerve damage occurs, similarities in how these two sensations are transmitted, or some other factor?

I am not a medical student, however I am a masters student so I do have some background knowledge of anatomy/physiology (though my neurology knowledge is a bit poor) so I can understand general terminology. I'd appreciate if anyone could explain this!

Edit: Thank you everyone for the responses! I wanted to elaborate what i meant a little further.

I am primarily referring to reversible nerve damage more so than irreversible. "Neuropathy" may have been the wrong term.

Also, I know that nerves differentiate based on sensory/motor function. What I was curious about is why does damage to sensory nerves result sometimes in pain but other times numbness.

submitted by /u/Yeah_I_am_a_Jew
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Does taking mock tests increase mental stamina?

Posted: 08 Dec 2021 02:01 PM PST

I help students prepare for the SAT and ACT. Lots of blog posts from tutoring companies advocate for students taking mock tests to help increase their mental stamina for the real exam. I haven't seen any of these posts cite sources for the premise that you build mental stamina by taking long tests regularly.

Is there any scientific evidence that taking long tests boosts mental stamina? Or are there better ways to help students increase their ability to focus during a 4 hour exam?

submitted by /u/bobaroo120
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How does a computer communicate with another one behind NAT?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 11:05 PM PST

I was learning about NAT and I think I understand how it works. You have a private IP. When you send a request to a computer on another network, the router changes the packet's source address so that the router receives the response, and then it forwards the response back to you ("you" being another computer).

But this only happens when you initially send a request. How does a computer on a different network send you a packet if you didn't send it a request first? Assuming you are not the only device connected to your network, and it can't just send a packet to your private IP address, how can this communication occur?

submitted by /u/TechnophiliusP
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How do limpets metabolize iron for their super-hard teeth?

Posted: 08 Dec 2021 01:05 AM PST

Limpet teeth are made of goethite crystals mixed with chitin. This makes them ridiculously strong and durable - a diamond saw was required to cut one, and they are, as of right now, the strongest biomaterial known to exist - but that's besides the point:

How, specifically, do limpets metabolize the iron they put into these teeth?

What metabolic or chemical pathways do they use for this?

How in the absolute dickens can an animal digest rock?

submitted by /u/4thDevilsAdvocate
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Why does a Pfizer booster protect against omicron when the first two doses don’t?

Posted: 08 Dec 2021 06:41 AM PST

If Photons Carry Momentum Despite Having No Mass, Does the Sun's Output Move Planets' Orbits?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 05:57 PM PST

The sun outputs countless amounts of photons that all collide with planets. These photons obviously carry energy and get expelled as heat or can be harvested as energy, but they also carry momentum. Even if only a tiny amount, do these photons push on planets and move their orbits?

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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 08 Dec 2021 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

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How would you slow down a lightsail?

Posted: 08 Dec 2021 01:57 PM PST

When it comes to interstellar travel the topic of lightsails (a small craft, usually a probe, propelled by multiple powerful lasers and able to achieve extremely high speeds) has often surfaced as a possible way to reach neighboring stars.

Some articles I've read on it mention reaching Alpha Centauri in about 20 years which would mean if I'm not mistaken 20-25% of light-speed. My question about this is whether we'd be able to slow down such a probe when reaching the destination, and if not whether we could still make any use of it.

With no drag in space and the propelling light source coming from the Solar system, I see no way that we could slow down the craft when approaching the target system. And at 20% of light-speed the window to collect data or pictures in the target system would be extremely short, so is this a viable option to explore (even if just with probes) even without solving the slowing down issue?

submitted by /u/TheSpaceDuck
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If I shoot a jet of water at an object, it will have less force if the object is already moving away from me, due to relative velocity. What if the thing I'm shooting is light? Will it get the same force regardless of the relative velocity?

Posted: 08 Dec 2021 12:59 PM PST

Relativity says that light travels at the speed of light relative to you, no matter who you are - this answers the "if my car is traveling at 0.99c and i turn on the headlights, how fast does the light come out", and the answer is c relative to me, but also c relative to an external observer. Because light is weird.

Say I have a light sail moving away from me at 0.5c. Will the light come hit it at a velocity of c, and thus impart the same force it would as if the sail was at rest relative to me?

submitted by /u/WaitForItTheMongols
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Is there dark matter in our galaxy or even solar system?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 09:44 PM PST

If dark matter is everywhere it stands to reason that it is also in our galaxy, possibly in our solar system and even near or on planet Earth.

submitted by /u/HottestFart
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What effects does radiation have on silver?

Posted: 08 Dec 2021 07:17 AM PST

Does Jupiter not technically orbiting the sun also make it not a planet?

Posted: 08 Dec 2021 06:42 AM PST

According to everything I've read, the barycenter of the sun and jupiter is a point outside the surface of the sun due to Jupiter having extremely large amount of mass. Does the IAU definition take into account planets that "orbit" the sun but have actual orbits that are points outside the sun, or does that kind of technicality not really matter?

submitted by /u/Careless-Cake-9360
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Could we take a picture of JWST with Hubble?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 04:57 PM PST

Assuming it makes it to its parking point ok

submitted by /u/ThatChap
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Does Covid-19 vaccine help protect against Covid pneumonia?

Posted: 08 Dec 2021 07:52 AM PST

Last year I was in the hospital from pneumonia in both lungs from Covid. I am vaccinated and am getting the booster today. But what I am worried about is catching pneumonia if I do get Covid again.

I read this article https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna1247576 and it says

"In an international study in Science, 10 percent of nearly 1,000 Covid-19 patients who developed life-threatening pneumonia had antibodies that disable key immune system proteins called interferons. These antibodies — known as autoantibodies, because they attack the body itself — weren't found at all in 663 people with mild or asymptomatic Covid-19 infections. Only four of 1,227 healthy patients had the autoantibodies. The study was led by the Covid Human Genetic Effort, which includes 200 research centers in 40 countries."

So even if I have the vaccine is it going to protect me from pneumonia even though I may have the problem mentioned in the article?

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Tuesday, December 7, 2021

Do individuals who appear older or younger than their biological age live a shorter or longer lifespan, respectively?

Do individuals who appear older or younger than their biological age live a shorter or longer lifespan, respectively?


Do individuals who appear older or younger than their biological age live a shorter or longer lifespan, respectively?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 07:43 AM PST

I understand there are various confounding variables (ex. those appearing older than stated age may smoke, drink, have a poorly balanced diet, etc.) but if those factors are controlled as much as possible, is there a correlation between appearing age and life expectancy?

Love this community, interested to hear your perspectives and knowledge!

submitted by /u/premed_thr0waway
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How much of the electricity that a computer uses is converted into heat? And how efficiently does a computer transfer that heat into the surrounding air?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 02:13 PM PST

This is something I have wondered for a while. I have heard some tech reviewers and outlets claim that all the energy consumed by a computer is converted into heat. Is that true? Shouldn't some amount of energy go towards computing the information?

A second question is, how efficient is a computer at transferring that heat to the surrounding air compared to a typical electric furnace in a house? That is to say, could I heat a house more efficiently with computers than with your standard electric furnace? I have also heard it claimed online that computers are more efficient at transferring heat to the air than a furnace, but I am unsure of how much truth there is in this.

submitted by /u/Keudn
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Does Neosporin and other topical antibioitics breed anti-biotic resistance?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 11:18 AM PST

Why Moderna half dose and not a full dose for the booster?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 06:25 AM PST

How do deciduous trees exchange gases in the winter?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 09:03 AM PST

Leaf do gas exchange, but without leaf how do

Seriously though, I don't know what to think. Diffusion through the bark? Oxygen tanks? They must need oxygen to respire aerobically or trees would be filled with ethanol by the spring.

submitted by /u/jesjkskeje
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Weird question but is the mylohyoid muscle denser or less denser than the digastric muscle? I've been researching this for a while now

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 03:52 AM PST

What does the most up to date studies say about the efficacy of Remdisivir?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 09:13 AM PST

I have been poking around at the efficacy of Remdisivir for COVID 19 and I have been finding some conflicting statements in the research so I was hoping if people more knowledgeable could explain to me or point me in the right direction to see what the medical science says currently about Remdisivir.

submitted by /u/tysons23
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With all the talk of travel at the speed of light, isn't a major concern colliding with objects?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 08:19 AM PST

If you are traveling at the speed of light and hit even a small object in space it would be catastrophic I assume. Has anyone given any thought to this aspect of travelling so fast? Thanks.

submitted by /u/RedsMagoo
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Why aren't Xylems and Phloems one single tissue?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 02:51 AM PST

A tissue is defined as a collection of cells that have the same origin, function and structure. Xylems and phloems have similar structure, and they both originate from primary meristem cells.

Now, one of them carries nutrients from the root to leaf cells, and the other one carries food from leaves to the whole plant. These are said to be "different functions", but my question is how dissimilar do two functions have to be to be considered different? Can't I argue these are similar enough that we can call them the same anyways? Is there a rigid definition for " similar function"?

( I'm probably overthinking this but yeah...)

submitted by /u/Aggravating-Stress10
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Could the supply of exogenous pregnenolone in supraphysiological doses suppress the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (and possibly other systems) in humans?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 04:04 AM PST

As I understand it, exogenous glucocorticoids (such as hydrocortisone or prednisone) can suppress the HPA axis because binding of the glucocorticoid receptor provides a negative feedback on CRH and ACTH release. There seems to be some evidence that pregnenolone, thought to be a completely inactive steroid precursor only, can have similar effects on the brain.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21273660/

From the above (in vitro) study: "...In the present study, we found that some neurosteroids in a concentration-dependent manner inhibited CRH gene promoter activity in the differentiated Neuro-2A cells. Among investigated neurosteroids, PGL [pregnenolone], the main precursor of steroid hormones, exerted the most potent effect. ALLO and THDOC, two potent endogenous positive modulators of the GABA receptors had only a little weaker inhibitory effect than PGL on CRH activity. It is likely that the inhibitory effect of ALLO and THDOC on CRH gene transcription may be implicated in the mechanism of their anxiolytic action."

Does anybody have any thoughts on this?

submitted by /u/DeliciousPreference5
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I read human tooth crown tissue is unique compared to other primitive people. What makes it unique?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 12:31 AM PST

Separate scans also enabled the researchers to probe the tissue beneath the tooth crowns, which was found to be uniquely associated with modern humans.

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-42817323

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Why is copper antimicrobial? Like, on a fundamental level

Why is copper antimicrobial? Like, on a fundamental level


Why is copper antimicrobial? Like, on a fundamental level

Posted: 06 Dec 2021 02:17 PM PST

If there are two identical rockets in vacuum, one stationary and one somehow already moving at 1000kmh, and their identical engines are both ignited, would they have the same change in velocity?

Posted: 06 Dec 2021 04:09 AM PST

Given that kinetic energy is the square of velocity, if both rockets' change in velocity is the same, that seems to suggest that the faster rocket gained more kinetic energy from the same energy source (engine).

However, if both rockets' change in velocity are not the same, this seems to be incongruent with the fact that they are both in identical inertial frames of reference.

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Why do mosaic humans not get attacked by their own immune system?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 02:46 AM PST

I recently found out that genetic mosaicism exists, in which a single person has multiple different sets of DNA at a time, in different groups of cells.

However, it isn't clear to me why the body doesn't reject these cells with a different DNA, as is the case for e.g. organ transplants, or at least has immune responses between them?

Why does the immune system reject transplanted organs, but not genetic mosaic tissue?

submitted by /u/FazerGM
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Why are radiators below windows?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 07:26 AM PST

I assume it is to create a heat curtain. I saw in some buildings with big doors there are vents from the insides, and this seems like a similar scenario. My problem is some sources say other various explanations.

submitted by /u/FastFox_
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How long take for an atom whose electrons have ascended to a higher orbit due to light absorption to go back in a ground state?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 05:55 AM PST

I am interested in finding out if there is a document with the time it takes for each atom to go from an excited state to a low-energy one. For example: when hydrogen passes from 1s to 2s it remains in this state for x seconds, etc.

I'm a bit confused about this thing, thanks in advance!

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How does Irukandji jellyfish toxin cause a Feeling of Impending Doom?

Posted: 06 Dec 2021 05:44 PM PST

Most of the symptoms of irukandji syndrome I can understand. Pain, cramps, heart rate increase etc are fairly typical things a neurotoxin does. But by what mechanism does that very specific feeling get invoked? Or is it just anyone who is suffering from a possibly lethal and extremely distressing poisoning would quite rationally feel that they might die?

submitted by /u/Kitchen_Freedom_8342
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Are there strains of HIV that aren’t detectable by modern testing?

Posted: 06 Dec 2021 10:34 AM PST

(Edited to meet guidelines)

Hello all,

Are there any cases where an individual might test negative (outside of the window period) using HIV RNA PCR & antibody/antigen testing despite actually being positive?

Is it possible that someone might have some weird/rare mutation that causes the HIV RNA PCR test to not detect any HIV despite it being present?

If so, would that mutation also impact the HIV antibodies to where they are also not detectable?

Thank you for your time.

submitted by /u/Mundane-Ad-5654
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Are there people who are naturally immune to the flu?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 05:48 AM PST

That's it. That's my question.

submitted by /u/YahYah2424
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Is there such a thing as excess blood in your system? Hypothetically speaking what would happen to someone if you gave them a rapid blood transfusion when they didn't need one thus filling them up with more blood than they need?

Posted: 06 Dec 2021 05:37 AM PST

I was watching a youtube let's play and after getting hit real bad one of the commentators said it was fine, they had too much blood anyway. While obviously a joke it got me curious what would happen if that were a real thing.

submitted by /u/BecauseImBatmanFilms
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What percentage of children under 18 have died of Covid in America? Worldwide?

Posted: 06 Dec 2021 09:05 AM PST

Could we measure happiness with serotonin, dopamine, oxytocin and endorphins?

Posted: 06 Dec 2021 03:47 PM PST

A lot of studies use self reporting to find out people's happiness but isn't that not very accurate since there could be different cultural definitions and feelings of happiness? I read the "Geography of Bliss" in high school and the Swiss had reportedly high levels yet their definition of happiness was much more mellow and contented. I realize there are other questions used and not just "how happy are you?" like life satisfaction scale and purpose scale which I skimmed through but I am just wondering wouldn't chemical levels be statistically more accurate? Is it impossible to be sad if your happy hormones (SDOE) are high?

submitted by /u/HighlightCapital5758
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Is the Immune System weaker in the extremities than in the central body?

Posted: 06 Dec 2021 09:37 PM PST

As I understand the immune system, it relies on several components of the body to craft an effective response to a pathogen/foreign organism. If said infection occurs in my pinky toe, as opposed to my chest cavity, is the immune system more or less effective? I would think that it simultaneously would be better in the sense that there is far less at risk (major organs can't be infected in your toe vs. in your chest), but it's almost like a rural town where support can't get there fast enough, so an otherwise trivial infection might be harder to fight if the infection is in a remote extremity. Just a shower thought, and I tried googling this but wasn't able to find any useful answer.

submitted by /u/afunyun
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how does an evanescent wave decay?

Posted: 07 Dec 2021 01:22 AM PST

I've heard in a YouTube video that the evanescent wave, 'exponentially decays'. I'm afraid I don't understand this statement as I presume light can't decay. Or perhaps did they mean its INTENSITY decays exponentially?

submitted by /u/MundaneHobo
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If the body can naturally dissolve blood clots formed in blood vessels on their own, how some people still suffer from DVT?

Posted: 05 Dec 2021 05:47 AM PST

I heard the body is able to dissolve blood clots on their own, if thats possible then why do people still have long lasting blood clots/DVT? Cant the body just naturally get rid of if?

Update: Thank you so much to everyone for answering this question, very much appreciated!

submitted by /u/Ok-System6586
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Do supernovas spread dark matter around like matter, or is dark matter completely unaffected by the explosion?

Posted: 06 Dec 2021 01:05 PM PST

Are there any examples of animals keeping other animals as pets?

Posted: 06 Dec 2021 03:14 AM PST

Do rogue supermassive black holes exist?

Posted: 06 Dec 2021 12:18 PM PST

Are there supermassive black holes lurking alone out there? How would it impact the Milky Way and Andromeda if a 50 billion solar mass monster rolled between both galaxies?

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Is there an animal species where gender is the primary indicator of its majority color?

Posted: 06 Dec 2021 07:11 AM PST

I was thinking about how (in modern-day American society,) blue is associated with boys while pink is associated with girls, but I understand that this correlation is arbitrary among Humans.

I was wondering if any species has a situation where it ISN'T arbitrary. I looked at the wikipedia on sexual dimorphism, and while there's pictured species like the mandarin duck, it's not so much one color difference as it is a whole plethora of patterns and hues. I guess I'm saying this to indicate that I'm looking for a more straight up gender-color difference. Like in pokemon, where nidoran males are clearly purple, and nidoran females are clearly blue (excluding shinies).

submitted by /u/Kangarou
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What is the primary reason earth's climate gets colder the further you get from the equator?

Posted: 06 Dec 2021 08:00 AM PST

I've already done some research on this, and it seems like the first explanation you see is this:

  • The same amount of sunlight hits areas above, below, and directly at the equator. However, when you curve a surface (i.e. travel away from the equator), you increase its surface area. Therefore, the sunlight that hits the areas both above and below the equator is spread out over a larger surface area, thus reducing its overall energy and temperature.

I understand this, but I'm not convinced that there aren't other (and possibly more important) reasons for the temperature differences around the globe, so my follow up questions are:

  1. The angles of sunlight-to-earth transmission are such that the equator also receives more sunlight (e.g. sunlight coming from the bottom of the sun can reach the equator, but likely not the north pole of earth, and vice versa). How much of a role do these angles play?
  2. I read somewhere online that best way to think of the earth/sun relationship is to picture a volleyball and a peppercorn 20 meters apart. Is that roughly accurate, for visualization purposes? I'm trying to determine whether angles are even worth considering at such a distance or if all sunlight can basically be considered to be coming in a straight line at earth
  3. What role does the atmospheric absorption of energy play?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/SacredAndUndeniable
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I understand the need for a standardized order of operations, but is there a reason behind the specific order? Or is it arbitrary like the order of the alphabet?

Posted: 05 Dec 2021 08:41 AM PST

Are pre-me babies expected to reach miles stones due to their birthday or their original due date?

Posted: 06 Dec 2021 08:21 AM PST

If two babies we're conceived at the same time but one was born 2 months early and the other one was born on their due date, would the premature baby start reaching milestones before the "younger" baby or does the pre-me baby still have to continue to grow before reaching them?

submitted by /u/Ok-Bee-6077
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Do plants maintain a characteristic "body temperature" and if so, how is this temperature regulated?

Posted: 05 Dec 2021 02:44 AM PST

When we eat bacteria in yogurt and cheese etc. do we kill the bacteria, or do they just end up living in our stomachs?

Posted: 05 Dec 2021 05:13 PM PST

How does an object enter a planet's atmosphere and HIT?

Posted: 05 Dec 2021 08:25 PM PST

Say an object of substantial mass like a asteroid or something, coming from space. Does it get stuck in the planet's orbit first, spinning around until it makes contact like those penny spinner things at the mall? Or does it ignore orbit and just shoot straight into a planet? I guess what Im asking is, is it a spiral until impact or a straight line from outer space?

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When you copy a computer file is it an exact one to one, or is there some data loss? So for instance if a file is copied multiple times does it degrade each time that it is?

Posted: 05 Dec 2021 02:36 PM PST

Saturday, December 4, 2021

Why are coronaviruses named after the Greek alphabet?

Why are coronaviruses named after the Greek alphabet?


Why are coronaviruses named after the Greek alphabet?

Posted: 03 Dec 2021 11:27 PM PST

For example why is the newest variant called Omicron? Also I know these aren't the official names but they are still called that and I wanted to know why.

submitted by /u/thepurpleskull
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Is the three polarized filter experiment really a demonstration of quantum uncertainty or is there a much more simple explanation?

Posted: 04 Dec 2021 10:44 AM PST

I just watched this video where I've just now learned of the polarizing filter experiment demonstrating Bell's theorem. But it's done my head in a bit because my immediate thought was simply that the experiment is flawed and the light is just in a reflection loop.

Light passes through filter A, half of it continues through filter B toward C. The other half is reflected back toward filter A where half of it passes through in the opposite direction and the remaining half of the bounced light again reflects back toward filter B where half of it continues through toward filter C making it brighter. Upon each reflection, the light is slightly scattered and its directionality will be altered allowing it to pass. Add to that that a large amount of light was bounced off of C initially which will have gone through the same reflection paths. This goes in a decreasing loop adding brightness to C until you get the significant boost their experiments observed.

To me, this doesn't appear to be a great demonstration of quantum uncertainty because it is explainable through a more certain physical process.

My question is this: what am I missing? Why do scientists go so far down the quantum rabbit hole to explain this "strange" phenomenon that seems perfectly reasonable to me and why is my explanation not reasonable. Thank you!

submitted by /u/Media_Offline
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If there was an effective Covid treatment available and a new vaccine resistant variant came to be, could that variant also make treatments ineffective?

Posted: 04 Dec 2021 03:10 AM PST

Do these things go hand in hand? Or only under some specific conditions? Perhaps the right treatment could be the game changer no matter the variant?

submitted by /u/Tityfan808
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Variety in antibodies after COVID vaccination?

Posted: 03 Dec 2021 08:45 PM PST

With a covid vaccination, we'll generate a mix of antibodies against the spike protein. Do we know approximately how many different antibodies a person will typically have? Or how variable the range is among individuals? I assume someone with a greater variety of antibodies will have a greater chance to be able to fight off new variants. And is there less variety in antibodies with age or similar variety but fewer of each to account for the lower antibody levels?

submitted by /u/Parallel_Tactic
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