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Sunday, November 21, 2021

If the electrical conductivity of silver is higher than any other element, why do we use gold instead in most of our electronic circuits?

If the electrical conductivity of silver is higher than any other element, why do we use gold instead in most of our electronic circuits?


If the electrical conductivity of silver is higher than any other element, why do we use gold instead in most of our electronic circuits?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 03:12 AM PST

Why makes Endometriosis so hard to diagnose?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 10:55 AM PST

According to Wikipedia, "Women suffering from endometriosis see an average of seven physicians before receiving a correct diagnosis, with an average delay of 6.7 years between the onset of symptoms and surgically-obtained biopsies, the gold standard for diagnosing the condition. This average delay places endometriosis at the extreme end of diagnostic inefficiency." (source)

What makes Endometriosis so hard to diagnose? Is it purely social factors ("periods are supposed to hurt a little, get over it" etc.) or are there other factors involved that complicate diagnosis?

submitted by /u/SCWthrowaway1095
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What kind of data is transferred to your computer during an internet speed test?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 11:49 AM PST

How much of the smallpox fatality rate was due to poor healthcare, nutrition and limited disease knowledge vs. actual deadliness of the virus?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 06:59 AM PST

Smallpox killed about 30% of those it infected and the numbers were even higher among populations with no exposure. If small pox returned, most of the population would have no exposure or vaccination history. But with more knowledge of viruses and better healthcare today, do we have a sense of how deadly it would actually be?

submitted by /u/badlybarding
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Why can something such as Root(-1) be categorised as an entirely new, in this case imaginary, number while 1/0 is undefined?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 09:30 AM PST

This is probably a very vague and poorly thought out question but I'm curious. Basically, from my limited understanding of complex and imaginary numbers. A number which has no real solution can be manipulated and exist within things that have ramifications in the real world. Despite having no "real" solutions. What separates something like root(-1) from something like 1/0. Where one can have its own inner working where one is completely unsolvable? Could something like 1/0, 2/0 ever be computed into its own classification like negative roots can?

submitted by /u/NihongoThrow
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What makes you need less oxygen when your muscles are trained?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 10:39 AM PST

When you start working out, in the beginning, you gasp for air like crazy after a very short training time. But when you keep doing it it gets much better and after a while, you don't even breathe harder than normal for twice the workout you did in the beginning even with more muscles (due to the training).

So my question is, do your muscles get more efficient, or do your lungs get more volume? Or is it something else?

submitted by /u/srirachaninja
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If anti-matter interacts with light the same as matter, how do we know that half the galaxies we see aren't made of anti-matter?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 12:38 PM PST

Why do Virologist use Vero(Monkey Kidney) cells to culture respiratory viruses and respiratory tract cells?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 02:14 PM PST

Edit: And not Respiratory tract cells

submitted by /u/BassPlayaYo
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Re: Gauge blocks. Why is the exact mechanism for "wringing" unknown? Is is Van Der Waal forces? Is this too difficult to test?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 12:32 PM PST

I'm hoping someone can help. I was reading about gauge blocks yesterday and I'm a complete novice in this area so please correct me if I'm wrong. This topic is absolutely fascinating.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_block#cite_note-NIST2-5

Basically, gauge blocks which are hard and ultraflat have an attractive, binding property which can join together with considerable force. The blocks can be metallic or non-metallic, like ceramic, so the force isn't magnetic. The blocks need to be joined in a sliding process called "wringing", in order to squeeze the air out between the two pieces; just banging the two pieces together won't work. Gauge blocks also need a tiny film of oil to help with surface tension. Gauge blocks can work in a vacuum, so air pressure isn't considered to be a major but is a contributory factor? Most sources online agree the force is intermolecular, but don't specify which force exactly. Examples of Intermolecular forces can include Van der Waals force, London Dispersion force and hydrogen bond forces.

Van der Waals forces are extremely short range. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_contact_bonding

However this link says: "Intermolecular forces such as Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and dipole-dipole interactions are typically not sufficiently strong to hold two apparently conformal rigid bodies together, since the forces drop off rapidly with distance, and the actual area in contact between the two bodies is small due to surface roughness and minor imperfections. However, if the bodies are conformal to an accuracy of better than 10 angstroms (1 nanometer), then a sufficient surface area is in close enough contact for the intermolecular interactions to have an observable real world physical manifestation—that is, the two objects stick together. Such a condition requires a high degree of accuracy and surface smoothness."

As an interesting side note: It's accepted that Van der Waals forces explain how geckos walk up walls. They splay out long hairs on their toes which increases surface area in order to stick to the wall. When they're ready to take the next step they unfurl their toes to break the force. " Gecko's hairs are 30-130 µm long that end with hundreds of even tinier hairs of radius 0.2-0.5 µm. Because of these hairs gecko is capable of holding it's weight with only one toe of one foot."

Questions are:

What is the actual gap measurement between two gauge blocks after wringing? Would intermolecular forces work within this distance? If not, which of the intermolecular forces would be a likely candidate?

Why is the exact mechanism unknown? Have there been no studies on this phenomenon or would testing be too difficult?

submitted by /u/LorenClay
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What makes Einsteins field equations symmetrical over the diagonal?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 12:02 PM PST

I've watched a lot of videos lately where people point out that the 16 equations are really just 10 because the matrix is symmetrical, but I dont understand what "physical" property actually create this effect?

submitted by /u/taracus
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Does the nerve pathways in the PNS myelinate the same way that they do in the CNS?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 04:11 PM PST

My understanding is that brain plasticity comes from neural pathways becoming myelinated and de-myelinated. This is how we are able to reshape patterns and behavior. Does this same mechanism apply to the peripheral nervous system?

submitted by /u/Peeeats--uh
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What's the purpose of citric acid in the prostatic fluid?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 04:21 AM PST

I'm studying reproductive physiology and I'm a bit confused as to why the prostatic fluid contains citric acid. Isn't the prostatic fluid supposed to be basic in order to help neutralise the pH of the vagina, since sperm cells don't do too well in acidic pH?

Based on my reading + what I could find online, I have two theories: citric acid may be part of the substances in semen that the mitochondria of sperm cells use to create energy. The citric acid could be converted into citrate, which would then participate in the citric acid cycle. Alternatively, the citric acid could be helping to clot the semen following ejaculation along with fibrin + prostatic clotting enzymes. I can't find any sources that clearly discuss what exactly the citric acid is for though.

submitted by /u/Lithrops
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helicopters have rear rotors to control spin, why don't single prop planes need to control roll?

Posted: 20 Nov 2021 04:56 PM PST

I get that the rotational torque of a helicopter's main rotor needs to be offset to prevent it the body from spinning in place--and that is what the rear rotor is for, makes sense. But in the case of a single propeller plane, why doesn't it need some smaller prop/rotor at the wingtips to help with the rotational force that would make it roll?

submitted by /u/Dimsby
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Why does uranium-235 split when hit by a neutron?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 10:19 AM PST

I'm writing an essay on nuclear power vs. fossil fuels in an attempt to promote advocacy for nuclear power, and while I'm looking up information something started bugging me.

What EXACTLY causes uranium-235 to release energy? Is it because the neutron destabilizes the atom so it ejects it? I'm no physics expert (although I intend to pursue a degree for it in two years) and would really like to know. This is all fascinating to learn. I feel like a kid again!

submitted by /u/Jedifruitsnacks94
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How do ophthalmic medicines enter systemic circulation?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 05:32 AM PST

Why is it that doctors mustn't shake pfizer vacine but its is in requirements of the Chinese vacine?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 02:56 AM PST

I am interested why do doctors need to gently invert vial but not shake? If they shake the bottle the vacine is not usable. This is true for pfizer and moderna, however chinese vacine requuires shaking of the vacine?

What is the science behind this?

This is by no means an antivaxer post, I am vacinated 😊.

submitted by /u/IvoAndric
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What is the average unique antibody count for a healthy human?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 12:23 PM PST

I've been trying really hard to find out how many unique antibodies an 'average human' has. I get a lot of research about the potential number of combinations (up to a quintillion according to some sources).

But what about just the average number we have? I am an overworked high school Biology teacher, trying to prepare some good information for my students about the immune system (and to allow them to better understand the place of the mRNA vaccines in the fight against infectious disease. I think that students will be even more accepting of the vaccine, once they realise that it only adds one extra antibody to the vast repertoire their body already has).

Thanks for any help at all and have a nice day.

submitted by /u/slackslackliner
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Could we splice together all the little chunks of Neanderthal DNA in European and West Asian peoples to clone %revive a Neanderthal?

Posted: 20 Nov 2021 01:37 PM PST

I hear some Europeans have up to 4% Neanderthal genes. How close could we get to resurrecting Neanderthals from splicing together these gene segments?

submitted by /u/JamesKPolkerface
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Can you cold weld materials that have been case hardened with nitrogen?

Posted: 21 Nov 2021 05:24 AM PST

Does Specific Heat/ Heat Capacity correlate with heat Conductivity?

Posted: 20 Nov 2021 05:12 PM PST

This whole topic takes a lot of wrapping my head around it and is super confusing so bear with me

Basically, if you have an Object, like Water with a higher Specific heat than another Object of the same mass, let's say Iron, this means Water can hold more Heat Energy per 1 Kelvin right? How does this relate to the Amount of Energy both substances can conduct/ emit, so the time it takes to emit 1Joule of energy from said object to another given object? How exactly do this work and does a 50°C High Specific Heat Object feel hotter or Colder to the Touch than a Low specific Heat Object?

Last, of all does this also apply to colors? A Black painted Object conducts and emits heat better than a bright object like a white or silver one. does this mean A black object take feels hotter to the touch as it emits more heat faster and does this also mean a black object can store less heat energy than a white object?

Thanks for any takes on this in advance!

submitted by /u/DerMax_HD
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Saturday, November 20, 2021

Any studies/statistics on effects/effectiveness of 3rd dose of covid-19 Vaccines?

Any studies/statistics on effects/effectiveness of 3rd dose of covid-19 Vaccines?


Any studies/statistics on effects/effectiveness of 3rd dose of covid-19 Vaccines?

Posted: 20 Nov 2021 05:37 AM PST

Lot of countries are now offering 3rd shot for some age groups (mostly mrna based vaccines). Are there any studies on possible side effects from the booster shot? (e.g. does someone who had bad side effects after the 2nd shot going to have similar after the 3rd one? or someone who had no bad side effects will have the same fate?).

Also if someone didn't develop a lot of antibodies during the first course would the 3rd dosage have any effect?

Are there any statistics on side effects and how long the 3rd shot immunity / antibodies last? Is it more than the first two or less?

submitted by /u/militantcookie
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Is it true that you get older quickly if you've been under intense stress for a period of time?

Posted: 20 Nov 2021 08:18 AM PST

What determines the general size of a planet’s species?

Posted: 20 Nov 2021 07:02 AM PST

I teach middle school science and my kids started talking about King Kong and Godzilla and why there couldn't be animals that big on Earth…this took us around to whether they could exist on some other planet with different physics. Basically, does the size of a planet determine the size of its species? Our would it just be impossible for something that big to exist no matter what?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/kylo_wren_
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Is there a diference between viral-acquired immunity and vaccine-acquired immunity?

Posted: 20 Nov 2021 07:45 AM PST

Is there any tangible difference or advantage to the immunity acquired by 'sitting through' a disease, such as Covid or flu or childhood diseases, compared to vaccine induced immunity? Or perhaps vice versa?

submitted by /u/MVTYBOI
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Is there a more specific term than "groupthink" that describes a group, not lead by any individual, that makes increasingly bad decisions based on a collective misunderstanding of each other's intention?

Posted: 20 Nov 2021 03:50 AM PST

Basics: 1. there is nobody that leads the group 2. Each individual action is made only because they think it's what the group wants. 3. It is not what the group wants, but fuels groupthink anyway. 4. Actions increase in severity until violent.

Scenario: Group of school children single out a weaker child for no reason other than he's weak. No one student initiated the separation, but now that it's happened, bullying spirals out of control and eventually turns violent.

Groupthink is the closest term to describe it, but it's not quite there. Groupthink usually wants a leader, but in this case, they all lead because of the collective misunderstanding of each other's intentions.

I hope I've described this adequately.

submitted by /u/TopMindOfR3ddit
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To what degree we are able (theoretically or not) to read other people minds? Their thoughts? Their "secrets"? Their past memories?

Posted: 20 Nov 2021 08:31 AM PST

I'm curious to what extent right now or in the future, we are able to "read" people's minds, moreover, is technology able to understand us fluidly?

Got interested after reading about Neuralink, will such technology be able to "fully expose the mind of an individual?"

Sorry for the convoluted questions, Thank you all who took time to read it!

submitted by /u/lomoboy
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When eyeballs are donated by an organ donor, does the left eyeball have to be put in the left eye socket of the new body, and vice versa?

When eyeballs are donated by an organ donor, does the left eyeball have to be put in the left eye socket of the new body, and vice versa?


When eyeballs are donated by an organ donor, does the left eyeball have to be put in the left eye socket of the new body, and vice versa?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 05:44 AM PST

Do fertilized double-yolked eggs yield twin chicks or are they normally not viable?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 11:51 AM PST

Are organs sensitive to touch?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 10:09 AM PST

If I could somehow touch one of my organs, would I feel it? I can push on any muscle or organ and I only feel it on my skin. But at the same time, liver shots exist which seems to me that you they do feel pain. I'm guessing organs only cause you pain during acute trauma and not regular activities but I'm curious what the truth is.

submitted by /u/Suspicious_Role5912
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Do stars exist outside galaxies?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 01:58 PM PST

I was watching this video and noticed how empty the space is between the galaxies so it made me wonder if it's possible for stars to exist in the seeming empty space of the universe.

I'm not sure if stars are able to form outside galaxies, if it's not is there any known instance where a star has been seen outside a galaxy having formed within a galaxy and then drifted away from it to now be in the middle of nowhere

Magnitude of the Universe

submitted by /u/Butterfly_Effect1400
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If we express different genes through our lives because of epigenetics, does that means we transfer different genes to our kids depending on the time of our lives we had them?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 02:47 PM PST

Why are total antibody counts expressed in units of mg/dl but specific antibodies for an antigen are often done in AU/ml?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 08:29 PM PST

I've always wondered about this.

When you get a blood test of your total quantitative IgG / IgM / IgA the results are in mg/dL and they should fall within a certain range, also expressed in mg/dL.

But when you go to get antibody measurements for a specific antigen (ex. SARS-CoV-2 spike) the results are usually in AU/mL (Arbitrary Units / mL) or BAU/mL (Binding Antibody Units), and these results are not comparable across tests of different brands.

Why aren't specific antibodies also expressed in mg/dL?

submitted by /u/rabidsoggymoose
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How is it possible for viral RNA to persist in the nasal pharynx long after viral clearance, but at the same time for viral antigens to not persist?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 10:18 PM PST

It's been demonstrated that PCR tests can still test positive for viral RNA days and sometimes weeks after the virus has been cleared from the body.

The viral RNA isn't actually from viable virus, but the remains of destroyed virus.

  1. How do these viral RNA fragments manage to persist for so long in the nasal pharynx? Wouldn't fragile RNA be physically degraded and also cleared within a week or so from sneezing, breathing, swallowing, and ciliary action?

  2. I haven't heard of rapid antigen tests doing the same thing (still testing positive when virus has already been cleared). Why is there a difference between mRNA PCR and antigen tests? Wouldn't both mRNA and antigen proteins be cleared from the sampling areas at roughly the same rate?

submitted by /u/StrongRecipe6408
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How much does vaccine injection site really matter?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 07:22 PM PST

Aside from, for example, so long as a subcutaneous vaccine is administered subcutaneously, does it really matter where on the body? Does it impact level of effectiveness, whether it's effective at all, etc.?

For context, I was looking into where on the body cats and dogs receive their shots and wondered how much it really mattered.

submitted by /u/cottagaco
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Are there any specific instances of volcanic eruptions warming the climate?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 12:29 PM PST

I'm familiar with the ways in which volcanic eruptions can have lasting cooling effects, such as Krakatoa, and even with the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, which could have been triggered by volcanic eruptions causing the release of plant-based carbon into the atmosphere, thus having a warming effect. I know that the release of greenhouse gases by volcanoes is not the cause for the current climate change we are seeing. However, I am interested in knowing if there has been in the past a specific event in which a volcano or a series of volcanoes released enough greenhouse gases to cause a warming effect themselves.

submitted by /u/ContributionMaster75
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When a toilet is flushed, does air get pulled towards it, thus creating a draft?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 09:24 AM PST

Do diseases that impact people with hypertension do so regardless of if the BP is controlled?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 05:57 AM PST

I'm hypertensive but take medication and am trying to exercise to bring it down. Say I get to a level where, after losing weight and being on the meds for a while, my BP is in the normotensive range. Am I still as susceptible to diseases as I was when I was unmedicated and had high BP?

submitted by /u/DocChloroplast
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After you die, how long will it take *all of you* to die? Will some poor leg cell keep trying to fix my micro-wound hours after I pass?

Posted: 18 Nov 2021 11:00 PM PST

My guess is that within minutes my temperature and nutrients would drop more than enough to kill basically everything but I don't know—thats why I'm asking!

submitted by /u/ChubbyHistorian
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How much did taxonomy change with the advent of gene sequencing?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 07:02 AM PST

Change the process going forward as well as change the existing classifications. Are there some examples of previously miscategorized species?

submitted by /u/liarandathief
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What does it mean to drink yourself to death?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 08:09 AM PST

Sorry in advance if this is the wrong sub. I was gonna put it in /r/AskDocs, but I felt like it wasn't quite the right place? Do correct me if I'm wrong.

As for the question, I'm not talking about dying of alcohol poisoning or anything like that. Every now and then you hear about people who drank themselves to death, and it's always been super vague to me what exactly that means or entails. It sounds like it must be a gradual process, but if that's the case how does it kill someone before they get medical attention?

As a person who has been drinking fairly heavily every day, without missing a single day for what I'd assume is close to a year, this is a question that crosses my mind every now and then.

submitted by /u/Cricket_Piss
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What does chlorophyll break down into when heated or comes in contact with HCl?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 07:44 AM PST

Yesterday, i started a project where i want to extract magnesium metal from spinich leaves. I know chlorophyll contains a single magnesium atom per molecule, and my goal is to seprate it. Ive already done a test on seeing if my method of burning it to ashes and adding HCl to it will make MgCl2 and it seems to work. But i have no idea what else is created/left over in the process. So what is created when chlorophyll reacts with HCl (without burning) , and whats left after buring it (without the acid)?

submitted by /u/C3H8_Memes
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Why are planes more fuel efficient than copters ?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 08:15 AM PST

I ask in terms of time spent flying per liter, not kilometer per liter

submitted by /u/PhoenixKingMalekith
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How does deep heat work?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 12:12 PM PST

Is it a chemical reaction that causes heat and physically raises the temperature of your skin?

Or does it make receptors think they are warm and produce that warm sensation?

Or does it make blood rush to the area and make it feel warm?

or something else entirely?

submitted by /u/Evening-Spring-7205
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When you touch something, what is the mechanical process that triggers the action potential to travel up the axon to the brain? What's the step between the physical touch and the action potential?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 11:52 AM PST

Why does a group of particules act as a singular body in regards with gravity?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 10:13 AM PST

We always explain gravity as if every object's gravity was singular and independent from another's gravity. For example, the moon and Earth have distinct gravities, but it's not because the moon is attracted by the Earth that Earth's gravity changes.

My question is, if every particule with mass exerts gravity, how come every gravity of every particule of an object conglomerate to a single gravity for the object?

submitted by /u/SwabbyYabby
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Autorefractor - how does it measure eye focus?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 02:40 AM PST

Even though I watched many videos and read articles about how an autorefractor works - I still haven't found how does it get the result.

My understanding is:

  1. The image is sharp at the beginning to relax your eyes
  2. It gets blurry then and the machine calculates your eyes reffrective error
  3. It somehow checks how the light is bend in your eyeball

How? It might be a silly question, but I am really wondering on how it gets the result. Are the waves reflected back from the eyeball to the machine? (I'd assume yes as I can't think about any other option)

I'd be very great full for an idiot proof answer ;)

submitted by /u/Warm_Tzatziki
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I've just learned that it takes 500 liters of cows milk to produce 1 wheel of parmesan cheese, which weights about 40 kg. 1 liter milk weights about 1 kilo, so what happens to the remaining 460 kg?

Posted: 18 Nov 2021 10:39 PM PST

Are stars actually in the direction we look at?

Posted: 19 Nov 2021 12:25 AM PST

In an experiment video, a guy talked about that during an eclipse, some researchers tried an experiment to try to look at a star next to the sun from the earth. They could but astronomers knew it wasn't there, it was behind the moon. The photons projected by the star were getting bent by the moon's gravitational pull.

My theory, could all the stars we see from earth aren't actually meant to be seen? They're all getting bent by some gravitational pulls across our universe and ended up pointing in our direction?

submitted by /u/Kikoul
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Thursday, November 18, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We're here to discuss medical and societal problems of the homeless mentally ill, AUA!

AskScience AMA Series: We're here to discuss medical and societal problems of the homeless mentally ill, AUA!


AskScience AMA Series: We're here to discuss medical and societal problems of the homeless mentally ill, AUA!

Posted: 18 Nov 2021 04:01 AM PST

In recognition of Hunger and Homelessness Awareness Week (#HHWeek), join a discussion about the societal and medical problems that are not only faced by individuals with homelessness and mental illness, but also the limitations faced by the providers and care agents. Ira Glick, MD is an academic psychiatrist, Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, previously Director of Inpatient Hospitalization Services, and Chief of the Schizophrenia Clinic at Stanford University School in addition to having been professor at UCSF and Cornell. Jack Tsai, PhD serves as Campus Dean and Professor of Public Health at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. He is a licensed clinical psychologist with additional training in psychopharmacology and conducts research on severe mental illness, homelessness, and trauma.

Proof!

Read two recent articles at The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry co-authored by our hosts:

We'll be on from 11a - 2p ET (16-19 UT), AUA!

Username: /u/PsychiatristCNS

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why do viruses, such as smallpox, chickenpox, and monkeypox, cause random lesions and blisters?

Posted: 18 Nov 2021 12:00 AM PST

Viruses like smallpox lead to blisters, rashes, and or lesions on the surface of the skin. How does the virus cause this an why do the 'pox' tend to appear randomly on the body. What decides the location of these marks and their density or cluster formation?

submitted by /u/Computer_Sci
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Blood bank pioneer Charles Drew was killed in a car crash in 1950. His injuries were too severe for him to be saved. Per wiki a passenger says a blood transfusion might have killed him sooner. Are there any reasons/conditions why a blood transfusion could kill a trauma victim sooner ? If so, how ?

Posted: 18 Nov 2021 10:52 AM PST

By 1950, the major blood groups and RH would surely have been known for transfusion, (eg in North Carolina where the crash occurred)

submitted by /u/barath_s
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Is the time component of spacetime expanding as well?

Posted: 18 Nov 2021 09:03 AM PST

It's been established that space is expanding - accelerating, even. But my layman's understanding is that in spacetime, space and time aren't really separate concepts, they're just different relative directions that something can move through it, to use the loaf of bread analogy. But it's one can stretch the analogy further, that would imply time is also expanding. What does that even mean?

submitted by /u/YakumoYoukai
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What are the similarities and differences between short and long acting antipsychotic injections?

Posted: 18 Nov 2021 10:58 AM PST

Hello, I'm trying to understand the similarities and differences between these two forms of injections. For example, what is different about long acting injections that makes the medication last so long? Also, what ingredients, if any, are found in both of these types? Thank you.

submitted by /u/Any_Sky_5320
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Would adding more mass to Earth change its orbit?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 11:56 PM PST

If we start mining other planets, or the asteroid belt, and begin bringing raw materials to Earth, what are the implications? Obviously this endeavor would be extremely resource and energy intensive, but let's assume for the sake of the thought experiment that we have some sort of super efficient fuel by the time we start bringing iron ore down in shipping containers. If we increase the mass of Earth, wouldn't we need to figure out a way to increase the speed of the orbit in order to avoid plunging into the sun, or crashing into another planet? With that being said, if we start shooting ships out into the solar system at a high rate, we would be removing mass from the Earth as well, which would also alter the orbit of Earth. I've never seen or heard this topic discussed in real world or SCI-FI scenarios. What say you?

submitted by /u/vurrmm
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Does T cell thymic selection occur in distinct step or not necessarily?

Posted: 18 Nov 2021 07:03 AM PST

I've seen some articles/references that say they occur in 2 successive steps that differ in temporal and spacial aspects. On the other hand other articles and références say it isn't necessarily that positive selection occur before negative selection. I feel my head is puzzled, can someone simplify this for me?

submitted by /u/Vegetable-Writing510
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Is it possible for a substance to be so sticky that passing gas particles would stick to it?

Posted: 18 Nov 2021 01:55 AM PST

What would happen with an explosive reaction in which the material could not expand?

Posted: 18 Nov 2021 05:10 AM PST

So with a chemical reaction such as gun powder or high explosive that reacts but quickly turning into a gas. What would happen if it was in a container that wont break essentially if an explosive reaction was forced into a situation in which the material could not expand. What would happen?
would it fully react/burn and just create massive pressure inside the container? Would the reaction potentially stop?

submitted by /u/test18258
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Can we predict coronal mass ejections?

Posted: 18 Nov 2021 02:12 AM PST

Can we predict whether a CME will struck the earth? If yes, how do we respond/prepare?

submitted by /u/holybanana_69
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How does the phase of emitted light relate to the oscillation of a charged particle?

Posted: 18 Nov 2021 04:51 AM PST

Let's say there is a a dipole oscillating up and down (Z axis). This causes it to release light. Will the electric-field portion of this light oscillate on the same plane (z axis) or will it oscillate perpendicular?

And will the positive part of the wave match the positive part of the dipole or will it be flipped?

submitted by /u/thejeran
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Can someone explain the precise causal mechanism of Pallister-Killian in mitosis and the development of the tetrasomy of the 12p chromosome through the isochrome development?

Posted: 18 Nov 2021 06:49 AM PST

I'm an AP bio teacher and I can explain in detail how nondisjunction occurs, I've looked around the internet and I can find a thorough explanation of the causal mechanism and how nondisjunction occurs in this syndrome and how the isochrome 12 is produced.

I could use the guidance of an expert biologist here who may understand this better than I.

submitted by /u/Onwisconsin42
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What exactly does "relative to C-12" mean? A question regarding atomic weight.

Posted: 18 Nov 2021 10:26 AM PST

So I'm trying to understand the definition of atomic weight (? a bit confused with the names as well). Here's what I understand so far:

- masses of atoms are cumbersome to express in kilograms, so scientists came up with a more simplified way of expressing them:

- by using the stable and abundant C-12 isotope, containing 12 nucleons, they defined the atomic mass unit as 1/12 of the atomic mass. Since the mass of the electrons is negligible, this essentially gives us an approximate mass of one nucleon (a proton or a neutron)

- by using C-12 as a baseline we can now define other isotopes' atom masses relative to C-12.

The thing I'm trying to understand is why other isotopes masses aren't integers like C-12. I thought the whole idea was to get integer numbers as an easy way of measuring atoms masses. My google searching found the following, which I'm struggling to understand:

- due to isotopes' different binding energies they all have different mass defects. The mass defect is defined as the sum of the components' masses minus the experimentally measured mass. I sort of get this, but:

- because the masses are relative to C-12 they will not be integers.

^ This is the thing I'm struggling with. Relative how?

So the C-12 experimentally measured mass / 12 equals 1 amu, meaning that the C-12 mass defect is "baked into" this unit. How do we determine the masses of other isotopes then, relative to C12?

Do we just experimentally measure the weight of the isotope atoms in kilograms, and then express them in amu? Is this what "relative to C-12" means?

Any insights are appreciated!

submitted by /u/Daniel01m
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How does adderall exactly work?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 09:40 PM PST

Why does it seem to focus people with ADHD but give others a lot of energy? And what's with all the side effects? What does it do to the brain?

submitted by /u/M4n0fF6wW0rd5
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How much different are the brains of people with photographic memory to normal brains, if there’s any difference at all?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 03:07 PM PST

When you can "feel a sneeze coming" and it's a solid 5-20 seconds before it "arrives", what are you feeling exactly?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 04:36 PM PST

I understand there's likely foreign bodies on certain hairs etc, but I'm curious what the body is doing to create that deep, tense 'sneeze approaching' sense sensation.

submitted by /u/Verb_NounNumber
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IBM Eagle new quantum computer how does it work?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 02:38 PM PST

Hi,

IBM has recently announced new, the fastest quantum computer called Eagle. Can you comment more how does it work?

submitted by /u/Copywithoutexample
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Are all muscles contracting? As in there are no "push" type muscles?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 04:11 PM PST

What about other species besides humans? And what are non-contracting (I'm assuming stationary) muscles generally used for?

submitted by /u/Lulu_vi_Britannia
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Why are certain cancers more common than others?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 08:28 PM PST

Lung Cancer, Breast Cancer, and Prostate Cancer rank among the most common cancers. Why are cancerous growths more common in these locations than in a place like your arm or brain?

submitted by /u/alexsmart007
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Could exposure to radioactive radiation be "good"?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 09:59 AM PST

So I'm just curious no I'm not gonna try to expose myself to radiation and I know it's very likely to cause permanent damage or kill you but was I'm wondering is whether there is a chance when it changes your dna that it makes you "better"

submitted by /u/itaicool
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