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Wednesday, November 17, 2021

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Can Covid-19 be spread by mosquitoes?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 07:47 AM PST

This is something that's been bothering me since the start of the pandemic. We know mosquitoes can transmit pathogens, so is it possible that mosquitoes can transmit Covid-19?

submitted by /u/Halfgnomen
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If you were to set an object in motion in space in a random direction what are the chances it will continue on without ever hitting anything?

Posted: 16 Nov 2021 09:22 PM PST

Does the IFR of an infectious disease change with time?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 01:45 AM PST

That is, if we somehow had access to the real-time total infection and death numbers, would the IFR be same for all points in time or would it change?

edit: my question assumes baseline conditions which I guess in the context of (let's say) Covid-19 would mean the status in 2019.

submitted by /u/vinamrsachdeva
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How are new strains of HIV discovered?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 11:14 AM PST

Hello all,

Hypothetically, if someone had a mutated strain of HIV that isn't detected by standard antibody tests, how would that strain ever be discovered?

Or would the mutated strain of HIV cause the individual to produce antibodies that are still detectable by the test?

Thank you.

submitted by /u/throwaway7474747434
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Is there any evidence to suggest why, or even if, it is believed black squirrels are more aggressive than grey?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 06:36 AM PST

I had always heard this growing up, and this sentiment was voiced heavily by a groundskeeper I worked with as a teen. It always struck me as an odd thing to say as they are the same species and I never really saw them be more or less aggressive to humans or other animals. Squirrel on squirrel? Yeah, sure. But the same could be said of grey's.

Every site I've looked makes this claim as well, with hints towards a believed higher testosterone level. What's there to believe? Do they have higher testosterone levels or not? Has no one done any research on this?

submitted by /u/WeightedCompanion
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At what temperature will nomex material sustain combustion and not self extinguish?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 06:33 AM PST

Hello

I'm kinda stuck with this one and literature searches haven't helped.

Is there a temperature where nomex aramid material will sustain combustion after a source of flame is removed?

I know at room temp, and even at around 200 Celsius, if the source of flame is removed, the nomex material will self extinguish.

Does anyone have experience or a literature source which states at what temperature self extinguishment no longer occurs and fire is sustained?

submitted by /u/postitsam
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Can/do physicians induce a heart attack for beneficial purposes?

Posted: 16 Nov 2021 08:03 PM PST

if so which ones

submitted by /u/3chzpizza4brkfast
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As I have read, the effective Lagrangian are non local sometimes, does that mean they break causlaity ? Are they non local because the heavy particles ( propagators) are integrated out?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 04:25 AM PST

Can the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enter the nucleus of a human cell?

Posted: 16 Nov 2021 03:40 PM PST

I have tried but I can't find a straight answer on the internet. Thanks!

submitted by /u/DudesterRadman
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How do optical/ photonic chips initiate a process?

Posted: 17 Nov 2021 12:23 AM PST

Currently we are at an experimental stage with this method of computer processing. I understand how a photon based method provides an advantage - but how does the process actually begin? I'm assuming at this stage in development there is an initial, traditional electronic initiation which transitions into a photonic process and then back again correct?

Surely this is a bottle neck. Will this/ could this ever be resolved? If so how?

submitted by /u/Hazzman
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Why do our hair turn white as we grow old?

Posted: 16 Nov 2021 01:55 AM PST

Does menstrual cycle effect COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness?

Posted: 16 Nov 2021 10:51 PM PST

I know there are certain times during the menstrual cycle when the immune system may be a bit weaker. Does this have any implications for the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine? Are there certain times during the cycle where receiving the vaccine would be more effective, or does it not seem to make a huge difference?

submitted by /u/paperthinhymn11
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Tuesday, November 16, 2021

How does the ISS avoid being hit by comets, asteroids, rocks, debris, etc.?

How does the ISS avoid being hit by comets, asteroids, rocks, debris, etc.?

How does the ISS avoid being hit by comets, asteroids, rocks, debris, etc.?

Posted: 16 Nov 2021 04:45 AM PST

Edit: i see a lot of coments referring to the situation with the russian missile. Honestly i didn't know that anything like that happened, especially today. This is a crazy coincidence. The reason i posted the question is because i was reading a book called How to die in space, and i got to a chapter that describes how different objects in outer space could kill you if they hit you. I didn't expect to get this big of a reaction.

submitted by /u/holybanana_69
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Can an organism's physical structure be inferred from its genome?

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 07:15 PM PST

For example, if provided the DNA of an elephant, would it be possible to determine that the organism it codes for has four legs, two tusks, a trunk, and so on without knowing in advance that it's an elephant? If not, why is this impractical or impossible?

submitted by /u/Adorable-Breakfast
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What happens the virus or bacteriophage capsid/structure when it injects its material into the host?

Posted: 16 Nov 2021 04:30 AM PST

Is it just an empty shell or capsid that degrades or what happens? Can it ever get refilled with genetic material?

submitted by /u/chintukali
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Will coffee stay hotter if I put milk in right away or if I wait till I drink it?

Posted: 16 Nov 2021 01:52 PM PST

So I've made myself a cup of coffee but the rest of breakfast is a minute from ready and I ask myself. "Will my coffee stay hotter if I put the milk in now or if I put the milk in when I sit down to eat?"

I decided to wait and my coffee is adequately hot but the question remains.

submitted by /u/Thehopefulhobo
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Why do we square then square root in standard deviation, as opposed to simply taking the modulus of all values? Surely the way we do it puts additional weighting on data points further from the mean?

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 09:32 AM PST

How do Anti Satellite Missile work?

Posted: 16 Nov 2021 11:32 AM PST

How can they calculate where the satellite will be when they reach the impact point?

submitted by /u/Different_Ad8246
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In public health research, when do you exclude people with some attribute that could bias the results and when do include them and include the said attribute as a covariate in your model?

Posted: 16 Nov 2021 08:22 AM PST

Any insight on this would be appreciated!

submitted by /u/tree619
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Electrical synapses in smooth muscle?

Posted: 16 Nov 2021 08:08 AM PST

Might be a stupid question, but I have read in several Biology books that electrical synapses can occure in smooth muscles as well (after further research, I found out that the uterus and bladder contain such synapses, for synchronical movements, like contractions). What is the exact physiology of the electrical synapse in this case, does the neuron connect directly to a muscle fibre?

submitted by /u/deeyuandrey
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Why do oil-slick "rainbows" seem to be dominated by yellows and purples?

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 04:36 PM PST

I know about constructive/destructive interference and everything, not looking for an explanation of the general phenomenon—I'm wondering specifically why they always look like the sickly, evil cousin of a normal rainbow. Is there some kind of overlap, where the red at the edge of one overlays the blue at the edge of the next to make purple or something?

submitted by /u/Tyrosine_Lannister
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What processes are actually stalled when someone’s metabolism “slows down” ?

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 05:26 PM PST

I know that age, some hormonal conditions, and starvation can slow down someone's metabolism. But what bodily processes are actually slowed? What does the body stop "doing" to burn fewer calories? Are any of these processes important?

submitted by /u/Cut4Me
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Why is the kinetic Energy division, between electron and antineutrino, in beta- decay, so uneven?

Posted: 16 Nov 2021 03:22 AM PST

In beta- decay the kinetic Energy is mostly divided between electron and antineutrino. It happens alot more that the Antineutrino gets all of it and the electron none. Why is that?

I already got the answer that, if two particles have the same momentum but different mass, the one with less mass will have more kinetic Energy. But that still doesnt explain why in most cases the electron doesn't get any kinetic Energy. The momentum must be unevenly distributed as well, or did I get it wrong?

submitted by /u/JellyBean030
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Are there examples of evolutionary change or adaptation in humans evident from the last few thousand years?

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 11:14 AM PST

From the peppered moth to the tawny owl, we see examples of rapid evolution. Though I'd expect nothing of the speed of these two creatures evolutionary adaptation, I'm wondering if there have been any examples of evolutionary adaptation that can be seen in humans in the last few thousand years(I'll keep that time frame relatively vague to account for my lack of knowledge of how detailed our records are of these characteristics depending on how far back we go in time, though clearly we needn't too much "recorded" data to surmise a species' believed anatomy considering our hypotheses about so many other animals).

submitted by /u/Adot72
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How does caffeine withdrawal cause headaches?

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 08:26 AM PST

How will the James Webb Telescope produce clear images when there's gaps between the mirrors?

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 01:59 PM PST

Im talking about thse gaps

i dont quite understand how youre supposed to get a clear image, when part of the light reflecting from these mirrors goes to waste between the gaps from the mirror

submitted by /u/zeltrabas
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Does the inverse square law for waves (EMF, Acoustic) hold true at the microscopic level? Is the energy at a picometer away from the source really the square of the energy at 2 picometers?

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 01:19 PM PST

Do 'compostable' plastics break down into microplastic?

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 06:44 AM PST

I manage an urban composting site and we frequently get compostable bags. Our site generates enough heat to semi-reliably break down the bags, but do they actually break down the same as organics? Do they just turn into microplastic faster?

The main certifying body (in the US anyway) is BPI who actually have their criteria posted:

https://bpiworld.org/BPI-Certification-Scheme

I couldn't find any methodologies that specifically addressed microplastics, but its also a bit above my reading level.

Any information would be exceptionally valuable and will help guide us on what we accept at our site. Thank you!

submitted by /u/ehrlics
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Why do some plants have a very large genome? The Ginkgo has 10 billion DNA nucleo-bases for example

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 08:03 AM PST

How much do our organs move?

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 03:30 AM PST

In addition to the heart and lungs, what's the extent and type of movement of our organs like the intestines, stomach, kidneys, liver, etc.?

submitted by /u/Truedatspam
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What exactly changes in a person's cognition and behaviour after a lobotomy? How do they live out their lives post-operation? The Wikipedia page is pretty abstract.

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 09:43 AM PST

How long does re-polarization of neuronal sodium channels take after depolarization?

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 10:22 AM PST

Or, how are they polarized naturally?

submitted by /u/sfchimera
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Monday, November 15, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: I'm a wildlife ecologist who's spent 15 years studying threatened mammals all around the world - AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm a wildlife ecologist who's spent 15 years studying threatened mammals all around the world - AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm a wildlife ecologist who's spent 15 years studying threatened mammals all around the world - AMA!

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 04:00 AM PST

Hi everyone, I'm Dr. Rae-Wynn Grant, a wildlife ecologist with an expertise in uncovering how human activity influences carnivore behavior and ecology. I have been studying the world's most threatened mammals for more than 15 years across six of the seven continents.

I received a B.S. in Environmental Studies from Emory University, a M.S. in Environmental Studies from Yale University, and a Ph.D. in Ecology and Evolution from Columbia University. I am currently a Research Faculty member at the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management leading carnivore research on the Jack and Laura Dangermond Preserve. I am also a National Geographic Explorer, and a Visiting Scientist at the American Museum of Natural History.

My latest venture is a podcast from PBS Nature called "Going Wild with Dr. Rae Wynn-Grant." In it I tell my stories from the field, from encountering giraffe poachers while tracking lion cubs in Tanzania, to discovering never-before-seen population of the world's most endangered lemur in Madagascar, to giving CPR to a hibernating black bear in Minnesota. My hope is to encourage the next generation of wildlife ecologists. Listen here or wherever you get your podcasts.

I'll be on at 11 am PST/2 pm EST/19 UT to answer your questions. Ask me anything!

Username: /u/Hrae_wg21

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How did schrödinger's cat go from “criticism of observation theory” to being an example to teach it?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 03:40 PM PST

Why is binocular vision such a dominant model in the animal world?

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 06:33 AM PST

Why do so many mammals / reptiles / fish) hold to the binocular vision model, or perhaps why haven't more animals in these categories evolved more than two eyes?

submitted by /u/bobledrew
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Why do some children outgrow seizures?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 10:27 PM PST

I've heard that many children will outgrow seizures as they get older. Why is that?

submitted by /u/Angelstone2056
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How is the shingles vaccine any different from the chicken pox/VZV vaccine? Is it any different?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 05:14 PM PST

Why are moose only found in northern parts of the world?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 05:12 PM PST

The kind of food they eat seems to be plentiful in warmer climates in the south. Why haven't they colonized lower latitudes?

submitted by /u/Terpsichorean_Wombat
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Is imposter syndrome prevalent in scientific communities?

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 05:28 AM PST

I'm currently in my second year of a bsc in biomedical sciences , I've kind of hit a block where I feel like I've faked it to get here , like every grade I've ever had was a fluke and I really know nothing , I am an A or A* student though who got a first last year .Am I alone in this or do others on the scientific field feel the same way?

submitted by /u/clan_vizsla
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Why would the synthesis process of large amounts of dimethylmercury cause photographic film to fog up?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 11:02 PM PST

I just read Ignition! An Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants by John Drury Clark and in it there is a section where he wants to investigate dimethylmercury as a possible rocket fuel. He writes about it in the following paragraph:

" I thought that it would be an excellent idea to have somebody else make the compound for me. So I phoned Rochester, and asked my contact man at Eastman Kodak if they would make a hundred pounds of dimethyl mercury and ship it to NARTS. I heard a horrified gasp, and then a tightly controlled voice (I could hear the grinding of teeth beneath the words) informed me that if they were silly enough to synthesize that much dimethyl mercury, they would, in the process fog every square inch of photographic film in Rochester, and that, thank you just the same, Eastman was not interested. The receiver came down with a crash, and I sat back to consider the matter. An agonizing reappraisal seemed to be indicated."

Why would the synthesis process fog photographic film especially in such quantity?

submitted by /u/FemaleKwH
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Are there hermaphodite Mammals?

Posted: 15 Nov 2021 05:02 AM PST

How do HIV antibody tests detect antibodies for all strains of HIV?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 02:38 PM PST

Was curious as to how rapid HIV tests are able to detect HIV antibodies for all of the different subgroups/strains of HIV.

Are the antibodies for all of the different strains identical?

If not, is there a marker/indicator that the test tests for that indicates the antibody is for HIV?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/throwaway7474747434
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What purpose do the ridges & depressions common in food containers serve?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 02:56 PM PST

They are present on the lids and sides, make manufacturing more difficult, and use more plastic rather than a flatter surface.

Initial thoughts are maybe to disperse heat better or maybe lower surface tension (making it less susceptible to cracking)

Thanks!

submitted by /u/clubpenguinie
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At what concentrations can hydrogen sulfide gas affect chrome?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 06:31 PM PST

In my city, hydrogen sulfide gas has been pervasive in the air for the last month or two due to anaerobic digestion/decay of vegetation in a stagnant water channel. The smell the gas of the gas is like rotten eggs, which is a nuisance and has made a lot of people feel sick. The city released measurements, and the concentration of the gas is about 0.375 ppm on the low end and about 2.125 ppm on the high end.

However, city residents have also been complaining about finding red/rust-like stuff staining their baths/showers even if they clean daily (so it's not mold or bacteria) and the chrome trim on their cars becoming oxidized or corroded. They said the timing of it coincided with the gas problem and think there's some huge public health crisis being covered up by the city. Our city's tap water system is not connected to the channel, so I thought it was just a ridiculous conspiracy theory based on confirmation bias. However, after Googling, it turns out hydrogen sulfide gas/liquid is actually corrosive to metals, though I couldn't find at what concentration.

Now I'm curious: is it possible for hydrogen sulfide gas to affect chrome trim at the concentrations I mentioned above? Is it even remotely possible for it to affect pipes from the outside?

submitted by /u/ChannelThirteen
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is it possible for terrestrial planets to form in the outer solar system?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 04:07 PM PST

Why are dry-erase markers always dry?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 03:01 PM PST

I'm just wondering - why are they always dry? Sometimes they're not dry per-se but still write with a clear film - why does this happen? I don't think it's storage position only because they're all laid down and I also don't think they're technically dry as they still write with a clear fluid after going dry. Does anyone have an idea why this happens?

submitted by /u/JPBDev
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Sunday, November 14, 2021

Is there a clear definition of clear "highly processed food"?

Is there a clear definition of clear "highly processed food"?

Is there a clear definition of clear "highly processed food"?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 06:52 AM PST

I've read multiple studies posted in /r/science about how a diet rich in "highly processed foods" might induce this or that pahology.

Yet, it's not clear to me what a highly processed food is anyway. I've read the ingredients of some specific packaged snacks made by very big companies and they've got inside just egg, sugar, oil, milk, flours and chocolate. Can it be worse than a dessert made from an artisan with a higher percentage of fats and sugars?

When studies are made on the impact of highly processed foods on the diet, how are they defined?

submitted by /u/lucaxx85
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How long does it take for the body to replenish blood that is lost? And why does it take that long?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 03:55 AM PST

I have seen from various websites that for blood to fully replenish it takes 4-6 weeks. What I don't understand is why it takes so long and what variation there is depending on the amount of blood lost I.e. 15% vs 30%?

submitted by /u/Ubermarx21
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If susceptibility testing is already difficult and sometimes highly specific for patients who aren’t immunocompromised, how do doctors select antibiotics and antimicrobials for burn victims and patients who have a severely compromised immune system?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 07:07 AM PST

Is there a gauntlet of drugs that are used against common skin or nosocomial flora that doctors administer until the skin or immune system can kick back in?

For background for anybody reading: We test susceptibility for antibiotics by exposing bacterial cultures to samples of specific antibiotics to see what happens to the bacteria in the plate. When you expose a bacterial colony to an antibiotic it is susceptible to, there will be a reaction that tells us that the doctor can use that antibiotic on a patient to treat an infection.

The reason I am asking this question is because I've never worked in the ER or burn unit, only small labs. And I've seen how in Micro it's necessary to run multiple tests just to determine the proper antibiotic for a single infection. But for a system wide entry wound like a massive burn, I imagined it must be grueling to find a proper treatment when bacteria come in from every surface possible.

submitted by /u/Squaragus_Asparagus
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What was the difference between splitting the atom and nuclear fission?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 01:52 PM PST

Possibly a stupid question. Encountered something that said that the atom was first split in 1932. This confused me, because I thought the Nazis had discovered nuclear fission in 1938. Am I missing something here? What specifically was discovered in 1938 -- just that splitting an atom could release a large amount of energy? If so, why was that not apparent when they first split the atom six years earlier?

submitted by /u/JackieGigantic
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Quantum Numbers. Why does it have shells and subshells? should'nt it only have orbitals?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 12:46 AM PST

I was reading quantum numbers and it is really confusing. My questions are:-

  1. Why there is shells in Principal quantum number in quantum mechanical model? wasn't that idea (shell) discarded which caused the bohr model to fail?
  2. What are subshell in Angular momentum quantum number? There shouldn't be shells according to my understanding. the only thing that should be there is orbitals

I am linking videos which made me think these stuff

  1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMt5Dcex0kg
  2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WR8Qvsv70s

as you can see there is nothing regarding Shells and subshell. Then why Principal quantum numbers have K, L, M... shells. and azimuthal Q.N have something regarding sub shell. If you put the idea of shell then how will the quantum mechanical model look? what exactly will be those shells and subshells in Quantum mechanical model of atom. According to me it should only contain Orbitals.

The Pdf (pg 55)-https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/kech102.pdf

I hope I am very concise with my doubt but if any mistake is detected in future, I am sorry.

I apologies if i made any mistake while Making this post. I tried to get an answer from google but they are not very clear (at least to me) Any helpful reply will be greatly appreciated.

submitted by /u/Absolute--void
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How does vasoconstriction increase cardiac preload?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 07:06 AM PST

I understand that venoconstriction increases cardiac preload by increasing venous return.

However, how does vasoconstriction accomplish this? I just do not understand. If the arteries are constricted, this will increase your body's total peripheral resistance, which will then increase your mean arterial pressure. Your body's baroreceptors will then sense this increase in mean arterial pressure and attempt to compensate for this increase in pressure by decreasing venous return, preload, stroke volume, and CO. Why is it that vasoconstriction actually increases cardiac preload?

Thanks for your help!

submitted by /u/Emilicis
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Does higher octane fuel constitute better gas mileage? If so, is it worth the extra price?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 01:22 PM PST

Does higher octane fuel (plus, super, etc.) give my car better gas mileage than just the regular octane 87 unleaded fuel at the lowest price at any gas station? I was always told that the higher octane fuel is typically better for your car's engine, and I understand many cars advise in the manuals to use higher octane fuel, but for a car where it does not matter, does it give your car better gas mileage? Have any of you personally done a comparison?

submitted by /u/logakvlt
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When watching a lightning strike in ultra-slow motion, and you see an invisible wave with bits of electricity along the edge hit the ground and turn into a bolt, is that a waveform collapse?

Posted: 13 Nov 2021 07:26 PM PST

I was watching The Slowmo Guys film a lightning strike at 103,000 FPS, and I noticed how the electricity crawls out of the cloud in all directions before coming together into one huge bolt.

This brought back the same weird pictures that went through my head when I heard about the double slit experiment. Is this the same kind of interaction? Does electricity travel in a wave, then collapse instantly when it interacts with something?

submitted by /u/TheJerminator69
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Where do the dead cells in your body go?

Posted: 13 Nov 2021 06:27 PM PST

Will the alcohol evaporate faster or slower?

Posted: 14 Nov 2021 12:22 AM PST

I'm trying to saturate vodka 35,7% with sugar and then neutralize this extreme sugar taste with citric acid to make a disguised alcohol taste and make a placebo component for an experiment of my article. Will this saturation/rest process make the substance lose a lot of alcohol concentration? I know that the union of alcohol with water already reduces the rate of evaporation. But how does this happen only with sugar? And the citric acid?

If the alcohol concentration of the substance decreases too much, the results of the experiment will be compromised, that's why I came here to ask about it.

submitted by /u/De_Gusta
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