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Sunday, October 24, 2021

Can the current Covid Vaccines be improved or replaced with different vaccines that last longer?

Can the current Covid Vaccines be improved or replaced with different vaccines that last longer?

Can the current Covid Vaccines be improved or replaced with different vaccines that last longer?

Posted: 24 Oct 2021 05:14 AM PDT

What is the current accepted risk of Covid-19 infection through fomite transmission?

Posted: 24 Oct 2021 02:12 AM PDT

I apologize in advance because I know this has been asked before, but I would just like some clarification if someone is willing to give it. I have read the [CDC update that came out earlier this year which detailed how the virus is spread primarily through respiratory droplets and not surface transmission, which said the chance was around 1 in 10,000 for every infected touch](https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/surface-transmission.html). After doing a little more digging though, I saw that [some of the studies tested outside objects, like traffic light buttons](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00966). I'm wondering then, is the risk really considered that much higher without accounting for environmental factors like wind? The reason I ask is because I work at a grocery store that has basically done away with some of the early Covid safety precautions of last year. I go about my day touching self checkout screens, money, and even produce likely hundreds of times a day. I wash my hands frequently and use hand sanitizer a lot as well, but am I still putting people at risk?

submitted by /u/Quirky_Analysis7336
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Why do slabs of crust submerged into the mantle have lower temperatures than its surroundings?

Posted: 24 Oct 2021 12:04 AM PDT

I was wondering exactly why we have "colder" slabs of rock submerged into the mantle. Creationists state that it is because of the fact that the rock was submerged recently and the time it has been there hasn't been enough to warm it like the rest of the mantle and if it were millions of years it would be warmer now. I remember reading something about the material of the rock being the case and I found something here standing it's the compression of the crust and its materials but I'd like your thoughts

submitted by /u/Hybrid_Momentts
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When will covid-19 vaccines be available for people under 12 years old?

Posted: 24 Oct 2021 05:47 AM PDT

How does glow in the dark stuff work?

Posted: 23 Oct 2021 12:26 PM PDT

As we aproach the spookiest part of the year, people wearing glowing skeleton costumes flock the streets and glowing skulls decorate windows throughout suburbs around the world, my question is: How do ''glow in the dark'' substances absorb UV light yet emit visible light?, Why don't they emit more UV light? & Why do they only emit light when in the dark?

submitted by /u/The_noseless_Ginge
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Why are planets so bright?

Posted: 23 Oct 2021 11:41 AM PDT

According to the inverse square law, light gets dimmer at an exponential rate the further the receiver is from the object, and since they are reflecting light instead of emitting it, I don't understand why something reflecting sunlight from millions of miles away would be so bright, regardless of how large it is.

submitted by /u/burntMYfingersONcat
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What is an amplituhedron and how is it useful?

Posted: 23 Oct 2021 11:12 AM PDT

Why aren't moths of families like Castniidae or Sphingidae considered butterflies?

Posted: 23 Oct 2021 07:14 AM PDT

They have clubbed antennae and are diurnal.
They basically look like butterflies, albeit a bit on the chubby side.
Is there a sensible explanation for that?
Thank you in advance for replies.

submitted by /u/Worekjarzyn
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How much protection does a single dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine provide against Covid-19 in comparison to getting both doses? Why are two doses even required?

Posted: 23 Oct 2021 11:52 PM PDT

Do Light Sails work in the Atmosphere?

Posted: 23 Oct 2021 05:27 AM PDT

I understand they've been designing light sails for a while now to catch the light from the sun in space, but I can't find a single thing about whether or not they work in an atmosphere.

If light Sails don't work in air, do heat sails exist and do they work in the atmosphere?

submitted by /u/AfricanToto
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Why do planets spin?

Posted: 23 Oct 2021 02:54 AM PDT

If copper does not react with water, why does water stored in a copper utensil taste like metal?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 08:49 PM PDT

If antartica is the most dryest place on earth then why 99% of its land is water?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 08:06 PM PDT

What would happen to the brightness ranking of stars in the night sky if we could see all wavelengths? Is Sirius still the brightest star in the night sky?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 04:12 PM PDT

How impactful is a volcanic eruption on greenhouse effect gases?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 05:08 PM PDT

Cumbre Vieja is spitting lava and smoke for a month now and it got me wondering how impactful it is on our goals on reducing emissions on a global scale. Those events can significantly worsen our global warming situation?

submitted by /u/chagin
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Does hot or cold water boil faster?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 02:48 PM PDT

Not sure what the right type of science is for this question but yeah title explains it.

I heard that frozen things are best thawed with cold/room temp water because of blah blah blah science stuff.

So does it work the same way with water?

submitted by /u/Cosmic_W0lf
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Saturday, October 23, 2021

The extended warm period during the "boring billion" between 1.8 and 0.8 Gya is proposed to have been the result of atmospheric N2O being 10x higher than it is today. Where did all the N2O during that period come from?

The extended warm period during the "boring billion" between 1.8 and 0.8 Gya is proposed to have been the result of atmospheric N2O being 10x higher than it is today. Where did all the N2O during that period come from?

The extended warm period during the "boring billion" between 1.8 and 0.8 Gya is proposed to have been the result of atmospheric N2O being 10x higher than it is today. Where did all the N2O during that period come from?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 09:39 AM PDT

During the boring billion global temperatures were about 4 ºC higher than today due to higher concentrations of greenhouse gases. Scientists have ruled out CO2 as the culprit due to the lack of evidence of ocean acidification. Methane has also been ruled out as it is only biogenic and methanogens are unlikely to have produced enough methane. So scientists seem to have settled on N2O as the offending greenhouse gas, with Proterozoic levels proposed to be elevated 10x over modern levels.

Today, most N2O is either anthropogenic or biogenic, with only a small fraction being formed abiotically. If methanogens were unlikely to produce enough methane to significantly affect the climate, how would denitrifiers be able to produce enough N2O? If the elevated levels were abiogenic, why don't those processes continue today?

submitted by /u/ghostoftheuniverse
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Have there been any attempts to build a solid rocket motor that can be throttled or turned off?

Posted: 23 Oct 2021 07:43 AM PDT

It seems like there would be a lot of applications for a small solid rocket motor that can go from ~0% to 100% or possibly greater.

I'm imagining something like a JATO rocket in terms of size and the creative ways it has been implemented.

It could be something simple such as a mechanism to destroy sections of the propellent and spit out the chunks. It couldn't throttle back up and will spike thrust briefly but it still sounds useful.

submitted by /u/Ott621
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Why do some people who've recovered from covid-19 not develop anti-bodies?

Posted: 23 Oct 2021 12:36 AM PDT

My basic understanding of immunity is that the first time you get a virus, your immune system makes anti-bodies, which then neutralise the virus, and the anti-bodies remain in your blood stream afterwards. Then if the virus re-infects you, the anti-bodies are already there, ready to neutralise it again.

But there's a study which shows a third of people who've recovered from covid do not develop anti-bodies. Why/how does this occur?

submitted by /u/Ok_Professional9769
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What is the difference between the original sars cov 2 and its variants?

Posted: 23 Oct 2021 08:22 AM PDT

I'm basically asking about differences in spread/transmition and severity (hospitalization and deaths). Are there any data on that? Im more interested in the Delta Variant, but any data is welcome.

submitted by /u/th4tsmyus3rn4me
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Is there a scientific consensus on optimal learning sessions and study time management?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 08:17 AM PDT

Hello there,

I've been having a hard time finding data regarding this side of psychology. While I've found actual papers regarding the usefulness of note-taking under the form of mind maps rather than usual note-taking methods, I can't find enough papers regarding focus time.

We hear advices here and there - I've had high school teachers saying "we can't focus more than 1 hour at a time", I've seen the pomodoro (25 minutes of work / 5 minutes of rest + other arbitrary rules) technique, but it doesn't seem to be a strong research field.

I'm mainly using google scholar for my researches, so maybe my method for searching papers isn't as good, which is why I'm asking for some guidance : does science say anything about how we should focus in order to maximise learning and optimize our time?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Meljin
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Are July and August borns disadvantaged in school and life?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 11:13 AM PDT

There is research suggesting that children born in July / August struggle more in school, struggle with reading and writing, more likely to drop out, and be diagnosed with ADHD.

Here in England, a child born in September will turn five shortly after the start of term. A child born in July could will be four for the entire school year.

How true is this and is your child doomed if born in July / August? Here is just one article talking about it.

here

Apparently parents are holding their children back a year to offset this problem but is this a good idea? link

submitted by /u/crystalxuk
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What happens EXACTLY at the triple point of a pure substance?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 09:15 AM PDT

I'm working on a problem for a binary mixture which is equivalent to the triple point of a single-component system, and that is this: What are the relative amounts of each phase EXACTLY at the triple point? Most descriptions you find say something along the lines of "all three phases can exist simultaneously," but "can" implies that they don't always. And if that is just bad wording, how do you calculate how much of each phase is present, i.e., the phase fractions?

I know that both realistically and numerically speaking, this is not a meaningful question as you can never be exactly at any given point. My question is, then, a purely mathematical one, assuming that the equations used to model a system have an exact solution.

At the triple point of a pure substance (or a three-phase point of a binary mixture with one state variable fixed), there are zero degrees of freedom which can be verified using the Gibbs Phase Rule: DOF = C - P + 2

For a pure component, you get DOF = 1 - 3 + 2 = 0, and the binary mixture with one parameter fixed, you get (DOF) - 1 = (2 - 3 + 2) - 1 = (1) - 1 = 0. This means that the thermodynamic state of the system is completely fixed and that all other state variables can (theoretically) be determined from those conditions.

However, in practice, most systems that I'm familiar with which have more than one phase present have at least 1 DOF, and varying that DOF changes your phase fraction(s). For example, a binary mixture with two phases has 2 DOF. Specifying, for example, temperature and avg. composition fixes the system state and allows you to calculate the individual phase compositions and thereafter the phase fractions from a mass balance/lever rule. You can also do the same with a ternary mixture and three phases using two independent equations to calculate the two independent phase fractions (all three sum to 1, so two are independent).

You can't, however, do that here because there is not enough information available to calculate two independent phase fractions. There couldn't possibly be; not with state variables anyway. If you try (and I have), you get infinitely many solutions/a line in the space of the phase fractions.

Plot of mass balances for 3C/3P system (axes are the independent phase fractions).

Plot of the same for 2C/3P.

All this is leading me to one of the following conclusions:

  1. Phase fractions have no meaning at such invariant points.
  2. Under these conditions, phase fractions are path-dependent quantities.

The first of these makes a sort of logical sense to me but doesn't really make physically sense, because this would imply that either phases don't exist (which seems ridiculous) or the whole system is at all three phases simultaneously (equally ridiculous).

The second is more likely in my mind, and I can find some analogues in systems with fewer phases, e. g., a single component at two phases has 1 DOF (e.g. pressure) yet still needs a value for work/enthalpy supplied to determine a phase fraction.

That said, I haven't found any evidence to support this nor have I found any discussion of it online or in the scientific literature. Any thoughts would be greatly appreciated!

submitted by /u/Imagine_Baggins
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Do other force particles have a spectrum like photons?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 09:04 AM PDT

Photons carry the electro-magnetic force and operate on a spectrum based on their energy, giving us things like heat and x-rays. Do the force particles that carry the other natural forces also behave differently at different energy levels? Is there (or could there be) a spectrum of the nuclear forces, or of gravity?

submitted by /u/docbob84
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How many, and which viruses are the cause of cold? And why is cold more likely to happen in cold environments?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 12:50 PM PDT

What new, ground-breaking technologies were first used in the creating of the first satellite (Sputnik 1)?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 08:46 AM PDT

creation* made a typo in the title. Sorry!

What technologies made Sputnik 1 so special?

submitted by /u/Student-Somewhere
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Which oak species are most likely to successfully take during a graft? (Unfamiliar with cladistics)

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 08:10 AM PDT

https://imgur.com/gallery/7W0fZxD

Marked is the species that I want to work with.

I imagine that the oaks between and including Quercus lyrata to Quercus Muehlenbergii would successfully take.

But how far up, and how far down, do you suspect that the trees are similar enough to successfully graft?

submitted by /u/TaxMan_East
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What was on the opposite side of the Earth when Pangea existed?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 08:01 AM PDT
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Friday, October 22, 2021

How are inactivated vaccines produced?

How are inactivated vaccines produced?

How are inactivated vaccines produced?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 01:37 AM PDT

Did Theia actually smash into the Earth or is Earth a combination of Theia and some other pre existing body?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 12:47 AM PDT

The main theory for how the Moon, Luna, formed, is that a Mars-sized protoplanet named Theia collided with another protoplanet, and the ejecta coalesced into the Moon. But not all of Theia could have become the Moon, Mars has the mass of 6.39e23 and the Moon has a mass more than ten times that, and so it must have radically changed the protoplanet too, becoming more than 10% of the thing. Wouldn´t Theia hitting it have actually formed Earth as we know it and we are just a merger of the two?

submitted by /u/Awesomeuser90
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If you catch a cold, is there an easy way to know or guess which virus is causing it?

Posted: 22 Oct 2021 04:26 AM PDT

Assuming reaching absolute zero was possible, how much pressure would H2O at 0K need to be under to be a liquid?

Posted: 21 Oct 2021 09:22 AM PDT

Why can't adenovirus-vectored vaccines be aerosolized so they don't require needles?

Posted: 21 Oct 2021 09:01 PM PDT

Whether through a nasal spray or inhalation, it seems like there would be less vaccine hesitancy if there was a route of administration that didn't require needles.

submitted by /u/AlkaliActivated
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Why do people only have 10 seconds of useful consciousness at high altitudes when most can hold their breath for at least 30 seconds?

Posted: 21 Oct 2021 10:28 PM PDT

On average people are able to hold their breath for 30 seconds, but in the event of rapid decompression at high altitudes (40,000ft) they will become useless after just a few seconds.

Why is this?

submitted by /u/sucction
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Is the conversion efficiency from fuel to electricity better in gas/oil power plants compared to car engine?

Posted: 21 Oct 2021 01:30 PM PDT

Conversation that I had with a friend. With electric/hybrid cars being more common, we talked about why should we switch to electric cars when the electricity needed to power the car would still need to be obtained from gas or oil power plants?

As I type this, I realised that electricity for the cars can also be obtained from renewable energy sources. But the question still stands. Does the amount of energy obtained from burning gas/oil in a power plant have a higher yield than if we were to use the fuel directly in a car.

Also, I saw a reddit post/news that said that a state in the US is banning gas powered lawn mower. The same question but this time the comparison between a gas powered lawn mower and gas/oil power plant.

P.S If there is another post that had already answered this, I would love to read it. Just didn't know how to word it succinctly to search on reddit.

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/maniacalboy
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In North America there are often invasive species from Asia, such as The Spotted Lantern Fly. Are there invasive and pesky species from North America on other continents?

Posted: 21 Oct 2021 08:16 AM PDT

Can anyone explain this phenomenon?

Posted: 21 Oct 2021 09:00 PM PDT

This bottle of Croatian rajika keeps opening back up whenever I put the stopper in. I have never seen this before with something that's not carbonated. Genuinely curios if it's yeast or some other sort of gas being released from the fermentation process.

​

Thanks for the help!

submitted by /u/JCiraolo
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What is the physics behind compound bows and compound crossbows?

Posted: 21 Oct 2021 04:25 PM PDT

I get that it uses a pulley system to transfer the force to the arms of the bow, but I can't find anything that goes in depth into the physics behind it (ideally with figures). Does anyone know or have a link to how the actual physics/engineering works? Like with numbers and equations to go along with the explanations and all that jazz

submitted by /u/_ChestHair_
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When determining vaccine efficacy/effectiveness, is there a point made to distinguish the prevention of infection vs prevention of serious illness?

Posted: 21 Oct 2021 10:26 AM PDT

For example, Pfizer recently stated that a 3rd shot of their vaccine would restore a 95.6% efficacy against COVID. I assume that means that it is extremely unlikely for me to ever catch COVID to begin with.

But I wonder, is there another number associated with the efficacy against serious illness? Like say Pfizer is 95.6% against initial infection but 99% against serious illness?

submitted by /u/Alipoet
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Is a "well exercised" immune system better at fighting off an unknown pathogen? Or, conversely, can an immune system be too well exercised?

Posted: 20 Oct 2021 06:22 PM PDT

By "exercised" I mean exposure to many different pathogens, although not necessarily ones closely related to a new pathogen.

By "too well exercised" I don't mean in the short term, while actively fighting off an infection, but could there be such a thing as too many different kinds of T-cells or anything?

submitted by /u/pelican_chorus
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Thursday, October 21, 2021

How does it make sense to mix and match vaccines?

How does it make sense to mix and match vaccines?

How does it make sense to mix and match vaccines?

Posted: 20 Oct 2021 02:51 PM PDT

I thought all the vaccines were different and some of them worked in very different ways. In that case, wouldn't mix and matching vaccines be less effective than getting two of the same? Would it even be more effective than just getting one?

So, I'm seeing a few different things being said...

One, Pfizer and Moderna are basically the same,

Two, vaccines generally all have the same end goal anyway,

Three, in theory it makes sense and the reason we weren't doing it in the first place is that all the tests were done with two of the same.

submitted by /u/CatgirlKazu
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Does high-end hardware cost significantly more to make?

Posted: 21 Oct 2021 05:04 AM PDT

I work with HPCs which use CPUs with core counts significantly higher than consumer hardware. One of these systems uses AMD Zen2 7742s with 64 cores per CPU, which apparently has a recommended price of over $10k. On a per-core basis, this is substantially more than consumer CPUs, even high-end consumer CPUs.

My question is, to what extent does this increased price reflect the manufacturing/R&D costs associated with fitting so many cores (and associated caches etc.) on one chip, versus just being markup for the high performance computing market?

submitted by /u/Chlorophilia
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What type of radiation does lead shielding stop?

Posted: 21 Oct 2021 03:57 AM PDT

As far as I'm aware there are only three types of ionising radiation - alpha, beta and gamma. Since alpha particles can be stopped by any sort of barrier, I'm most interested in beta and gamma radiation. Is lead shielding only able to stop one or both types?

In addition, do different types of shielding perform differently against different types of radiation. e.g. Would Osmium or Iridium work better/worse?

If I've made some glaring omission or have misunderstood something, please let me know.

submitted by /u/SunSmartCobba
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Given two complete sets of DNA belonging to father and son, is it possible to distinguish which set belongs to who?

Posted: 20 Oct 2021 08:27 PM PDT

You are given two sets of DNA, and told that they belong to a father and son. You are not told which one belongs to the father and which one to the son.

Apologies if this is a basic question, haven't taken genetics since high school.

submitted by /u/doghouse_cathouse
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What’s the science behind japanese oil hardener product?

Posted: 21 Oct 2021 01:11 AM PDT

I'm currently using a product from japan to dispose used oil properly. I am curious on the science behind it and have googled but i don't think it is a result of hydrogenation. I can't seem to find the ingredients of the japanese oil hardener in english so i can't really tell what made my used cooking oil solidified after putting in the powder.

submitted by /u/alleyant
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What is the correlation between brain size and intelligence? Is it possible for a large-brained animal to be unintelligent or a small-brained animal to be highly intelligent?

Posted: 20 Oct 2021 08:05 PM PDT

Why do low frequency wireless communications have a low bandwidth?

Posted: 21 Oct 2021 04:28 AM PDT

I've been learning about submarines and how they use very low frequency and ultra low frequency waves on the electromagnetic spectrum to penetrate the water and communicate with submarines without them having to surface. The trouble is that the messages they receive can be received as slow as a few letters per minute. Why is it so slow? Why is the bandwidth of low frequency waves so low?

submitted by /u/SunSmartCobba
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Why don't bones decompose with the rest of a dead body? Why do we end up with skeletons and fossils after decomposition?

Posted: 20 Oct 2021 08:08 PM PDT

Why does light reflect?

Posted: 20 Oct 2021 04:35 PM PDT

What causes light to bounce off of objects, instead of simply passing through the space in the atoms/molecules? Would a perfectly flat object (as perfect an object made of atoms can get) reflect light in all directions or just an inverse of the direction it came from?

edit: I think I bit off more than I can chew with this question

submitted by /u/Memerz_United
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When calculating gravity related questions on a cosmic scale, do we include a component for light in transit between galaxies?

Posted: 20 Oct 2021 05:44 PM PDT

I'm assuming we do, so how much influence is it having compared to dark and baryonic matter?

submitted by /u/dontpet
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Do our immune systems less able to handle common influenza viruses after months of not dealing with them?

Posted: 21 Oct 2021 01:15 AM PDT

There's a cold virus going round where I live, and the symptoms last for over a week, longer than I've ever seen. I was wondering if this is linked to the social distancing practises of lockdown, where our bodies haven't had to fight off common colds and viruses. Is that a thing? Or is this just random bad luck?

submitted by /u/deviantmoomba
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When I am cutting a piece of pure iron, how deep does the cut go on the particle level? And how much energy is needed to break those bonds?

Posted: 20 Oct 2021 06:52 AM PDT

What is the difference between Frequency Division Multiplexing and Time Division Multiplexing?

Posted: 20 Oct 2021 11:45 AM PDT

How are helmets optimised for different sports?

Posted: 19 Oct 2021 11:15 PM PDT

For example like the difference between cycling, skiing Rock climbing and say equestrian helmets why are they all different when they all provide the same function? What is the physics behind head collisions in different sports?

submitted by /u/harry25ironman
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Could you see Saturns rings from titan?

Posted: 19 Oct 2021 08:33 PM PDT

It is my understanding that Saturns rings while viewed from an angle are very visible, but if you were on Titan which is orbiting in the same plane as the rings would you be able to see the rings or would they be too thin to be seen at such an angle? Thanks

submitted by /u/TSL_Dad
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