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Sunday, October 17, 2021

Besides the spike protein, do we know of other epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 virion that are capable of inducing neutralising antibodies?

Besides the spike protein, do we know of other epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 virion that are capable of inducing neutralising antibodies?


Besides the spike protein, do we know of other epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 virion that are capable of inducing neutralising antibodies?

Posted: 17 Oct 2021 12:15 AM PDT

How does MOND make dark matter unnecessary for explaining the movement of galaxies?

Posted: 16 Oct 2021 01:49 PM PDT

What would lead developers of atomic/nuclear weapons to fear it would vaporise the atmosphere when first used?

Posted: 16 Oct 2021 12:20 PM PDT

How do snails survive freezing in winter?

Posted: 16 Oct 2021 04:53 AM PDT

What prevents a day in October to get just as warm as a day in July if it's equally sunny and cloudless on both those days? (I am referring to mainland Europe)

Posted: 16 Oct 2021 11:05 AM PDT

Today i noticed it was a lovely sunny day where I live (Luxembourg). I also noticed that it was 13 degrees as opposed to the 30 degrees it would have been if it were July. What is the reason behind that?

submitted by /u/Robin2win14
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Could you see a nebula at night if you lived on planet inside it?

Posted: 15 Oct 2021 02:39 PM PDT

If you lived on a planet that was orbiting a star that formed inside a nebula, would you still see black space at night like here on earth, or are nebulae dense enough to be illuminated by a star inside them?

submitted by /u/VonBeegs
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What is the phenomenon behind the arrangement of the large North American lakes?

Posted: 15 Oct 2021 01:49 PM PDT

I was looking at a map of North America and noticed in addition to the more recognizable Great Lakes, you can draw a sort of line/curve all the way from the great bear lake in the northwest of Canada all the way to Lake Ontario, including all the major lakes in between. Not only can you draw this curve, it also aligns somewhat with the Canadian Shield. Is this coincidence or was there some prehistoric geological process that caused these lakes to align this way?

submitted by /u/mannisbaratheon97
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Why does increased dead space ventilation increase alveolar PCO2?

Posted: 15 Oct 2021 04:17 PM PDT

So I'm watching a video on alveolar ventilation and dead space. I am having a hard time working out why an INCREASE in dead space ventilation will increase PACO2.

I know if you use the alveolar vent. equation, the numbers work out this way, but I am asking why this happens.

Is my line of thinking correct here : Let's say occlusion happens to a Pulm. capillary, increasing dead space - no gas exchange can happen here, causing shunting to healthy alveoli. This will cause more gas exchange to happen at the healthy alveoli and result in more CO2 unloaded at these sites. Therefore causing the increase in PACO2 at the healthy alveoli?

submitted by /u/pandaTap
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Saturday, October 16, 2021

Is the human immune system basically the same as other mammals, or does it have any adaptations unique to us?

Is the human immune system basically the same as other mammals, or does it have any adaptations unique to us?


Is the human immune system basically the same as other mammals, or does it have any adaptations unique to us?

Posted: 16 Oct 2021 05:08 AM PDT

Is there any peer reviewed journal evidence that working from home is more productive or even to working in an office?

Posted: 15 Oct 2021 02:48 PM PDT

Why don't greenhouse gases reflect just as much incoming sunlight as they trap?

Posted: 15 Oct 2021 05:22 PM PDT

The common explanation of greenhouse gases is that sunlight that would bounce off the Earth out into space instead bounces off the greenhouse gas, trapping that heat on Earth.

But if greenhouse gases simply reflect solar radiation, wouldn't they also reflect from the "outside", too, thus preventing solar radiation from reaching the Earth in the first place?

submitted by /u/dahud
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Why is PH 7.95 considered a tipping point beyond which the ocean is "too acidic" for carbonate shells even though PH 7.95>7 is alkaline?

Posted: 15 Oct 2021 09:40 AM PDT

Is there really that much empty space between neurons?

Posted: 15 Oct 2021 07:56 AM PDT

In all depictions of neurons in the brain, it always looks like they are just floating there in some kind of clear liquid or empty space? Are they, and if so what is in this space? Or are they more tightly packed together? There are a million examples but here's one: https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/12/how-neurons-form-long-term-memories/

submitted by /u/thescrounger
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James Webb Space Telescope will be launched at the end of this year, how will it compare Hubble Space Telescope?

Posted: 15 Oct 2021 05:03 AM PDT

I mean we already have some unbelievable imagery from the farthest of space, is new telescope a bigger deal in terms of what will become possible?

submitted by /u/Objective-Cost-8438
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What would happen if a person's brain produced little to no dopamine?

Posted: 14 Oct 2021 05:45 PM PDT

Is that possible? What would be the effects on them?

submitted by /u/Zenquin
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Friday, October 15, 2021

The UK recently lost a 1GW undersea electrical link due to a fire. At the moment it failed, what happened to that 1GW of power that should have gone through it?

The UK recently lost a 1GW undersea electrical link due to a fire. At the moment it failed, what happened to that 1GW of power that should have gone through it?


The UK recently lost a 1GW undersea electrical link due to a fire. At the moment it failed, what happened to that 1GW of power that should have gone through it?

Posted: 15 Oct 2021 05:13 AM PDT

This is the story: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/sep/15/fire-shuts-one-of-uk-most-important-power-cables-in-midst-of-supply-crunch

I'm aware that power generation and consumption have to be balanced. I'm curious as to what happens to the "extra" power that a moment before was going through the interconnector and being consumed?

Edit: thank you to everyone who replied, I find this stuff fascinating.

submitted by /u/dr_lm
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How did humans figure what the sun is made of?

Posted: 15 Oct 2021 04:37 AM PDT

If a persons brain is split into two hemispheres what would happen when trying to converse with the two hemispheres independently? For example asking what's your name, can you speak, can you see, can you hear, who are you...

Posted: 14 Oct 2021 05:52 AM PDT

Started thinking about this after watching this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfYbgdo8e-8

It talks about the effects on a person after having a surgery to cut the bridge between the brains hemispheres to aid with seizures and presumably more.

It shows experiments where for example both hemispheres are asked to pick their favourite colour, and they both pick differently.

What I haven't been able to find is an experiment to try have a conversation with the non speaking hemisphere and understand if it is a separate consciousness, and what it controls/did control when the hemispheres were still connected.

You wouldn't be able to do this though speech, but what about using cards with questions, and a pen and paper for responses for example?

Has this been done, and if not, why not?

Edit: Thanks everyone for all the answers, and recommendations of material to check out. Will definitely be looking into this more. The research by V. S. Ramachandran especially seems to cover the kinds of questions I was asking so double thanks to anyone who suggested his work. Cheers!

submitted by /u/TwizAU
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By how much could we lower sea levels if we filled the Qattara Depression?

Posted: 15 Oct 2021 02:57 AM PDT

I am aware that rising sea levels aren't the only issue with our ongoin climate crisis, but I was wondering if filling large swaths of land (like the Qattara depression) would have a noticeable impact on sea levels.

So assuming we build a canal and manage to fill it completely, would that have an impact on sea levels?

submitted by /u/Psyman2
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How come Lagrangian and Eulerian approches give different velocity expressions and magnitude if they represent the same object?

Posted: 15 Oct 2021 04:22 AM PDT

Lagrangian and Eulerian approches are both used to describe a body movement, but most of the time they give different velocity expressions and also magnitude: one could be zero and the other different than zero. How could this be possible given that they represent the same object in motion?

submitted by /u/Pleasant_Delivery_68
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How do you calculate energy losses in long distance power lines?

Posted: 15 Oct 2021 03:52 AM PDT

I've been looking in the concept of whitewashing a bit recently and came across articles mentioning companies buying electricity from power plants in other regions that require multiple stepup/down transformers. And Over 1000miles of Power lines combined.

Is there a method to calculate this?

Production -> 300 miles 400MVac mv -> 400mile 400MVac- >200miles of DC cable -> 400 miles 400KVAC -> 20/40 kv destination.

I assume there is significant losses in a setup like this where power isn't brought from the nearby production facilities. I also know this isn't how the power grid works but it's the way that the green energy is defined.

submitted by /u/memehunt3r
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Do the atomic subshells in a given shell have different average radii?

Posted: 14 Oct 2021 11:03 PM PDT

Forgive me - I never took P-Chem.

It struck me that if the primary driver of difference between the shells was the principal quantum number (n), then the azimuthal quantum number didn't seem to explain the difference between the energies of subshells in the same shell (3d > 3p > 3s, e.g.) for the same reasons (where U = F * r), unless it is indeed the case that the increased number of electrons in that subshell caused a mutual repulsion which caused a net outward Force.

submitted by /u/Kyrthis
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Were Henrietta Lacks’ cancer cells unique?

Posted: 14 Oct 2021 12:12 PM PDT

I read an article that said the cancer cells they collected from her without her consent were the first and only cells ever to have been found to multiply outside of the body. Is this correct?

submitted by /u/v-a-g
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Can two people at different inertial frames (skewed light cones relative to each other) communicate information to each other about events outside of their respective light cones?

Posted: 14 Oct 2021 10:49 AM PDT

What keeps magnetic domains in alignment?

Posted: 14 Oct 2021 10:22 AM PDT

In the production of permanent magnets, it is known that heating the metal up and then slowly cooling it down in the presence of a large external magnetic field will align the domains and they will stay in line creating a permanent magnet.

What is it that stops the domains from scattering after they are cooled down in the same way that the domains scatter after a normal piece of metal is removed from a magnetic field?

submitted by /u/Affectionate_Flow682
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Is the antibody concentration really a reliable factor to judge whether a person needs a third vaccine shot?

Posted: 14 Oct 2021 12:51 PM PDT

If the antibody concentration is not a reliable factor for measuring immunity against a certain disease, why is it used as an argument for a third booster vaccination against COVID? I keep reading in the media how the antibody concentration declines over time, and therefore we need to vaccinate especially vulnerable groups for a third time. But to my understanding, the antibody concentration will go down, no matter what. Won't it?

submitted by /u/Willow1337
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Is the power rating of a microwave oven (1100 watts for instance) the actual power the magnetron draws? If do doesn't this mean there can't be more or less efficient microwaves of the same cooking efficacy, barring overhead from control circuitry?

Posted: 14 Oct 2021 08:00 PM PDT

Where does the sugar in fruits come from after they become ripe?

Posted: 14 Oct 2021 08:00 AM PDT

When you go to the store to buy mangos or bananas they come unripe and they are mostly sour and are not very sweet, though after a week when they become ripe they are much more sweet than when they were unripe, my question is whqt happans that makes them so much more sweet?

submitted by /u/yourboi6969420
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Thursday, October 14, 2021

Why is the verb for 'to be' so irregular in so many languages?

Why is the verb for 'to be' so irregular in so many languages?


Why is the verb for 'to be' so irregular in so many languages?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 09:44 AM PDT

This is true of every language that I have more than a fleeting knowledge of: English, Hebrew, Greek, Spanish, and German. Some of these languages (German and English) are very similar, but some (Hebrew and Spanish) are very different. Yet all of them have highly irregular conjugations of their being verbs. Why is this?

Edit: Maybe it's unfair to call the Hebrew word for 'to be' (היה) irregular, but it is triply weak, which makes it nigh impossible to conjugate based on its form.

submitted by /u/FlyingCarsArePlanes
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Jet engines have been increasing their size to increase bypass ratio. What about miniaturizing the core instead?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 12:44 PM PDT

Jet engines have been getting larger and larger to achieve higher and higher bypass ratios in the quest for efficiency.

However, this has resulted in issues like how the CFM LEAP on the 737 MAX had to be moved, resulting in CoG and CoL changes that necessitated the MCAS system.

What about making the core smaller, or making an existing smaller core more powerful to free up fan space that way?

submitted by /u/TronX33
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How do long-acting injectable psychiatric medications help with symptoms for months at a time?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 12:33 PM PDT

For example, Invega Trinza is an antipsychotic given once every 3 months. They also have a once daily oral medicine. They're both listed as the same active ingredient.

Surely it's not a matter of just giving the patient a huge dose of the medication at once.

And I'm also guessing it's not just sitting in the muscle, slowly absorbing over the course of 3 months.

How do these medicines manage symptoms for so long?

submitted by /u/albuterol_abuser
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Why does thunder sound the way it does?

Posted: 14 Oct 2021 01:49 AM PDT

So during a thunderstorm, the following happens after a lightning flash: you can hear the thunder 'approaching' i.e. its sound getting louder and then a 'boom' and mini quake as the shockwave reaches you before going off in the other direction… its pretty intuitive what has happened there. I even understand why there is a delay between the flash and the thunder. But why does thunder have this crackling noise? Why does lightning even come with a noise?

submitted by /u/nickoskal024
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How does the body get rid of pus?

Posted: 14 Oct 2021 01:43 AM PDT

In the case of pimples, how does the body deal with pus if they're unpopped or rupture downward into the skin (as they apparently do)?

submitted by /u/Odd-Ad2382
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How does ammonium ion uptake into muscle promote mass gain?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 12:42 PM PDT

I'm learning about trenbolone and I saw this statement in the Wikipedia article about it, and I can't for the life of me figure out the mechanism of action.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenbolone

submitted by /u/pm-me-sandwich-pics
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Greenland is rising as the glaciers melt. Will the ocean floor sink as the weight of the water above the floor increase?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 03:52 PM PDT

Basically does postglacial rebound effect both directions along the vertical axis? It seems logical that a 12mm rise in Greenland would be offset by a depression spread somewhere else.

submitted by /u/Tigerwolfalphashark
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Will we be able to use the James Webb Space Telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope as an interferometer?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 08:42 AM PDT

With the James Webb Space Telescope reaching its launch site in South America yesterday, I was wondering if it was possible to use it and the Hubble Space Telescope together as an interferometer? If it is possible, are there any plans to position them at opposite sides of Earth and use the telescopes as an interferometer?

submitted by /u/MOREiLEARNandLESSiNO
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Is it possible to test for chirality in a substance? If so, how?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 01:30 PM PDT

Basically, if I am given a random substance which I know the formula of, is there a procedure I can do to check if there are left and/or right handed versions of its molecule in the substance (assume the substance is perfectly pure), without prior knowledge it can be chiral in the first place?

If I can identify this, is there a way to check the proportions of left : right isomers (e.g: 54% left 46% right)?

submitted by /u/epicalepical
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Is it more efficient to have less fuel in your car due to less weight being pulled?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 01:03 PM PDT

A day is 24 hours. Earth's rotation is 23. 56 and change. Where do those 4 minutes go? And why isn't the time scale divided so it's 24 hours exactly?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 10:18 PM PDT

What’s the deal with this new “signal we’ve never seen before” from space?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 11:52 PM PDT

I don't have the article handy but I'm sure many of you have seen it floating around. Obviously the need in me would love for this to be suspiciously different (you know what I mean) but I'm sure it's some natural phenomenon we just haven't seen yet.

What is our current best guess?

submitted by /u/OneMoreTime5
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If fats are made of fatty acids, why don't fatty foods taste acidic?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 10:22 AM PDT

I find it weird that acidic foods that taste sour (lemon, vinegar, etc.) seem be the complete opposite of fatty foods that taste rich, so much that they complement/balance each other out flavour-wise. But if fats are made of fatty acids, why do they taste so opposite from other acids? Why don't the H+ ion receptors on our tongues recognize them as acids?

submitted by /u/peanutsandfuck
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Why aren't gun bullets heavier but slower to avoid breaking the sound barrier?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 01:17 AM PDT

Force = mass x momentum. Why don't ammo manufacturers reduce momentum but increase mass to avoid breaking the sound barrier (so that the gun is quieter) while at the same time maintaining it's lethality.

submitted by /u/Sol33t303
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What is the vaccine efficacy against severe disease if an adult only takes one dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 01:50 PM PDT

The vaccine efficacy of Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine was calculated after 2 doses, in the Phase 3 clinical trial. I am wondering if any trial was done to calculate the vaccine efficacy after only 1 dose? One study showed extended interval (8 to 12 weeks) can generate higher antibody responses in older people. But this was not a clinical trial. So one can't calculate the vaccine efficacy. Thank you.

submitted by /u/zorro_usa84
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If there is one plant of a species in an area, and it goes to seed, are the seeds viable?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 08:36 PM PDT

I collected some Illinois Bundleflower seeds from a single plant in my neighborhood. As far as I know, it was the only IB plant in the neighborhood. I tried growing the seeds I collected on multiple occasions, and they never grew. Could somebody explain why it is not growing plants from the seeds I collected?

submitted by /u/Baclofriend
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Wednesday, October 13, 2021

Does a combustion reaction always need to have an organic compound and oxygen gas as the reactants and water and Carbon dioxide as the product?

Does a combustion reaction always need to have an organic compound and oxygen gas as the reactants and water and Carbon dioxide as the product?


Does a combustion reaction always need to have an organic compound and oxygen gas as the reactants and water and Carbon dioxide as the product?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 03:51 AM PDT

What if there's no organic compound present in the reaction? Is that considered already as not a combustion reaction?

submitted by /u/INFP-Ca
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How did a Space Rocket take off again from the surface of Moon?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 01:22 AM PDT

I have seen many times in movies and other documentaries that when a space shuttle gets out of our atmosphere its propellers get detached and after flying for some time, it lands somewhere safely (Consider Moon). Now the question that has been troubling me is that if the rocket has no propulsion system to take off from the surface of moon then how does the rocket escape the Surface of Moon and how does it come back to Earth?
(btw my first language is not English, so sorry if I said anything wrong)

submitted by /u/TheVeterano_007
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What would happen if we removed too much CO2 from the atmosphere? How much would be too much?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 07:20 AM PDT

Earth is a very fragile ecosystem and everything is about balance. One relatively minor event (on a planetary scale) can drastically alter our climate for countless years. We're starting to see this with global warming.

Carbon capture is currently possible, however at the moment it's prohibitively expensive and not used very much. What would happen if we were started being carbon negative? Would we see an initial reversal in climate change to where we were pre-industrial revolution? What would happen if we kept going after that though? Would we have a slow global cooling?

submitted by /u/_DeanRiding
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When thermal energy, and kinetic energy, is transfered, is there a particle that actually moves between substances? Does it have a name, like how Light is made up of photons?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 09:56 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How do scientists know where radio waves from space come from?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 09:13 AM PDT

Recently read about scientists detecting radio waves from the centre of the Milky Way and it got me wondering, how do they know it was from there? It's probably an obvious answer but I can't find a direct one for it.

submitted by /u/brotato321
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Can you see a black hole accretion disk with the naked eye?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 02:18 PM PDT

If you would be close to a black hole could you see with the naked eye some sort of accretion disk?

submitted by /u/asommg
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Are all surfactants amphiphilic?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 05:01 PM PDT

how do gas stations/fuel stockpiles keep fuel fresh without it going bad?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 02:39 AM PDT

Okay, Question here, gasoline can be stored up to 6 months if done correctly, diesel 3 months, you can add stuff to the fuel to stop it for about a year, that i know, but what about the GIANT fuel stockpiles.. they literally stockpile fuel for years?! How? Like the gasoline breaks down and looses it's combustible properties, Diesel turns into a goop when stored to long, what's the science behind the long term storage of fuel, bc I've searched around and only found that adding chemicals, but that for private use "long term" storage, I'm talking about gas stations that have fuel in the tanks for 4-8 years at a time, fuel stockpiles that have it indefinitely until used

submitted by /u/hendman112
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Does 98 octane petrol means it is more polluting?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 03:28 AM PDT

Was reading a news paper article. The writer mentions that 98 octane petrol is more polluting. I wonder if there is any correlation between octane level and pollution.

https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/spc-bucks-trend-as-pump-prices-in-spore-climb-to-new-highs

submitted by /u/iam_ttl
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If Olfaction relies on small particles coming into contact with receptors in an olfactory organ - how can Sharks "smell blood" from up to a mile away?

Posted: 11 Oct 2021 09:23 PM PDT

The title pretty much explains the question.

submitted by /u/MarkvartVonPzg
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