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Thursday, October 14, 2021

Why is the verb for 'to be' so irregular in so many languages?

Why is the verb for 'to be' so irregular in so many languages?


Why is the verb for 'to be' so irregular in so many languages?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 09:44 AM PDT

This is true of every language that I have more than a fleeting knowledge of: English, Hebrew, Greek, Spanish, and German. Some of these languages (German and English) are very similar, but some (Hebrew and Spanish) are very different. Yet all of them have highly irregular conjugations of their being verbs. Why is this?

Edit: Maybe it's unfair to call the Hebrew word for 'to be' (היה) irregular, but it is triply weak, which makes it nigh impossible to conjugate based on its form.

submitted by /u/FlyingCarsArePlanes
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Jet engines have been increasing their size to increase bypass ratio. What about miniaturizing the core instead?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 12:44 PM PDT

Jet engines have been getting larger and larger to achieve higher and higher bypass ratios in the quest for efficiency.

However, this has resulted in issues like how the CFM LEAP on the 737 MAX had to be moved, resulting in CoG and CoL changes that necessitated the MCAS system.

What about making the core smaller, or making an existing smaller core more powerful to free up fan space that way?

submitted by /u/TronX33
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How do long-acting injectable psychiatric medications help with symptoms for months at a time?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 12:33 PM PDT

For example, Invega Trinza is an antipsychotic given once every 3 months. They also have a once daily oral medicine. They're both listed as the same active ingredient.

Surely it's not a matter of just giving the patient a huge dose of the medication at once.

And I'm also guessing it's not just sitting in the muscle, slowly absorbing over the course of 3 months.

How do these medicines manage symptoms for so long?

submitted by /u/albuterol_abuser
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Why does thunder sound the way it does?

Posted: 14 Oct 2021 01:49 AM PDT

So during a thunderstorm, the following happens after a lightning flash: you can hear the thunder 'approaching' i.e. its sound getting louder and then a 'boom' and mini quake as the shockwave reaches you before going off in the other direction… its pretty intuitive what has happened there. I even understand why there is a delay between the flash and the thunder. But why does thunder have this crackling noise? Why does lightning even come with a noise?

submitted by /u/nickoskal024
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How does the body get rid of pus?

Posted: 14 Oct 2021 01:43 AM PDT

In the case of pimples, how does the body deal with pus if they're unpopped or rupture downward into the skin (as they apparently do)?

submitted by /u/Odd-Ad2382
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How does ammonium ion uptake into muscle promote mass gain?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 12:42 PM PDT

I'm learning about trenbolone and I saw this statement in the Wikipedia article about it, and I can't for the life of me figure out the mechanism of action.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenbolone

submitted by /u/pm-me-sandwich-pics
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Greenland is rising as the glaciers melt. Will the ocean floor sink as the weight of the water above the floor increase?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 03:52 PM PDT

Basically does postglacial rebound effect both directions along the vertical axis? It seems logical that a 12mm rise in Greenland would be offset by a depression spread somewhere else.

submitted by /u/Tigerwolfalphashark
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Will we be able to use the James Webb Space Telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope as an interferometer?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 08:42 AM PDT

With the James Webb Space Telescope reaching its launch site in South America yesterday, I was wondering if it was possible to use it and the Hubble Space Telescope together as an interferometer? If it is possible, are there any plans to position them at opposite sides of Earth and use the telescopes as an interferometer?

submitted by /u/MOREiLEARNandLESSiNO
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Is it possible to test for chirality in a substance? If so, how?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 01:30 PM PDT

Basically, if I am given a random substance which I know the formula of, is there a procedure I can do to check if there are left and/or right handed versions of its molecule in the substance (assume the substance is perfectly pure), without prior knowledge it can be chiral in the first place?

If I can identify this, is there a way to check the proportions of left : right isomers (e.g: 54% left 46% right)?

submitted by /u/epicalepical
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Is it more efficient to have less fuel in your car due to less weight being pulled?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 01:03 PM PDT

A day is 24 hours. Earth's rotation is 23. 56 and change. Where do those 4 minutes go? And why isn't the time scale divided so it's 24 hours exactly?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 10:18 PM PDT

What’s the deal with this new “signal we’ve never seen before” from space?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 11:52 PM PDT

I don't have the article handy but I'm sure many of you have seen it floating around. Obviously the need in me would love for this to be suspiciously different (you know what I mean) but I'm sure it's some natural phenomenon we just haven't seen yet.

What is our current best guess?

submitted by /u/OneMoreTime5
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If fats are made of fatty acids, why don't fatty foods taste acidic?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 10:22 AM PDT

I find it weird that acidic foods that taste sour (lemon, vinegar, etc.) seem be the complete opposite of fatty foods that taste rich, so much that they complement/balance each other out flavour-wise. But if fats are made of fatty acids, why do they taste so opposite from other acids? Why don't the H+ ion receptors on our tongues recognize them as acids?

submitted by /u/peanutsandfuck
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Why aren't gun bullets heavier but slower to avoid breaking the sound barrier?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 01:17 AM PDT

Force = mass x momentum. Why don't ammo manufacturers reduce momentum but increase mass to avoid breaking the sound barrier (so that the gun is quieter) while at the same time maintaining it's lethality.

submitted by /u/Sol33t303
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What is the vaccine efficacy against severe disease if an adult only takes one dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 01:50 PM PDT

The vaccine efficacy of Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine was calculated after 2 doses, in the Phase 3 clinical trial. I am wondering if any trial was done to calculate the vaccine efficacy after only 1 dose? One study showed extended interval (8 to 12 weeks) can generate higher antibody responses in older people. But this was not a clinical trial. So one can't calculate the vaccine efficacy. Thank you.

submitted by /u/zorro_usa84
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If there is one plant of a species in an area, and it goes to seed, are the seeds viable?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 08:36 PM PDT

I collected some Illinois Bundleflower seeds from a single plant in my neighborhood. As far as I know, it was the only IB plant in the neighborhood. I tried growing the seeds I collected on multiple occasions, and they never grew. Could somebody explain why it is not growing plants from the seeds I collected?

submitted by /u/Baclofriend
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Wednesday, October 13, 2021

Does a combustion reaction always need to have an organic compound and oxygen gas as the reactants and water and Carbon dioxide as the product?

Does a combustion reaction always need to have an organic compound and oxygen gas as the reactants and water and Carbon dioxide as the product?


Does a combustion reaction always need to have an organic compound and oxygen gas as the reactants and water and Carbon dioxide as the product?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 03:51 AM PDT

What if there's no organic compound present in the reaction? Is that considered already as not a combustion reaction?

submitted by /u/INFP-Ca
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How did a Space Rocket take off again from the surface of Moon?

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 01:22 AM PDT

I have seen many times in movies and other documentaries that when a space shuttle gets out of our atmosphere its propellers get detached and after flying for some time, it lands somewhere safely (Consider Moon). Now the question that has been troubling me is that if the rocket has no propulsion system to take off from the surface of moon then how does the rocket escape the Surface of Moon and how does it come back to Earth?
(btw my first language is not English, so sorry if I said anything wrong)

submitted by /u/TheVeterano_007
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What would happen if we removed too much CO2 from the atmosphere? How much would be too much?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 07:20 AM PDT

Earth is a very fragile ecosystem and everything is about balance. One relatively minor event (on a planetary scale) can drastically alter our climate for countless years. We're starting to see this with global warming.

Carbon capture is currently possible, however at the moment it's prohibitively expensive and not used very much. What would happen if we were started being carbon negative? Would we see an initial reversal in climate change to where we were pre-industrial revolution? What would happen if we kept going after that though? Would we have a slow global cooling?

submitted by /u/_DeanRiding
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When thermal energy, and kinetic energy, is transfered, is there a particle that actually moves between substances? Does it have a name, like how Light is made up of photons?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 09:56 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 13 Oct 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How do scientists know where radio waves from space come from?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 09:13 AM PDT

Recently read about scientists detecting radio waves from the centre of the Milky Way and it got me wondering, how do they know it was from there? It's probably an obvious answer but I can't find a direct one for it.

submitted by /u/brotato321
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Can you see a black hole accretion disk with the naked eye?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 02:18 PM PDT

If you would be close to a black hole could you see with the naked eye some sort of accretion disk?

submitted by /u/asommg
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Are all surfactants amphiphilic?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 05:01 PM PDT

how do gas stations/fuel stockpiles keep fuel fresh without it going bad?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 02:39 AM PDT

Okay, Question here, gasoline can be stored up to 6 months if done correctly, diesel 3 months, you can add stuff to the fuel to stop it for about a year, that i know, but what about the GIANT fuel stockpiles.. they literally stockpile fuel for years?! How? Like the gasoline breaks down and looses it's combustible properties, Diesel turns into a goop when stored to long, what's the science behind the long term storage of fuel, bc I've searched around and only found that adding chemicals, but that for private use "long term" storage, I'm talking about gas stations that have fuel in the tanks for 4-8 years at a time, fuel stockpiles that have it indefinitely until used

submitted by /u/hendman112
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Does 98 octane petrol means it is more polluting?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 03:28 AM PDT

Was reading a news paper article. The writer mentions that 98 octane petrol is more polluting. I wonder if there is any correlation between octane level and pollution.

https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/spc-bucks-trend-as-pump-prices-in-spore-climb-to-new-highs

submitted by /u/iam_ttl
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If Olfaction relies on small particles coming into contact with receptors in an olfactory organ - how can Sharks "smell blood" from up to a mile away?

Posted: 11 Oct 2021 09:23 PM PDT

The title pretty much explains the question.

submitted by /u/MarkvartVonPzg
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Tuesday, October 12, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We're scientists and engineers working on NASA's Lucy mission to explore Jupiter's Trojan Asteroids. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're scientists and engineers working on NASA's Lucy mission to explore Jupiter's Trojan Asteroids. Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We're scientists and engineers working on NASA's Lucy mission to explore Jupiter's Trojan Asteroids. Ask us anything!

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 01:00 AM PDT

The Trojan asteroids are rocky worlds as old as our solar system, and they share an orbit with Jupiter around the Sun. They're thought to be remnants of the primordial material that formed the outer planets. On Oct. 16, NASA's Lucy mission is scheduled to launch from Cape Canaveral, Florida, to explore these small worlds for the first time. Lucy was named after the fossilized human ancestor (called "Lucy" by her discoverers) whose skeleton expanded our understanding of human evolution. The Lucy Mission hopes to expand our understanding of solar system evolution by visiting these 4.5-billion-year-old planetary "fossils." We are:

  • Jeremy Knittel, Senior Mission Design and Navigation Engineer at KinetX Aerospace
  • Amy Simon, Senior Planetary Scientist for NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
  • Audrey Martin, Graduate Research Assistant at Northern Arizona University
  • Cory Prykull, Systems Integration and Test Supervisor at Lockheed Martin
  • Joel Parker, Director at Southwest Research Institute

All about the Lucy mission: www.nasa.gov/lucy

We'll be here from from 2-3 p.m. EDT (18-19 UT), ask us anything!

Username: /u/NASA

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Isn't CO2 emission reduction without carbon capture somewhat pointless?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 01:48 AM PDT

So as far as I understand it the CO2 content of the air simply determines the rate of change of the earth's temperature. Right now the energy surplus from solar radiation on the earth is somewhere around 1 W/m², which leads to warming. If we hypothetically reduced our CO2 output to zero instantly, we'd still maintain the same CO2 atmosphere content and thus radioation surplus and the same rate of change, so the earth would still heat up at the current pace, right? Am I missing something? And if I'm not, isn't it then mandatory to also look into ways of reducing the rate of change of temperature, rather than only trying to reduce the pace at which the rate of change rises (=reducing emissions)?

submitted by /u/Troggolicious
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Have any other planets experienced reversal of the magnetic poles?

Posted: 11 Oct 2021 08:12 PM PDT

Fast charging: How do your charger knows what voltage to release?

Posted: 12 Oct 2021 01:47 AM PDT

So, fast charging has been a thing for a while now, and as far as I know there is no standard for it. So, what I keep thinking is, how does a particular charger knows that the phone plugged into it is compatible with the kind of fast charging voltage it is able to provide? Does it know? Thanks for coming here :)

submitted by /u/Mr_Bille
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How do deciduous plants sense the change of seasons?

Posted: 11 Oct 2021 04:06 PM PDT

How do deciduous plants 'know' that the seasons change? Do they sense the change in temperature to start shedding or growing leaves or do they have some kind of internal clock? If it is the change of temperature, what if the temperature of a particular season is not normal, for example if it keeps warm in autumn?

submitted by /u/Jusfiq
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Some carnivores have this notch near the front of their upper jaw that interrupts the tooth row. I can't seem to find any satisfying reason for why it's there. Anyone got an answer?

Posted: 11 Oct 2021 04:31 PM PDT

The only examples I've found so far are in reptiles like crocodiles and a couple of dinosaurs like Spinosaurus and Dilophosaurus. I've seen it referred to as a "subnarial gap" in dinosaurs.It seems like it's there to make space for larger teeth in the lower jaw to poke up through an overbite but I'm curious as to why that kind of jaw shape would be advantageous. Perhaps something to do with catching fish? I really haven't a clue.

EDIT:

It's a new day and I've done a little more looking around for answers. Found a really interesting paper on fish dentition that suggests having larger teeth at the front of the lower jaw could be to assist in capturing elusive prey.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335752364_Functional_implications_of_dentition-based_morphotypes_in_piscivorous_fishes/download

That makes a good deal of sense to me at least. When an animal bites, it moves the lower jaw a lot more quickly than the upper one as it's not got an entire head attached to it. So some large teeth at the front of the lower jaw would likely be useful to puncture smaller prey during the bite and prevent them from escaping before the upper jaw engages.

To have this provide a meaningful advantage for larger predators, the jaw has to be quite long (both for increased jaw speed and to make it significantly easier to catch with the front of the mouth than the back) and the prey has to be quite small (so that the greater bite force at the back of the jaw isn't needed to maintain a hold) so this morphology seems only likely to show up in fairly specific niches.

I think I'm satisfied with this answer, but if anyone has something to add, or is unconvinced by this explanation, by all means say something.

submitted by /u/Makura_Gaeshi
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Are there any positive effects of a volcano explosion?

Posted: 11 Oct 2021 05:03 PM PDT

Hello! I was wondering if there would be any positive effects of a volcano erupting, whether it may be on the environment, etc. Thanks so much!

submitted by /u/aeridactle
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How did black holes at the size and mass of TON 618 even form? I know about the concept of quasi stars but still a black hole forming from such a star wouldnt even compare to TON 618

Posted: 11 Oct 2021 10:31 AM PDT

How do furanocoumarin compounds activate the arachidonic acid cascade?

Posted: 11 Oct 2021 02:37 PM PDT

When did the flu become endemic in society? I read that it was after the Spanish flu, is this true?

Posted: 10 Oct 2021 07:06 PM PDT

How Often does Mercury Get Hit by Coronal Mass Ejections?

Posted: 10 Oct 2021 01:02 PM PDT

What exactly happens in my body when I drink a "zero calorie" diet tea with sucralose? What does the body do with sucralose?

Posted: 10 Oct 2021 02:03 PM PDT

Monday, October 11, 2021

Can you be dyslexic in one language and not be in another?

Can you be dyslexic in one language and not be in another?


Can you be dyslexic in one language and not be in another?

Posted: 11 Oct 2021 06:16 AM PDT

I was never diagnosed with dyslexia but i think i might have it but its not the same for the languages i speak. I can speak 4 languages. English is not my native language but i never really had problems with it. But i have a hard time pronouncing longer words in my native language and that is the only thing i cant really do in my native language but in german i can't read for the love of god its unbelievable hard and even if i can read i dont understand what i read it all sounds gibberish in my head. I do not have a problem speaking listening or even writing it, just reading it. Is that normal or is it something else?

submitted by /u/pandamanthefirst
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Does the total surface area of two submerged air bubbles remain the same if they merge?

Posted: 10 Oct 2021 08:21 AM PDT

How does weight loss work? Where does the weight "go"?

Posted: 11 Oct 2021 04:18 AM PDT

I am a simple man so excuse me if this is a soomewhat childish question, but where does the a person's excess weight "go" when spent/burned? If a person stopped eating for five days they would presumebly lose weight, but they wouldn't be excementing anything as that is for processing incoming food. So where does the weight "go"? Is is all sweat, tears, urine and other waste that leaves the body or is there someother way it leaves?

submitted by /u/WantonReader
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Accuracy of GC-MS + NMR comparing to an HPLC test for hormone?

Posted: 11 Oct 2021 02:02 AM PDT

When determining the type and amount of hormone in an oil substance how do these methods compare?

submitted by /u/GustavPedrikov
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What are the physiological differences between the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta variants? Have they been identified?

Posted: 10 Oct 2021 07:13 PM PDT

Genomic sequencing is done to determine what variant an individual has been infected with, so the consequential mutation(s) within the genome has/have obviously been identified. I would anticipate, then, that the physiological expression of the mutation(s) is/are also known, but I have been unable to find that information.

I must admit I'm not the most adept at scrounging through scientific databases, though, so I'm hopeful someone here can help me out!

Thanks!

submitted by /u/bratman33
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Why can’t babies eat honey?

Posted: 09 Oct 2021 10:36 PM PDT

I know the basic answers "Honey can contain spores of Chlortridium botulinum which babies can't digest". But I want a deeper answer, why can't babies digest it but adults can? It also raises another question, some adults get botulinum toxin from improperly canned food because the spores activate in low oxygen environments, but why is it that why the spores are in the canned food adults can't digest it but they can when it's in honey?

submitted by /u/Suspicious_Role5912
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If human bodies reject organ transplants because of foreign DNA, why can we receive blood transfusions from other people with no problem?

Posted: 09 Oct 2021 11:24 PM PDT

Do other animals carry tools?

Posted: 09 Oct 2021 06:08 PM PDT

I know that other animals will use tools. Otters will use rocks to crack open clams, birds will use sticks to capture insects ect. But do these animals carry tools? Will they use a certain stick repeatedly because it works better? Will they have a favorite rock they carry with them to open tree nuts? Or are humans the only animal who constantly carry tools with them?

submitted by /u/sharpthing201
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What is the youngest known species, evolutionarily speaking?

Posted: 09 Oct 2021 02:50 PM PDT

Also, assuming humans cause most extinctions currently, how likely is another evolutionary explosion should humans die off in significant numbers? Will life reemerge from the sea and successfully compete with existing non-aquatic species?

submitted by /u/varontron
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Why doesn't aging affect mitochondrial inheritance?

Posted: 09 Oct 2021 02:48 PM PDT

It is my understanding that mitochondrions are mainly inherited from the mother and that their genomes always remain separate and never undergo meiosis. which means they constantly have to do mitosis to be passed on through human generations. But why do mitochondrions never become senescent, why doesn't their genome get hypermethylated thereby losing correct gene expression and why don't they eventually stop functioning due to DNA damage? Human oocytes generally live in a suspended cell cycle with energy being expended on DNA repair and older human males have their germ cell lines become increasingly genetically unstable as they age which leads to less succesful pregnancies and various health issues in children. Why don't mitochondrions abide by the same rules? They have no oocyte like mechanism to prevent mutations, there are no suspended pure mitochondrions so they should get affected by normal aging processes? Right?

submitted by /u/VersaBot
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Sunday, October 10, 2021

How do bugs not go extinct in an area after every freezing winter?

How do bugs not go extinct in an area after every freezing winter?


How do bugs not go extinct in an area after every freezing winter?

Posted: 09 Oct 2021 11:36 AM PDT

What makes some insects die but others of the same species survive the freezing temperatures?

submitted by /u/JarJarAwakens
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What is the geographical causes for long, thin stretches of land offshore from mainland areas? For example, Outerbanks, NC, Longboat Key, FL, or Pensacola Beach, FL?

Posted: 09 Oct 2021 08:14 AM PDT

Can all analog things be precisely modeled in digital form? If not, why not? What is the actual difference in analog and digital?

Posted: 09 Oct 2021 06:46 AM PDT

Can someone explain the difference and metallurgical changes concerning annealing and tempering of metals?

Posted: 09 Oct 2021 07:21 AM PDT