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Tuesday, October 5, 2021

As light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum why is it referred to in terms of photons whereas frequencies that are higher/lower are not?

As light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum why is it referred to in terms of photons whereas frequencies that are higher/lower are not?


As light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum why is it referred to in terms of photons whereas frequencies that are higher/lower are not?

Posted: 05 Oct 2021 05:11 AM PDT

If the Higgs field gives mass to matter, and the mass of matter curves spacetime, and said curvature is the basis of gravity; does this imply that the Higgs field causes gravity?

Posted: 05 Oct 2021 07:48 AM PDT

Is the Asteroid Belt in our Solar System 'flat' or does it cover 360 degrees around Mars?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 12:18 PM PDT

This may be an absurdly dumb question, but just curious

So was wondering - is the asteroid belt in our solar system flat like the belt of rocks around Saturn or does it basically cover 360 degrees around the area between Mars and Jupiter? I know the asteroids are very far apart from each other, but was curious if they coalesced into a "flat" formation like Saturn's ring or are they in every single direction?

Thank you for your time!

submitted by /u/RockBandDood
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How do the lipid nanoparticles in mRNA vaccines trigger membrane fusion?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 07:43 PM PDT

As far as I know, enveloped viruses have proteins that cause the viral envelope to fuse with cell membranes. It doesn't look like the vaccine lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have any such proteins, so why are they able to fuse with cell membranes without them when viruses don't seem to be able to do that?

Also, is there any evidence that we're going to have the same worry with LNP formulations that we do with adenovirus-based vaccines -- namely, prior exposure to that particular vector may cause the immune system to attack it before it can deliver its payload?

submitted by /u/ateegar
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Why is the sun composed of just hydrogen and helium while the rest of the solar system is made predominantly of heavier elements?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 06:57 PM PDT

If we (and the planets) are indeed made of stardust from exploded stars, why then isn't also our sun?

submitted by /u/IGottaHandItToMe
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Is it possible that there's a planet orbiting the sun perpendicular to the coplanar orbit of the eight planets?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 07:46 PM PDT

And assuming it exists, what would it mean for our solar sytem and could it be a reason for some anomalies Just a thought question.

submitted by /u/zzz_yeiji
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How does the synchronizer work in a manual transmission? especially at a high speed?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 08:54 PM PDT

Do plants have some form of adaptive immunity similar to that found in animals?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 08:28 PM PDT

For example, upon repeated encounters with the same pathogen the plant will recover faster. If plants indeed have some form of adaptive immunity, would plant "vaccinations" - artificially inserting pathogens into the plant - be a plausible idea? If plants do not have an adaptive immune system, what is the evolutionary reason for lacking an adaptive immune system which you would think would be helpful for survival?

submitted by /u/jer-jk
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Why is Laplace's equation so important in electrodynamics?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 03:02 PM PDT

I'm taking an E&M class and using Griffith's *Electrodynamics* textbook and in the section about Laplace's equation he talks about it like the it's most amazing thing ever, but I don't get it. Why do we care so much about the case when the charge density is zero? If I understand the Laplacian operator correctly, that would mean the E field has to have a constant value in that region (although it feels like it should be zero, a physicist friend assures me that's not necessarily the case) and that doesn't sound very interesting. I mean, I get why the equation would be important to other branches of physics since the Laplacian being zero in vector calculus is analogous to the first derivative being constant in single variable calculus and those kinds of functions are just easier to work with, but I don't get why it's so important in E&M in particular.

submitted by /u/dcfan105
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How do we know that asymptomatic infections exist?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 11:46 AM PDT

I personally don't understand how anyone can get infected by a virus and not show symptoms, so I'm asking why for clarity.

submitted by /u/Luffy507
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How do pilots or sailors navigate over the poles? Do we have gps capabilities at high latitudes to overcome the acuteness of the magnetic direction?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 07:13 PM PDT

Additionally, how close can a flight get to passing over the magnetic pole? I assume they try to avoid is if possible.

submitted by /u/Kyjoza
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How does Niemann-Pick disease (type A) cause organ swelling?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 09:10 PM PDT

I understand that the disease causes a buildup of sphingomyelin in cells due to a deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase, but how does this contribute to the swelling of the spleen and liver that's seen in so many cases of the disease?

submitted by /u/IntrovertNeptune
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Watched a video on the JWST and it was said it orbits the L2 of the Sun-Earth system. How can it orbit that point with no mass there?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 09:29 AM PDT

Smarter Every Day interview with Dr. John Mather

At L2 (about 4x the distance to the moon) the pull of the sun and earth create enough combined gravity for a stable orbit around the sun. I don't see what can provide the acceleration though to orbit around that point. It seemed like he was about to say it was more fuel efficient to orbit than to come to rest, I can see that.

EDIT: What's with the copy and pasting? Karma farming accounts?

submitted by /u/SuperSimpleSam
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Why are fossil fuel deposits all hydrocarbons?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 12:25 PM PDT

I've heard multiple times that fossil fuels consist of hydrocarbons, mostly alkanes and cyclic thingies. But if fossil fuels are made of the remains of compressed organic matter, where is all the nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur etc?

submitted by /u/TranquilityTurtle
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Why did Pfizer's COVID vaccine clinical trials EXCLUDE those previously infected?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 05:56 PM PDT

In the official clinical trial documents, I noticed that people who have had COVID were excluded from the study:

Exclusion Criteria:

...

Previous clinical (based on COVID-19 symptoms/signs alone, if a SARS-CoV-2 NAAT result was not available) or microbiological (based on COVID-19 symptoms/signs and a positive SARS-CoV-2 NAAT result) diagnosis of COVID 19

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368728

My question is, what is the scientific reasoning behind this exclusion, when usually clinical trials try to recruit a more diverse group of subjects?

submitted by /u/a_teletubby
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Where do butterflies get their pigmentation and wing patterns from? Why do they have different wing patterns?

Posted: 03 Oct 2021 07:54 PM PDT

I teach in an after school program for middle schoolers and a student said to me she rather believe fairies exist because it's more fun to imagine that the fairies paint butterflies and give them their colors/wing patterns rather than the butterflies just coming out that way from their chrysalis.

This experience led to some conflicting emotions inside me. While I don't want to extinguish any creativity/imagination in children, I also don't want them believing in things that are false and thinking that the world is boring when in fact everything is wonderfully complex and ridiculously interesting on so many different levels.

I like to believe that a lot of the time, truth genuinely is way stranger than fiction (like the fact that we're living on a ball, half of it is sticking upside down and it's spinning around a big glob of gas and fire in space as Richard Feynman put it https://youtu.be/lmTmGLzPVyM)

However, I know nothing about butterflies and I'm not nearly as great a scientific communicator as Richard Feynman - I'm like a chimp compared to him haha

How can I explain the phenomenon of butterfly wing designs/colors in a compelling and accurate way - and in a way that a middle school student (and myself for that matter) can understand?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/jgonzalez-cs
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Does a Tesseract have 24 or 34 faces?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 05:12 AM PDT

So, I wanted to design some 4th dimensional dice, just for kicks. It turns out someone's already done that. Well, I still want to make my own, but wikipedia says the Tesseract has: 8 Cells, 24 Faces, 32 Edges, and 16 Vertices... but when I counted a net of a tesseract I came up with 34 faces instead. Can someone look at the picture? It's color coded so it should be easy to see how I counted all the faces. But which part is wrong? How many faces can land upwards on a tesseract?

submitted by /u/ninety-eightpointsix
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Do icebreakers and other large ships destroying ice sheets have detrimental effects on Arctic ice build up?

Posted: 03 Oct 2021 06:41 PM PDT

Monday, October 4, 2021

Can an individual's blood carry a cure for a virus outbreak like the movies?

Can an individual's blood carry a cure for a virus outbreak like the movies?


Can an individual's blood carry a cure for a virus outbreak like the movies?

Posted: 03 Oct 2021 01:39 PM PDT

I've read there are some experiments suggesting plasma from covid survivor's could help fight the spread. Though it got me wondering how much truth is in the possibility of one persons blood being the key to a widespread virus like many movies.

submitted by /u/Whiskey--Jack
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How sure are we that nuclear fusion reactors are possible?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 05:52 AM PDT

I know that nuclear fusion occurs in labs all the time here on Earth and that there are a few different groups trying to make a fusion reactor where you get more energy out than you put in.

My question is, how sure are we that these attempts at net positive fusion reactions are actually possible? Asked another way, I am wondering if fusion reactors are something that we can definitely make it is just a matter of figuring out the technology... Or if it's something that hypothetically can totally exist (thermonuclear bombs work, after all) but scientists are still unsure if the constraints of 'a continuous reaction that gives off more energy than it requires' can be reasonably met.

A sort of parallel idea here to illustrate what I'm talking about: we know that small flying vehicles (ie: flying cars) can totally exist, but that they are totally impractical as a solution that everyone will use to get around.

submitted by /u/SlickMcFav0rit3
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Do different gases convect heat at different rates?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 05:37 AM PDT

Metal and wood conduct heat at two different rates, but do gases behave the same? If there is a difference, would the effect be noticeable by touch?

submitted by /u/Jhart344
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What is the heaviest element formed during neutron star collisions?

Posted: 04 Oct 2021 02:39 AM PDT

The two hot leads in a 250 volt electrical circuits are said to be "180° out of phase with each other", but 480v systems are 120° out of phase. How does the 120° phase get turned into 180°?

Posted: 03 Oct 2021 09:21 PM PDT

I recently wired an outlet for a welder that was 250v. From some basic YouTube videos, I understand that industrial applications of electricity often use 480v. If 480v is made in three phases, 120° from each other, how is 250v with exactly opposite phases made for houses?

submitted by /u/teedle_Ee
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Do the Covid-19 vaccinations provide protection against other "common cold" coronaviruses? Just how common are/were they if so?

Posted: 03 Oct 2021 08:43 PM PDT

As I understand it, there are other coronaviruses that are considered a "common cold". Do we know what impact (if any) the vaccinations could be having against those? Would that cover a reasonable percentage of common colds?

Also, is it likely spike protein vaccination provides potential protection to other non-coronavirus type viruses that also employ a spike protein?

submitted by /u/tastyratz
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Why rotating hyperbole removes the squares from the variables?

Posted: 03 Oct 2021 10:35 PM PDT

For simplicity, lets just assume the basic hyperbola which is x^2 - y^2 = 1. Why rotating it 45 degrees results in a simple xy = 1?

Is there any general rule for something like this for general hyperbola?

submitted by /u/Dijkztra
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Relationship between Gibb’s FE and reactants/products, along with activation energy?

Posted: 03 Oct 2021 08:32 PM PDT

Hi, to give context I'm a biochemistry student and am more concerned on how this relates to things like enzymes, but I would still like a coherent answer because I can't seem to grasp this at all.

On a graph, I could tell you where deltaG is; it's the distance between the reactants and products. But in terms of exo/endothermic reactions, what does this number exactly tell us? How much energy is released/absorbed respectively? Also, where does this free energy come from?

Another thing I'm confused about is the activation energy. Every reaction needs a bit of energy, which I understand. But what about for an endothermic reaction, where the reaction itself consumes energy to create a product with a higher energy than the reactants. What's the difference between that energy consumed (G?) and the activation energy?

Is the activation energy just the barrier between having a reaction occur/not? If someone could help me out I'd appreciate it. ://

submitted by /u/geneticdreamyard
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How do microplastics we ingest affect our health?

Posted: 02 Oct 2021 03:01 PM PDT

Sunday, October 3, 2021

About 6 months ago hundreds of millions of genetically modified mosquitos were released in the Florida Keys. Is there any update on how that's going?

About 6 months ago hundreds of millions of genetically modified mosquitos were released in the Florida Keys. Is there any update on how that's going?


About 6 months ago hundreds of millions of genetically modified mosquitos were released in the Florida Keys. Is there any update on how that's going?

Posted: 02 Oct 2021 11:52 AM PDT

There's an ongoing experiment in Florida involving mosquitos that are engineered to breed only male mosquitos, with the goal of eventually leaving no female mosquitos to reproduce.

In an effort to extinguish a local mosquito population, up to a billion of these mosquitos will be released in the Florida Keys over a period of a few years. How's that going?

submitted by /u/compsc1
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Is plate tectonics necessary to life on Earth as we know it?

Posted: 02 Oct 2021 07:59 PM PDT

Could a planet that is not tectonically active still support life? I have no idea what role plate tectonics plays, if any, in supporting life on Earth.

submitted by /u/DerbyWearingDude
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When the first nuclear submarine, the Nautilus passed under the North pole in 1958, how did they know there is enough room for it between the sea floor and the bottom of the ice?

Posted: 02 Oct 2021 04:11 PM PDT

It was occasionally a close call, so did the Captain of the sub knew in advance the gap's size and that the sub has enough space?

Edit: After learning more about the Poles, the correct answer is that there is no continental shelf under the North Pole and the Arctic sea's depth is 4.2 km there. The ice is only about 2 meters thick so there is plenty of room. Due to global warming during the summer months, it is occasionally iceless now.

But getting there is another issue. The Nautilus had to give up its approach once because in the Bering Sea the ice's thickness was 18 meters and the sea floor was too high up due to a ridge, thus it didn't have enough room.

The second US submarine (USS Skate) reaching the North Pole breached the surface by breaking through the ice.

submitted by /u/VirtualMoneyLover
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Does a volcano erupting reduce the pressure in other nearby volcanos, or is each magma pocket independent?

Posted: 02 Oct 2021 05:32 PM PDT

If someone were to be bit in the face by an animal with rabies would they experience symptoms more quickly?

Posted: 02 Oct 2021 01:42 PM PDT

Saw a post about rabies and some of the comments talked about rabies spread through the nerves to get to the brain. So if someone were to be bit in the face would they experience symptoms faster since the face is close to the brain?

submitted by /u/Shroom_Shroom_1819
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What correlation exists between a negative COVID-19 test and contagiousness?

Posted: 02 Oct 2021 07:53 AM PDT

Specifically, if an individual were to take one of the COVID-19 tests available at pharmacies, like BinaxNOW and similar, get a negative result, does that mean, even if they have, hypothetically, recently been exposed, they don't (yet) have the viral load necessary to be contagious, otherwise the test would have been positive? Or is the test measuring something that is completely distinct from anything related to an individual's contagiousness?

submitted by /u/jobe_br
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Saturday, October 2, 2021

Since a light sail is pushed by photons, can a laser propel itself through space by emitting photons?

Since a light sail is pushed by photons, can a laser propel itself through space by emitting photons?


Since a light sail is pushed by photons, can a laser propel itself through space by emitting photons?

Posted: 01 Oct 2021 10:03 PM PDT

Does DNA change over time?

Posted: 02 Oct 2021 07:07 AM PDT

Does the human DNA genome change as a person ages? By this I mean could you test the DNA of a child and get an exact full profile match to the same person when they have reached old age?

submitted by /u/SirStalin_
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Why was there Pangea?

Posted: 02 Oct 2021 07:35 AM PDT

Pangea being one theorized supercontinent where all of the land used to be one giant land mass. But why was this the case at one point, and what about prior? The earth was one giant fireball and cooled before water came and made oceans, so why did the land all clump together, why not spread out similar to what we have today? Was there a point pre-Pangea where this was the case? I liked the idea of Pangea when I was a high school freshman, but it doesn't make sense that the land would "start out" together like that.

submitted by /u/Ron_Day_Voo
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Why does cold temperatures dry clothes?

Posted: 01 Oct 2021 11:24 PM PDT

In a rainy day, if I leave wet clothes in a bedroom with a heater, they will dry.

And if I leave wet clothes in a bedroom with cold air conditioning it will dry.

Why?

submitted by /u/big0point
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What do we know about the variation in the duration of a year throughout Earth's history?

Posted: 01 Oct 2021 09:55 PM PDT

I am aware that the duration of a day has changed throughout Earth's history (Earth's rotation is slowing down). But what do we know re. the duration of the year? Say, since 4 Gya

Namely:

  • what do we know about the variation of Earth's orbit length / distance to the Sun?
  • what do we know about the variation of Earth's revolution speed?
  • till how long ago are we fairly certain about these?
  • do we have an estimate of a year's length for, say, 4 Gya, 1 Gya, 0.5 Gya and 0.25 Gya, relative to now?
submitted by /u/danicriss
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Is there a building pressure within the earth that’s causing volcanos to erupt?

Posted: 02 Oct 2021 04:30 AM PDT

The La Palma and Kilauea volcanos are erupting at the same time. I'm wondering there is some pressure within the earth that's trying to escape and if maybe we should expect to see more volcanos erupting, or the intensity of these two increase.

submitted by /u/moonstermonster
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What happens to the energy that light loses by red-shifting?

Posted: 01 Oct 2021 09:47 AM PDT

So, possibly this is a fundamental misunderstanding of mine, but I have been asking myself what happens to the energy that light loses as it red-shifts?

It is my understanding that in astronomy one can estimate the distance of an object by its red-shift, or the increase of the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation because of the expansion of space between the object and us (the observer).

So, since light with a shorter wavelength carries more energy than light with a longer wavelength and energy can't be destroyed, where does the engery difference go?

submitted by /u/Tintenlampe
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Could we tell if a black hole was accreting large amounts of dark matter?

Posted: 01 Oct 2021 08:58 PM PDT

Would there be any telltale signs?

submitted by /u/__ByzantineFailure__
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In the interest of not perpetuating misconceptions, what is the ACTUAL mechanism behind osmosis?

Posted: 01 Oct 2021 09:49 AM PDT

Today I found out that the mechanism behind osmosis is talked about as an area of widespread misconceptions. I'm pretty keen on getting it right, especially since it's a concept I teach my biology students. After reading this paper and this paper (although nearly all of the math was lost on me), here's where I'm at:

1) Is osmosis just simple diffusion of water? Well, according to the literature, osmosis can transport water across a membrane faster than simple diffusion could, so then, no?

2) Is osmosis driven by a low relative concentration of water on the solute-rich side of the membrane? Apparently not, because the literature says that you can have water move up its own concentration gradient. The explanations for when and how this occurs are a bit opaque, but my understanding is that some solutes actually break up the intermolecular structure of the water such that the distance between the water molecules decreases, despite the extra volume taken up by the solute molecules?

3) Is osmosis instead driven by attraction between solute and water? This one I've come across a lot, including in answers here on reddit. But it's also listed as a common misconception. I can't tell whether that's because it's plain wrong, or just insufficient to account for the forces involved.

4) The "true explanation" according to both of the linked sources, as far as I've understood it: because solute molecules can't pass the membrane, they're constantly bouncing against it, and hence bouncing back against the water molecules in the solution — so the solute conveys a force from the membrane to the water, directed away from the membrane. But water molecules can still freely diffuse across the membrane from the other side, so this ends up being the net direction of force.

This explanation is still not entirely satisfying to me, though. It seems to me that water molecules from the low-solute-concentration side of the membrane would be just as likely to hit a solute molecule headed towards the membrane as a solute molecule headed away from the membrane.

(NOTE: I realize there are other solvents than water, but goddamn if solute and solvent aren't frustratingly similar words, so I went with water.)

submitted by /u/mabolle
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What happens to the Sars-CoV2 virus when the body's immune system or the vaccine fights it off?

Posted: 01 Oct 2021 06:19 PM PDT

Are we actually eradicating the virus if we recover from COVID?

submitted by /u/sleepy_guy2
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Are there any advantages to conducting research with cell lines derived from aborted fetal tissue compared to using cell lines that are not derived from aborted fetal tissue?

Posted: 01 Oct 2021 04:54 PM PDT

The question is in the title.

submitted by /u/deemoa
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What is the difference in symptomatic response time between two individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2, one who is vaccinated and the other who is not?

Posted: 01 Oct 2021 07:30 AM PDT

Suppose two individuals are exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and become infected at the same time. Would we expect to see the unvaccinated or vaccinated individual showing symptoms first?

My own hypothesis is that the vaccinated individual would have an immune response first, but Google isn't really helping me here. I'd prefer scientific studies and research relating to Covid-19, but any research indicating the difference in immune response between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals for any disease would help me.

Edit:

I realize I should probably elaborate why I think the vaccinated person would show symptoms first. All things being equal, if the only difference between these two hypothetical individuals is that one is vaccinated and the other isn't, the reason I believe the vaccinated individual would develop symptoms first is because their body would recognize the virus quicker and mount an immune response sooner.

However, I am very ignorant in this topic so I'd like some clarity and research to learn more.

submitted by /u/Rozenkrantz
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When did we learn where vaccines should be given?

Posted: 01 Oct 2021 09:39 AM PDT

How was it different in the past?

submitted by /u/Velocititan_Bronto
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Friday, October 1, 2021

How does Europa have liquid water?

How does Europa have liquid water?


How does Europa have liquid water?

Posted: 01 Oct 2021 05:41 AM PDT

I've always understood the habitable zone to be the only distance where liquid water could exist on a planet. Any closer and it would evaporate, any further and it would freeze. The habitable zone for our sun is 0.9 - 1.5 au, yet Jupiter is 5.2 au on average from the sun with the closest distance being 4.95 au.

So how would liquid water be able to exist so far outside (over 3x the furthest distance of the habitable zone)? Is the habitable zone as we currently know it just kind of bs?

submitted by /u/Vesspo
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If a person inhales some amount of a virus (ex., COVID) too small to cause an infection, is there potential to develop immunity?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 11:24 AM PDT

My college has mandatory vaccine & masks, but as expected, there are some students still getting sick. Constantly moving through hallways, I'm potentially (or even likely) being exposed to at least some of the virus. Is there any chance that I'm going to develop super immunity to covid from long term, (hopefully)low level exposure?

Or, to get to the meat of the curiosity, in what circumstances would this/would this not happen with any virus? What is known about the characteristics of such a scenario?

submitted by /u/False-Device-3004
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As humans, are we always carrying viruses? Or do we completely get rid of viruses when we recover from them?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 12:42 PM PDT

I have a high school level biological sciences education and have studied mostly computer science since then. I'm given to understand that some people can be asymptomatic carriers of viruses and I want to understand how this works. From what I understand,

  • Immunocompromised patients, e.g. those with AIDS, die due to causes other than HIV because their body is not able to fight other viruses, like influenza. When this happens, have they contracted influenza externally, or were these viruses in their body waiting to strike?
  • Though I am vaccinated, I may be an asymptomatic carrier of COVID and should be careful out in public places.

But I also thought,

  • Viruses start replicating in your body, literally fill up cells and explode outwards, killing cells. This is how they reproduce, so some cells would always need to either be dying, or keep producing some small amount of the virus, but not enough to kill them, to keep some level of the virus in our body.

So, how does this work? Am I still carrying the influenza variant from the last time I got the flu? I am not currently sick with the flu. Could I spread it to someone who is not immune to that variant? Or did my body completely get rid of that virus?

submitted by /u/FlocculentFractal
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Which of a nuclear explosion's effects are unique to it being nuclear?

Posted: 01 Oct 2021 06:34 AM PDT

Radiation and fallout are obviously due to the radioactive fuel source, but what about things like the flash or mushroom cloud? How many of, say, Little Boy's effects could be replicated with 12,000 tons of conventional explosives?

submitted by /u/DontSeeWhyIMust
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Why are galactic centers always occupied by black holes? Are galaxies to black holes what accretion disks are to stars?

Posted: 01 Oct 2021 06:18 AM PDT

I recently heard from Dr Tyson that all galaxies (or at least the vast majority, he wasn't being super precise in this presentation) we have checked appear to have black holes in their centers. That got me wondering why that would be, and this galaxy-scale accretion disk is the best idea I've got. But I feel like I would have heard of that before if the answer was that simple, and that doesn't really fit with the way that black holes are formed themselves. So what's the deal?

submitted by /u/EcoWraith
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How did we know xenon-124 was radioactive, if its decays are such a rare event needing a massive facility (XENON1T) to even see it?

Posted: 01 Oct 2021 06:49 AM PDT

How much truth or myth is there to the idea of laugh lines and scowl lines?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 03:45 PM PDT

How much truth or myth is there to the idea of "laugh lines" and their counterpart scowl lines?

Are there any good studies that look into the amount that laughing and smiling, or frowning and scowling, actually affect how and where wrinkles form on your face? I imagine itd be very difficult to carry out a proper study of this.

submitted by /u/Marshall_Lawson
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When an earthquake occurs, what physically happens that translates tectonic plate movement to shaking on the Earth's surface?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 05:48 PM PDT

Is an "earthquake" ultimately just powerful vibrations radiating from the fault line, followed by settling of sediment, or is it a more complex chain of events than that?

submitted by /u/RikuAotsuki
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Will electrons switch places in an orbital? Does this even matter if electrons are identical?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 08:10 AM PDT

To keep it easy, let's say you have a helium atom with just two electrons in the orbital. Will they ever swap spins? As in the one that is spin up will "switch" to spin down, while the other switches to spin up? Can you even tell if this happens if electrons are identical?

submitted by /u/Tablecork
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Can hyperthyroidism be caused by iodine supplementation?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 03:35 PM PDT

I've tried researching this myself but the results from google are either horribly vague or conflict with eachother. Will >1100mcg of iodine per day trigger the Wolff-Chaikoff effect? And if so, would continuing iodine supplementation post-Wolff-Chaikoff cause an overproduction of thyroid hormone or will excess iodine be excreted? Or, would continuing iodine supplementation during the Wolff-Chaikoff effect result in hypothyroidism from not escaping the effect? Does the Jod-Basedow phenomenon factor in when there is no iodine deficiency involved?

submitted by /u/dontthrowawaycapes
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Are there any plants or animals that don't catch diseases?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 11:30 AM PDT

What is the chemical reaction that produces the nitrogen oxides in diesel engines ?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 12:07 PM PDT

Is the same amount of nitrogen oxides produced by a gasoline engine, for burning one liter (or gallon) of fuel ?

submitted by /u/Ju5t4n0th3rM4N
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What is the mechanism of Uncanny Valley?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 11:58 AM PDT

Have people before the advent of AI experienced this phenomenon? Are we likely to feel this way about our closest relatives-apes?

submitted by /u/nidarach
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When walking, how do humans change direction? Are the mechanics at play different when doing subtle changes vs 90 degree turns?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 12:11 PM PDT

Since childhood I was wondering how humans change direction/turn.

submitted by /u/Hoihe
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How much heat is released by a processor chip in regards to its consumption ?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 07:44 AM PDT

If a processing chip consumes a given amount of energy, is it going to release as much in heat (minus deformation or chemical reaction and such) ? Or is the computation itself going to take up some of that energy ?

submitted by /u/Arnoulty
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How many people were vaccinated against small pox?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 07:40 AM PDT

I can't seem to find any info regarding the number of people that were vaccinated against small pox. I did some searches on the net but cannot find anything. I don't know where to look.

submitted by /u/Nightfall90z
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What’s the longest that any individual bird has been known to stay in the sky without landing?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 12:46 AM PDT

How does the body recognize disease?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 04:58 AM PDT

The answer I'm getting is that it doesn't recognize whatever is on the surface of the virus or bacteria, but we're immunizing people with a single isolated protein. How does your body know that's it's hazardous? Will you body develop an immunity to ANYTHING (protein shaped) that's in your blood long enough?

submitted by /u/Drakonwriter
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Do viruses have different types of antigens(spike proteins) on their capsid?

Posted: 30 Sep 2021 05:27 AM PDT