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Tuesday, September 28, 2021

Why do antigen rapid tests not work after 15 minutes?

Why do antigen rapid tests not work after 15 minutes?


Why do antigen rapid tests not work after 15 minutes?

Posted: 27 Sep 2021 10:32 AM PDT

I've used two different types of antigen rapid tests. Both say that the results aren't valid if more than fifteen minutes have past since testing (dropping the solution onto the test kit.). Why is this so? Do the coloring/colored molecules that do the binding no longer work, or weaken, after 15 minutes? Or does a positive turn into a negative?

submitted by /u/quillqueer
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Does the wood from different trees burn at different temperatures when made into charcoal?

Posted: 27 Sep 2021 06:29 PM PDT

Specifically I was wondering about a particular tree, Osage Orange, that has an extremely high burning temperature. If charcoal was made from its wood would it burn hotter than charcoal from another tree thats wood doesn't burn as hot? Sorry if I got the tag wrong, i wasn't sure whether to use chemistry or biology.

submitted by /u/PsychopathicDiAngelo
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Is the flu shot the same in different parts of the United States?

Posted: 27 Sep 2021 03:33 PM PDT

If I got a flu shot in Oregon and then moved to Maine, would I still be protected? I am moving 3,000 miles across the country, and I was planning to get the flu shot before I move - should I wait until after I move?

submitted by /u/platinumplantain
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Can nuclear waste still be used for energy?

Posted: 28 Sep 2021 06:48 AM PDT

As far as I'm aware, waste fuel from nuclear power plants is still radioactive/fissile. Seeing as waste management seems to be the biggest counterpoint to nuclear energy, what can be done with the waste?

Can you use a different configuration of reactor which generates energy from the waste?

Or is there a way to speed up the half life so the waste is more stable/less dangerous?

submitted by /u/StoneyBolonied
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How are age groups decided for the COVID vaccine?

Posted: 27 Sep 2021 03:07 PM PDT

The Pfizer-BioNTech might soon be approved for 5-11 year olds. How are these age groups decided? Is it largely arbitrary or historical? By expected weight? Or is the 'maturity' of an immune system by a certain age a factor?

submitted by /u/vostok412
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What determines the viscosity of oils?

Posted: 28 Sep 2021 05:49 AM PDT

What is the most culinarily elaborate “dish” made by a nonhuman animal?

Posted: 27 Sep 2021 02:33 PM PDT

Whether it involves combining two separate foods, cooking the food, or preparing it some other way, what the most complicated transformation that an animal has made to its meal?

submitted by /u/VisceralSardonic
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What causes sheet metal to make the *wobble* sound when oscillated?

Posted: 27 Sep 2021 01:18 PM PDT

Example of phenomenon: https://www.reddit.com/r/oddlysatisfying/comments/pwi4na/the_sound_these_sheets_of_metal_make/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share

My two thoughts were either waves of air compression created by the movement, or perhaps the metal itself "readjusting" to the bending and making that sound.

submitted by /u/yodog5
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Why was the Higgs Boson being lighter than expected such a big deal?

Posted: 27 Sep 2021 02:07 PM PDT

Why are gauge bosons called "gauge bosons"?

Posted: 27 Sep 2021 02:59 PM PDT

You couldn't prove it by me that they have a whole lot to do with gauging anything, so where did that name come from?

submitted by /u/Return_of_Hoppetar
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How do COVID swabs work if COVID doesn't last very long in warm temps outside of the body?

Posted: 28 Sep 2021 12:34 AM PDT

I know that they DO work, I just don't know HOW. I know that sometimes the samples aren't actually tested for hours after collection. Is there some sort of chemical on the swabs that preserves the sample? Or does the test somehow pick up on dead virus cells? (Using the medicine flair because this applies to a lot of different types of viral testing.)

submitted by /u/heyimjason
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Is there anyway of knowing how many generations of stars it took to make us/ earth?

Posted: 27 Sep 2021 07:13 AM PDT

Basically the title.

I know everything heavier then hydrogen is made in a star, it goes supernova, and elements get scattered. The dust from that is formed into a new star and repeats.

"we are all made of star stuff"

How many of these cycles did it take to get the elements we have on earth.

submitted by /u/sgtsteelhooves
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How does a fan creare low pressure?

Posted: 27 Sep 2021 01:00 PM PDT

I have been googling for the past days trying to figure out how fans are used to suck things etc. The only thing I could find was that fans create low pressure but no website explined how? What does a spinning fan do to the surrounding air? How does it cause low pressure?

submitted by /u/TekTekNa
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Monday, September 27, 2021

Why isn’t knowing the structure of a molecule enough to know everything about it?

Why isn’t knowing the structure of a molecule enough to know everything about it?


Why isn’t knowing the structure of a molecule enough to know everything about it?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 08:05 PM PDT

We always do experiments on new compounds and drugs to ascertain certain properties and determine behavior, safety, and efficacy. But if we know the structure, can't we determine how it'll react in every situation?

submitted by /u/mhk98
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The oceans are huge- Where did all the water in our planet come from?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 04:47 PM PDT

How can stardust create stars if (a) stars need hydrogen and (b) star dust is formed after stars have run out of hydrogen?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 10:04 AM PDT

How can stardust create stars if (a) stars need hydrogen and (b) star dust is formed after stars have run out of hydrogen?

submitted by /u/DriveEmOut
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Have any diseases been eradicated due to covid health guidelines?

Posted: 27 Sep 2021 03:08 AM PDT

Basically the title. Are there any diseases that have been or are projected to be virtually or completely eradicated due to the stricter hygiene, social distancing, and shelter in place guidelines of the past 18 months?

submitted by /u/chumicorro
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How are life expectancies calculated?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 09:09 PM PDT

I saw this post in r/worldnews about the impact of COVID-19 on life expectancy. I absolutely do not understand how the math is done. Life expectancy is expressed as life expectancy at birth, as in, how long someone born today is expected to live. I do not understand how that figure is affected in any way no matter how many currently-living people die of war, disease or whatever. See this paragraph from the linked article:

Last week, the Office for National Statistics estimated that life expectancy for men in the UK had fallen for the first time in 40 years because of the impact of Covid-19. A boy born between 2018 and 2020 is expected to live until he is 79, down from 79.2 for the period of 2015-17, according to the ONS.

So please enlighten me: why are 5 year-old boys expected to live slightly longer lives than 1 year-old boys because COVID happened?!

submitted by /u/poe_todd
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What percentage oxygen would mars need to have to support humans at its current atmospheric density?

Posted: 27 Sep 2021 01:31 AM PDT

Is ionizing radiation harmful to technology?

Posted: 27 Sep 2021 03:55 AM PDT

I know that ionizing radiation is harmful to living creatures because it damages our DNA and large amounts of other electromagnetic radiation can mess with certain technologies (very strong magnet wiping hhd data). I have no idea if ionizing radiation affects any types of technology though.

submitted by /u/bandti45
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Do monoclonal antibody treatments reduce formation of durable immunity against reinfection?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 01:47 PM PDT

How/Why does Jean Foucault's pendulum work?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 10:37 PM PDT

I understand that the earth rotates underneath the pendulum, which is why the axis it swings on changes, but the pendulum is attached to a structure that is also on Earth. Wouldn't that affect the motion of the pendulum as well? Does the length of the string matter?

submitted by /u/RT1327
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How does olivine convect in the mantle?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 02:00 PM PDT

I know the mantle is generally solid all the way down, and that the mantle has convection, but how? I get that you can have "viscoelastic" materials like putty that deform somewhat easily but I'm struggling to imagine olivine doing this. Do the crystals move, and how? And how does this explain mantle plumes?

submitted by /u/HeavyMetalAstronomer
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Are flagella found on cells lining the female oviducts?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 07:41 PM PDT

What happens if the larger of two binary stars goes supernova?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 07:16 AM PDT

Specifically, Antares. If I understand correctly, the larger star is substantially more massive and brighter than the smaller. I also understand that the larger is somewhere on the list of future supernova candidates.

In the event it does make a supernova, what happens to the smaller star? Nothing? Is it destroyed? Does it gain mass from what was expelled from the larger star? What would all this look like to observers here on Earth?

submitted by /u/Interplanetary-Goat
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Would the Hubble be able to take a picture of the James Webb and Vice Versa?

Posted: 25 Sep 2021 09:53 PM PDT

Question...

submitted by /u/allenout
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Sunday, September 26, 2021

What were the theories about the nature of stars before we began to understand nuclear reactions?

What were the theories about the nature of stars before we began to understand nuclear reactions?


What were the theories about the nature of stars before we began to understand nuclear reactions?

Posted: 25 Sep 2021 12:12 PM PDT

What is the scientific consensus about the polygraph (lie detector)?

Posted: 25 Sep 2021 06:25 PM PDT

I got a new employment where they sent me to a polygraph test in order to continue with the process, I was fine and got the job but keep wondering if that is scientifically accurate, or even if it is legal, I'm not in the US btw.

submitted by /u/JPa258
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Are Neutrinos not faster than light?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 03:35 AM PDT

Scientists keep proving that neutrinos do not travel faster than the speed of light. Well if that is the case, in case of a cosmic event like a supernova, why do neutrinos reach us before light does? What is obstructing light from getting to us the same time?

submitted by /u/Alberto_Cavelli
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Do we need inflation?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 05:41 AM PDT

In my understanding, inflation has only negative sideffects, mostly in terms of understandability of the economy. Sure in the old times with gold standard it might have been unavoidable, but nowadays, is there any good in keeping it?

submitted by /u/sachsenschnitzel
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What makes a gene dominant or recessive?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 01:13 AM PDT

What is the difference between a dominant or recessive gene? I know that dominant genes prevail over recessive ones and this is also the stuff I find on the internet. But I can't find an explanation of what makes a specific gene prevail over other ones in the fist place.

submitted by /u/Maru_Amoriani
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What is the truth behind the threat of "skipping off the atmosphere?"

Posted: 25 Sep 2021 04:22 PM PDT

In space movies, when the brave astronauts are about to re-enter, you often hear someone very solemnly pronounce, "If the angle of re-entry is too shallow, the capsule will skip off the atmosphere." Back on Earth, the astronauts' families cringe in fear, with the implication that this terrible thing must never happen.

What is the reality of this? Have any of our spacecraft actually "skipped off the atmosphere?" If you did "skip off the atmosphere," where exactly would you go? Is this something that could be harnessed productively, like to provide lift or change course? Or is it just some movie metaphor?

submitted by /u/rdhight
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How does the number of chromosomes change upon species differentiation?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 12:49 AM PDT

I would like to know how the change in the number of chromosomes as an species evolves can be explained against the idea of "irreducible complexity", and what evolutionary advantage it brings to justify it being incorporated into the genome of the entire species.

Bonus question: do species always evolve to have more chromosomes, or does the number sometimes reduce?

submitted by /u/jinjinatti
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What are the applications from understanding the behavior of superionic water?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 07:32 AM PDT

What factors make the Amazon river so absurdly large compared to every other river on Earth?

Posted: 25 Sep 2021 07:31 PM PDT

I should note when I say large, I don't mean long, I'm talking about water volume that the Amazon discharges every day. Apparently its average discharge is 209,000 cubic metres per second, which makes it bigger than the next 7 largest rivers by discharge combined! I find that quite amazing and I'm wondering what factors play into this, I would assume that the latitude in the world's rainforest belt is important, but the Amazon is still a lot bigger than the Congo in the same latitude.

Does the shape of South America help? It does seem quite unique in having very tall mountains on the far side of the continent with rivers flowing for thousands of kilometres straight to the Atlantic picking more water from massive tributaries along the way, and in the slightly circular shape of northern South America which sort of looks like it could funnel these rivers into the singular gigantic river you see in the Amazon.

submitted by /u/Khwarezm
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How can we tell how far away a star is or how old it is?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 12:56 AM PDT

Does seminal fluid volume contribute to fertility?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 03:07 AM PDT

To add detail to the question, if two men have identical counts, will the man with the higher seminal fluid volume have a higher chance of getting a woman pregnant?

On a sub question to this, does length contribute to pregnancy?

My thoughts are that a man has a shorter than average length, with a lower than average fluid output, and with a normal count is less likely to get a woman pregnant than a man with a longer length, higher fluid output, and a normal count.

My reasoning behind my hypothesis is a longer length will get closer to the cervix and the more fluid released will help the sperm get to an egg.

I don't have a complete understanding of the factors at play with male fertility, I wouldn't find it unreasonable if someone said it was only the sperm count that contributed to male fertility vs all the other potential factors.

submitted by /u/jackjack212212212
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Why is sea foam white?

Posted: 25 Sep 2021 08:26 PM PDT

I'm not talking about long-lived foam here, just the foam that forms in breaking waves and disappears almost immediately. I can't find a particular name for ordinary sea foam.

Anyway, near me the ocean is green, or bluey-green but the foam is so very white. Why is it so white?

submitted by /u/k-h
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What is the relevance/real-life application of knowing the specific heat capacity and density of liquids?

Posted: 26 Sep 2021 02:16 AM PDT

Most of the real-life applications of specific heat include those of solids or metals and water, but what about the other liquids? How is knowing their specific heat capacity benefitting us? Do they have a real-life application??

submitted by /u/Chucky_Chanther
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How deep do you have to dig to reach stone?

Posted: 25 Sep 2021 01:13 PM PDT

My son has recently started minecraft, and he usually asks me questions about the game that I try to tie back to the real world. Recently, he asked me how deep he would have to dig in the real world to reach the equivalent of "cobblestone" and "bedrock", but I can't seem to find a clear answer online. Anyone willing to help?

submitted by /u/dndposting
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Is it true that babies only see in black and white until they’re 3 months old? If yes, can someone explain why?

Posted: 25 Sep 2021 09:12 AM PDT

How does latent Tuberculosis work?

Posted: 25 Sep 2021 08:58 AM PDT

Is it true that many people who have latent TB never develop the disease? Why are some people able to completely remove it from their body? And some just make it latent?

submitted by /u/defenseisunderrated
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Have we been able to take an image of an atom? If so, how does it work since they’re too small to catch light?

Posted: 24 Sep 2021 06:34 PM PDT

Why is wind chill only defined for temperatures at or below 50°F and wind speeds above 3 mph?

Posted: 24 Sep 2021 07:14 PM PDT

Do temperatures above 50F not experience a significant drop due to wind chill? What are the mechanics behind this cutoff point?

submitted by /u/Darth_Monkey
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Are there any living organisms that can change the DNA of other organisms?

Posted: 24 Sep 2021 07:06 PM PDT

You'll often see this in science fiction or horror, where an animal will bite/cut/wound/etc another, which will change their DNA and cause wacky things like superpowers (Spider-Man) or turn them into monsters (Prometheus). Obviously it wouldn't be this extreme, but is there any precedent of organisms changing the DNA of other organisms in real life?

(Retroviruses can insert themselves into the genome of their host, but they're not really alive so I don't know if I'd count that)

submitted by /u/tommaniacal
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Saturday, September 25, 2021

Can anything in the universe travel faster than the speed of light?

Can anything in the universe travel faster than the speed of light?


Can anything in the universe travel faster than the speed of light?

Posted: 24 Sep 2021 03:49 PM PDT

It might be a dumb question but is it possible?

submitted by /u/GoAwayBaitinn
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Why the exhaust gas of a rocket engine (or a jet engine) flows faster when the cross section area of the exhaust nozzle increases?

Posted: 25 Sep 2021 05:10 AM PDT

So I was doing some personal study on thrust, and while reading about the convergent-divergent nozzle of a rocket engine, I read that when exhaust gas exiting the combustion chamber reaches Mach 1, the exhaust gas becomes compressible, and the velocity of compressible fluid (in this case the >Mach 1 exhaust gas) is directly proportional to the cross section area of the nozzle.

When we talk about the flow rate of a non-compressible fluid body through an pipe, we acknowledge that the velocity of the non-compressible fluid increases when the cross section area of the pipe decreases.

So why, when a fluid turns from non-compressible to compressible, the rule of flow rate changes to the velocity of the compressible fluid increases when the cross section area of the pipe increases?

What makes compressible fluid different than non-compressible fluid for such change in the rule of flow rate to happen?

submitted by /u/TheBoyWithAName
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What powers a virus' "injection" mechanism?

Posted: 24 Sep 2021 07:14 PM PDT

I am not sure all viruses inject into the cell but i believe some make contact with the surface of a cell and then somehow move the contents of the virus (i guess the viral DNA) into the host cell.

If that is correct, it would take some energy to effect this injection -- I would guess that the virus is "spring loaded" -- there is no actual engine or need to generate energy as a human cell does. But if it is indeed sort of a spring, then two questions: how it the spring released and then how did the tension in the spring get created initially?

submitted by /u/TombStoneFaro
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Is anesthesia medication universal for animals and humans?

Posted: 24 Sep 2021 06:36 AM PDT

There was a video of a Macaw waking up from anesthesia and I'm curious if the medication is universal. Do humans an animals use the same anesthetic medications? Are they derived from the same compounds?

EDIT: Thank you everyone. This is very interesting to read through. 🤯 It's amazing how far we've come.

submitted by /u/slooksterpsv
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What engineering improvements allowed the LTE standard to support higher data download rates when compared to 3G technologies such as HSPA & CMDA2000?

Posted: 24 Sep 2021 02:01 PM PDT

Hello AskScience community! I am an ordinary consumer who recently took notice of the truly staggering improvements seen in the field of wireless data networking over the past 2 decades. Simply put, when I effortlessly play high quality YouTube videos on my phone with no issues, it truly feels like the engineering community is practicing black magic. I'd like to learn about how the RF engineering discipline was able to accomplish these improvements in a bit more technical detail. With that in mind, my question is as follows: what specific engineering improvements (signal processing techniques, electronic hardware on the user terminal side or the RAN/base-station, backhaul, or core network ) allowed for LTE to have higher download speeds than comparable "3G" technologies, such as CDMA2000 and HSPA?

I've tried to keep this question as specific as possible, but I do want to note that the same question could be posed of the various "3G' technologies relative to their "2G" predecessors (GSM, CDMA) and that what I'm interesting in understanding is the full evolution of mobile technologies in at least a non-cursory level of detail. Resources would be welcomed!

Additionally, a sub-question that is of particular interest to me is about the interplay between hardware and signal processing techniques in generating improvements in data rates that I am asking about. Specifically, one of the key reasons that I have seen noted for the increase in data throughput in moving from 3G technologies to "4G" technologies is simply moving the channel to higher frequencies, where there is more bandwidth to play with. But this raises the question - why didn't the (very smart) engineers who were designing 3G technologies like CDMA2000 and HSPA design those technologies to work at the same higher frequencies? It could of course be that operating at those frequencies was not possible until new techniques - which weren't conceived of prior to the ~2005-07 period when LTE hit its stride in development - were developed. But I suspect that at least part of the reason has to do with the fact that electronics improved in some fashion to allow cost-feasible construction of RF circuits that can operate at such frequencies. But perhaps I am wrong!

Would greatly appreciate (relatively) technical answers to either the broader question of why LTE is faster than comparable 3G technologies and/or the more specific one about improvements in electronics!

submitted by /u/to_change
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How can we be sure that radiocarbon dating is accurate?

Posted: 24 Sep 2021 11:00 AM PDT

I recently read this article:

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/carbon-dating-crucial-scientific-technique-jeopardy-thanks-our-pollution-heres-easy-way-fix-it-180961345/

It talks about how radiocarbon dating works and why our burning of fossil fuels is sort of throwing a wrench in the process. Which got me thinking, how can we be sure that it was accurate in the first place?

To be sure I'm understanding the process correctly, let me give my rudimentary concept of it. So, the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 isotopes in the environment is pretty stable. The whole time a plant or animal is alive, it's taking in carbon-14 and carbon-12 through breathing, eating, photosynthesis, etc. After the living thing dies, it stops taking in carbon. So the carbon-14, being more reactive starts to break down at a known rate, while the carbon-12 remains. We can look at the ratio of the two isotopes to get an idea of how long a living thing has been dead. Correct?

The problem this article points out is that by burning fossil fuels (which were once those living things), we are releasing tons more carbon-12 into the environment than was there previously, messing up the starting ratio.

My question is: why are we so sure about the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in the environment in ancient times? Is it possible that compared to 10,000 or a million years ago, there is already far more carbon-12 in the environment? Is it possible that when the earth was a baby planet, the environment was made up of almost entirely carbon-14? Would that screw up the estimates?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Human-Carpet-6905
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Why noncompressible fluid has higher velocity when moving through smaller cross section area?

Posted: 24 Sep 2021 09:16 AM PDT

Mass flow rate states that cross section area is inversely proportional to fluid velocity in a closed pipe when fluid density is constant.

Therefore, how did a body of fluid gain extra energy to increase its velocity when moving through a smaller cross section area? Did I miss something here?

submitted by /u/TheBoyWithAName
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How does the rapid covid test kit work?

Posted: 24 Sep 2021 09:00 AM PDT

From the look of it, I think it's paper chromatography?

Also, what solution (or what kind of solution) is in the buffer?

How can we explain the result that shows 1 line for the target (usually marked by "T") but doesn't show anything for the control ("C"), even though the buffer solution is already added to the sample? What about the result which shows no lines at all?

Thanks for your input!

submitted by /u/wisenerd
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Are there other acidic pools like the ones in Yellowstone?

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 07:26 PM PDT

I read that someone dissolved in one of Yellowstone's acidic pools and it made me wonder if there are others in the world and what conditions cause them to exist? My searches only lead to articles about Yellowstone.

submitted by /u/parksandthrones
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Dumb question: Do space vehicles have self destruct buttons?

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 05:44 PM PDT

We're watching Aliens. We suddenly realize the apparent absurdity of a self destruct system, yet it's a common trope in movies. Do space vehicles actually have self destruction processes?

Thanks for wasting time with me

submitted by /u/Leggeaux
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