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Friday, September 24, 2021

Why haven't we selected for Avocados with smaller stones?

Why haven't we selected for Avocados with smaller stones?


Why haven't we selected for Avocados with smaller stones?

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 04:42 PM PDT

For many other fruits and vegetables, farmers have selectively bred varieties with increasingly smaller seeds. But commercially available avocados still have huge stones that take up a large proportion of the mass of the fruit. Why?

submitted by /u/Chlorophilia
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You can get "yellow" either by having monochromatic light at ~590 nm, or by combining red and green light. Why do these two physically different types of light both end up looking the same?

Posted: 24 Sep 2021 06:56 AM PDT

Mixing different frequencies of light doesn't create a new monochromatic light, it's a superposition of all of the individual frequencies. So how is it that combining RGB colors produces the same colors that you can get by varying the frequency of light?

submitted by /u/jugglesme
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Have the symptoms of normal colds and flu become more severe under lockdown? Is there a level of 'generic immunity' which we can lose over time?

Posted: 24 Sep 2021 12:30 AM PDT

The question comes from an entirely anecdotal place, but that was hands down the worst cold I've ever had. And that was with three negative tests, including a PCR.

Is there anything within existing medical knowledge which might support or explain this? Colds evolve constantly and new strains always circulate, but does going longer between infections ironically cause the body to become even more vulnerable to them?

submitted by /u/ChaosKeeshond
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How do scientists know when a species is extinct?

Posted: 24 Sep 2021 04:56 AM PDT

What happened to H1N1 virus that caused the swine flu pandemic of 2009?

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 04:28 PM PDT

Does it still exist? Why is it no longer a pandemic?

Will the same happen to covid-19?

submitted by /u/grasshoppereartquake
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We all know it's dangerous to drink alcohol during pregnancy, but is it more dangerous to drink alcohol during earlier stages of pregnancy, or later stages?

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 02:18 PM PDT

Let's say there are three women. Woman A is 10 weeks pregnant, Woman B is 20 weeks pregnant, and Woman C is 30 weeks pregnant. Let's also assume that each woman is 140 lbs and shares similar physical traits (outside of them each being in different stages of pregnancy). Finally, if it's even relevant here, let's assume they each share the same level of alcohol tolerance (unless the stage of one's pregnancy directly affects how one's body processes alcohol).

Now let's say for some reason they all decide to get drunk every night for a week straight after not having drank alcohol during their pregnancies so far. They each drink a whole bottle of wine each night (which according to this BAC chart would equate to about .16 BAC for a 140 lb person, assuming they each drink the whole bottle in one hour).

This scenario is full of assumptions, and obviously drinking any amount of alcohol at any point during pregnancy is a dangerous, terrible idea. But in this scenario, would one of the three women likely have inflicted more damage on their baby than the other two? Or would the effects likely be the same for each woman's baby, regardless of what stage of pregnancy each woman is in?

edit: corrected estimated BAC

submitted by /u/Hipp013
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Where are antibodies produced in the body and is there a relationship between specific cells and vaccine type?

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 09:58 PM PDT

I was just wondering with my recent Pfizer jab: do mRNA vaccines replicate in the area around the injection site? Or is there some cell specificity? Or is the site of antibody production just the local cells (muscle cells)?

Then in contrast, do viral vectored vaccines (e.g., Astrazeneca) have to circulate to specific cell types to use for antibody replication?

Thanks

submitted by /u/Sassafras_albidum
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How does the new "whitest paint ever" actually work? (How do selective thermal emitters work)

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 10:15 AM PDT

There's a lot of news currently about this new paint that simultaneously can reflect sunlight and emit infrared out into space, so it's able to cool down below ambient temperatures and maybe help with cooling down buildings and stuff.

This generally seems to make sense, but what I don't understand is how a material can selectively emit thermal radiation. As I understand it, thermal radiation is caused by the random jostling of the particles in the material so it is broad-spectrum. How can this paint emit its heat as radiation but only in certain frequencies?

Does this mean that the atoms in the paint can only jostle with specific energies somehow?

Edit: some additional clarity. The paint's IR emissivity is selective, meaning it mostly emits IR from 8-13 μm wavelength. I want to know why these frequencies are selected for, and specifically what is emitting them. Electrons jumping in their orbitals? something about the motion of the atoms or molecules?

submitted by /u/Strange_Magics
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How was dementia treated in the early to mid 1900s?

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 02:14 PM PDT

Do more tropical systems in a season affect winter weather on land? Do more hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico lead to colder water temps and colder weather on land? Hurricanes feed off of the warm water and rains cold water back down while also blocking the sun temporarily.

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 08:43 AM PDT

My Grandfather, who was a South Georgia farmer, used to say that the more hurricanes we have in the gulf in a given season means winter will be colder but drier. Any truth to that? As I get older and learn more about climatology it seems reasonable.

submitted by /u/GrassAndKitties
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What effect does chromosome count have on an organism?

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 06:38 PM PDT

I don't mean when theyre missing or incomplete, i mean the whole amount. Humans have 23 pairs, dogs have 49, but then seemingly less complex things like certain plants and moths have over 300-400. Why do things need and have the amount of chromosomes they do?

submitted by /u/pinkufur
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How do bacteriostatic antibiotics eliminate an infection?

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 08:18 AM PDT

So bacteriostatic antibiotics only inhibit the growth/reproduction of bacteria, without directly killing the bacteria. How does this clear an infection? Do the bacteria die if they can't reproduce?

submitted by /u/working_entrepreneur
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If no one taught us what is supposed to smell good and bad, would we still recognise the same odours as pleasant and unpleasant? Or would we smell anything with a neutral approach? How does our brain decide which smells we like?

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 10:07 AM PDT

Why are the bands in a sarcomere of a muscle called specifically A Band, I Band, and H Band?

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 05:12 AM PDT

Thursday, September 23, 2021

Why is the dark matter halo spherical?

Why is the dark matter halo spherical?


Why is the dark matter halo spherical?

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 03:54 AM PDT

Dilettante scientist here, so be gentle. As I understand it, galaxies are disc shaped due to the conservation of angular momentum, but the all the data I've seen about dark matter says that it is a roughly spherical distribution around the galaxy. Are there any theories as to why this is? Or is this evidence that dark matter doesn't even interact with itself?

submitted by /u/Formyedification
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Acne, why the face and the back?

Posted: 22 Sep 2021 01:45 PM PDT

Do viruses eventually reach some stable, optimal variant?

Posted: 22 Sep 2021 11:17 AM PDT

As a forewarning, I have a very limited understanding of biology and even less of virology, so this may be a very uniformed question. Viruses have their genetic information encoded into RNA, as I understand it. RNA is composed of several combinations of bases (ACUG), and these combinations functionally act as the viruses' code. Computers store information as bits, and there are a finite number of numbers that can be stored using any finite number of bits. My thinking is, since there are only so many combinations of A, C, U, and G in a strand of RNA with finite length, there are only so many virus variants possible. Eventually, selective pressures will force the disease to adopt some optimal configuration, such that any deviation from that variant creates a weaker virus. At this point would it be possible to create a vaccine that targets this specific variant, therein effectively nullifying the disease since any other variant would be unable to get past the vaccine that protects against the best virus?

submitted by /u/AsynchronousSwimming
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When an unstable isotope decays are the decay products always more stable than the original isotope?

Posted: 22 Sep 2021 08:05 PM PDT

If so, what is it about the weak interaction that makes such a decay path favourable?

submitted by /u/Immotommi
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Why don't we feel air pressure?

Posted: 22 Sep 2021 02:20 PM PDT

The standard explanation I've seen is that this is due to the air on all sides of us pushing equally, but that's not always the case. If I place my hand flat on a table, for example, there's no air under my hand to balance the pressure pressing down from the atmosphere.

Even apart from that aspect, I would still expect to experience the pressure even if it's balanced. I understand that our bodies don't collapse (or at least squish a bit) because they're basically incompressible (cavities excepted), but I would still expect to feel it. According to Wikipedia the air pressure at sea level is around 1kg/cm2, which is a lot, but I can pinch my arm with far less pressure than that and still feel it clearly. It's been a few years now, but I've also dived to a depth of around 12m where the pressure is significantly greater, and I don't recall a feeling of e.g. my legs being squeezed on all sides.

submitted by /u/nzlemming
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Do smartphone have any voltage stabilizer curcuit to stable the voltage when battery voltage is low?

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 12:59 AM PDT

Are there River Deltas that empty into a Lake and not a sea?

Posted: 23 Sep 2021 05:28 AM PDT

Did terrestrial flora exist before aquatic fauna moved out of the ocean?

Posted: 22 Sep 2021 05:06 PM PDT

At some point animals moved out of the ocean onto the land, before this happened was there a period when the land was covered in plants without any animals (or insects?) to eat them? Or did it happen simultaneously?

submitted by /u/LastHorseOnTheSand
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What was the classification of the sunspot that caused the Carrington Event?

Posted: 22 Sep 2021 08:59 AM PDT

I can't seem to find an answer from Googling, I'm not talking if it was an A/B/C/M/X flare, I know it was likely an X42. I'm looking for more of the sunspot composition (beta-delta-gamma, etc.) That produced the flare.

I've tried classifying it myself, but my knowledge is limited in comparison to the Space-Earth Sci nerds/professionals.

submitted by /u/NarcPTSD
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Why is most DNA double stranded??

Posted: 22 Sep 2021 03:55 AM PDT

There are single stranded viruses, as well as something called DNA triple helix,,

however most organisms have a double helix

What are the possible reasons for this???

submitted by /u/prof_awesomeness
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Why does some metal bend, while other metal shatters?

Posted: 21 Sep 2021 09:39 PM PDT

I watched a video of an industrial machine shredding engine parts, and noticed that the metal from the engine appeared to shatter instead of bend. Why is this?

submitted by /u/thermal7
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What will happen with dead body in space over time?

Posted: 21 Sep 2021 02:42 PM PDT

Hi! Let's imagine a human in space with no spacesuit. Of course he is dead. But what happens then? Will his body rot and decompose? Or is he just gonna float in space with no changes forever?

Btw sorry for my English :) It's my second language

submitted by /u/Famberlight
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Wednesday, September 22, 2021

Is the Chernobyl core still melting to this day?

Is the Chernobyl core still melting to this day?


Is the Chernobyl core still melting to this day?

Posted: 21 Sep 2021 03:36 PM PDT

Why does the immune system take so long (years) to defeat the HPV virus?

Posted: 21 Sep 2021 10:07 AM PDT

I have a limited understanding of medicine. It seems to me however that the immune system is typically able to deal with viral infections within a few weeks to months depending on type and severity. However HPV virus sometime takes years to defeat.

submitted by /u/COMRADE_WALRUS
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Is getting tongue-tied a very minor form of aphasia, or are the causes completely different?

Posted: 21 Sep 2021 07:53 AM PDT

Why are earthquakes displayed as a single epicentre when, in truth, they are usually a rip along kilometres of faultline (why not display as a wiggly line instead)?

Posted: 22 Sep 2021 02:25 AM PDT

The Higgs field is said to have imaginary mass. What does this mean, and how does it differ from regular mass?

Posted: 22 Sep 2021 06:01 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 22 Sep 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why do soybeans curd? Why don't other legumes curd?

Posted: 22 Sep 2021 08:05 AM PDT

I was looking for alternatives for making tofu. My grocery store doesn't have soybeans. All the alternative legumes are made into a milk, reduced to a paste, and then chilled. Tofu is made like mozzarella (when using unpasteurized milk). Only soybeans can be curdled with vinegar. Why?

submitted by /u/funnameidea
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seismologist (earth quake scientists) can I ask a question about the earth quake in Melbourne Australia today?

Posted: 22 Sep 2021 04:04 AM PDT

I'm quite disturbed my city experienced such a high magnitude earthquake at 6.0 today.

Luckily not much damage occurred but 6.0 for Melbourne is very very unusual and I'm wondering why it happened.

One question that I really want answered is

The massive earthquake which struck Christchurch NZ in 2011 was a magnitude of 6.2 and that was a total disaster.

So what I'm saying is their was a 0.2x difference between our earthquakes but our damage was no where as bad.

Our epicentre was in Mansfield which is a country town so it was a couple of hours away from the city (185km)

But if our epicentre was in the city would that have caused much more damage? Such as Christ church.

Sorry I'm just really confused and worried it will happen again but in the city

submitted by /u/Jezzi89
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How do radioactive isotopes still exist in nature?

Posted: 21 Sep 2021 11:06 PM PDT

Mostly just wondering how they haven't all completely decayed. Also at some point in the future will natural radioactive isotopes no longer exist on earth?

submitted by /u/Chemicalenrapture
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Has there ever been a lifelong case of anterograde amnesia?

Posted: 21 Sep 2021 06:17 PM PDT

Has there ever been an instance of someone never developing the ability to form memories, either due to the necessary parts of the brain not developing or an amnesia-causing event?

submitted by /u/AlbatrossAirline
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do superfluids make good superconductors?

Posted: 21 Sep 2021 11:22 PM PDT

Does the moon reflect heat?

Posted: 21 Sep 2021 12:42 PM PDT

If light and heat are types of radiation and the moon reflects light maybe its possible, also is a full moon night warmer than a new moon one?

submitted by /u/chramtor
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Why do dogs only need one rabies shot, but humans need multiple?

Posted: 21 Sep 2021 01:12 PM PDT

Why do dogs just get a single rabies shot and that's considered good enough, but for human rabies PrEP three shots are required?

I've never heard anyone say that dogs need a booster shot after being in a fight or bitten by a wild animal, but even if you have rabies PrEP, and it's been less than two years, humans are supposed to get two booster shots if they are bitten by a suspected rabid animal. Maybe dogs are supposed to get booster shots after fighting or being bitten by a wild animal and I never got the memo?

submitted by /u/Turbulent-Strategy83
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Tuesday, September 21, 2021

If you had a frictionless rope, would you be able to tie knots in it that would hold? Are there some knots that would hold and others that wouldn't?

If you had a frictionless rope, would you be able to tie knots in it that would hold? Are there some knots that would hold and others that wouldn't?


If you had a frictionless rope, would you be able to tie knots in it that would hold? Are there some knots that would hold and others that wouldn't?

Posted: 20 Sep 2021 04:36 PM PDT

How can supernova remnants become "static" in a region of space?

Posted: 21 Sep 2021 05:37 AM PDT

Aren't supernovas ultra-hyper-super-powerful explosions? The debris from the explosion was supposed to expand onto a sphere surface at stupidly high speeds. So they should spread across the universe in order to isolate themselves more and more. But apparently our solar system formed in a molecular cloud that contained many heavy elements, which came from supernovae. This cloud, apparently, is analogous to clouds we have on earth, only less dense. It would be "static" in a region of space. But that seems too weird to me. How can this be possible?

submitted by /u/ItsTimeToFinishThis
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How can photons colliding create mass through pair production if they have no mass themself?

Posted: 21 Sep 2021 06:21 AM PDT

I have been reading into pair production and I was wondering where the mass came from. Thank you for your help!

submitted by /u/EmmBarr
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Where did all our nipples go? Did we ever have them at all? How many nipples did our evolutionary ancestors have?

Posted: 20 Sep 2021 06:51 PM PDT

I can't help but notice a lot of mammals have more nipples than we do. I understand that we don't need more nipples because we don't have as many offspring as some animals, but how did that work evolutionarily? Did we come from a common ancestor that had 6 nipples and we lost them along the way? Or did lots of mammals evolve lots of nipples independently?

submitted by /u/mousatouille
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Is local water hardness affected by wet/dry seasons in the area?

Posted: 21 Sep 2021 01:59 AM PDT

Random thing I just thought of. Is the water table in an area diluted enough from rain to make a difference in hardness? Or would it make the water in the ground more likely to take on minerals?

submitted by /u/wowcows
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How are non-comedogenic skin products non-comedogenic?

Posted: 20 Sep 2021 08:46 PM PDT

Non-comedogenic skin products promise not to block your pores. How can a formula containing dozens of different compounds, not all volatile, not block your pores once slathered all over them? They surely can't all be absorbed by the body either, as in many cases (such as in a moisturizer), a long-lasting protective layer is the point itself.

So how can these products accomplish what's promised of them, chemically/mechanically?

submitted by /u/iwilleatit
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Can cancer happen in any organ?

Posted: 20 Sep 2021 12:41 PM PDT

I've never heard of renal cancer or heart cancer or bladder cancer, but is that just because they're incredibly rare?

submitted by /u/acquavaa
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Are most Hypergiant stars already dead?

Posted: 20 Sep 2021 01:43 PM PDT

Got a question are most Hypergiant stars already dead? Due to the fact they only live for millions of years. Or are hypergiants still being created?

Second question is it safe to say most of the visible/ observed Hypergaints we know such as UY Scuti, and Canis Majoris have died now?

Apologies for the stupid question but i was struggerling to find an answer on google for this, as it only pertains to blue giants of the largest type. Most questions similar are around stars in general meaning all sizes which means they can live for billions of years, but mine is only about the hypergiants that are noted to have much shorter lifespans of millions of years. taking into account the distance light has to travel and their relative shorter lives i thought its worth a go asking.

submitted by /u/onyxhaider
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Difference between dendritic cell vaccines and peptide vaccines?

Posted: 20 Sep 2021 09:19 AM PDT

I'm the caregiver for someone on a clinical trial involving dendritic cell vaccine. After doing some research into past trials, I've noticed that the ones with dendritic cell vaccines seem to produce better results than the ones using peptide vaccines (even when the antigen is the same). Is there a reason why this could be the case? Is there any settled science about the difference between the two vaccine approaches?

submitted by /u/moisthanky
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How do guanine nucleotide-binding proteins effect collagen and mast cells?

Posted: 20 Sep 2021 08:30 PM PDT

If the Covid vaccine is approved for kids, would the dosage for a large 11 year old be the same as the one for a small 5 year old?

Posted: 20 Sep 2021 04:01 PM PDT

My understanding is that the kids version of the Covid vaccine would be a much smaller dose than the one adults receive. When I was younger, my doctor told my mother that (despite my age) I could take the full adult dose of ibuprofen because of my height and weight. Do vaccines work the same?

I've worked in schools with sixth graders who looked like they could be in high school. Would a 5 year old get the same dosage as an 11 year old who's 5'4 and 150lbs? They have the mass of an adult, so would they still be given the kids dosage? Would they be more prone to contract Covid as a result?

submitted by /u/righteousndignation
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Are electrons which share the same orbital more likely to be found near or away from each other?

Posted: 20 Sep 2021 07:32 AM PDT

Long non-coding RNAs and open reading frames?

Posted: 20 Sep 2021 01:12 PM PDT

Does anyone know why long non coding RNAs have open reading frames even though they don't code for proteins?

submitted by /u/Zz22zz22
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When a pregnant woman gets vaccinated, does the vaccine make its way into the unborn fetus and build up its immune system in much of the same way as its mother?

Posted: 20 Sep 2021 08:57 AM PDT

Like, I keep hearing stories about how we don't have vaccines for children under twelve yet, at least not until this fall, and even then, for children between the ages of five and twelve. And it's because of that, it makes me think about how any children under the age of five, or even during infancy would be able to get the vaccine themselves. So I'm wondering if unborn infants growing in utero will get vaccinated any time their mother gets vaccinated while pregnant with them.

submitted by /u/Commander_PonyShep
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What is "Mango Tango" in carbon nanotube research?

Posted: 19 Sep 2021 10:05 PM PDT

I have been reading up on the processes around the manufacturing of carbon nano tubes. I've seen separate articles from MIT and Yale referencing a "home-built setup, a.k.a. Mango Tango" for their oxygen dehydrogenation reaction.

What the heck is a Mango Tango setup?

Edit, the articles didn't have any clear references to this setup either.

submitted by /u/Wyattwic
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