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Monday, September 20, 2021

Can lightning really crack rocks and damage mountains like we see in fiction?

Can lightning really crack rocks and damage mountains like we see in fiction?


Can lightning really crack rocks and damage mountains like we see in fiction?

Posted: 19 Sep 2021 01:18 PM PDT

In fiction we usually see lightning as an incredible force capable of splintering stones, like a TNT charge would. Does this actually happen in nature?

submitted by /u/RedditLloyd
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Re the current volcanic eruption of La Palma, and the earthquakes there, what is the actual likelihood of a landslide and subsequent tsunamis?

Posted: 19 Sep 2021 05:27 PM PDT

Should we be worried?

submitted by /u/SquiddyJohnson
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Has anyone ever proposed a more systematic approach to classifying minerals?

Posted: 20 Sep 2021 07:00 AM PDT

In chemistry we somtimes have convenient, arbitrary names where useful ("water" instead of "dihydrogen monoxide") but always a predictable scientific name that describes what the compound actually is (e.g.: "dihydrogen monoxide" = two hydrogens and one oxygen).

I can't claim to be smart enough to provide a better naming system for minerals, but surely the best possible naming system isn't "we give an arbitrary name to every possible chemical variation in every possible crystal lattice?"

Has anyone ever proposed a more consistent system for identifying minerals? If so, how did their systems work?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/wabalaba1
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A question for volcanologists: what is the difference between a Peléan and Plinian eruption?

Posted: 20 Sep 2021 05:36 AM PDT

From my own research into the question, i understand that Peléan eruptions are characterized by the presence of pyroclastic flows, but don't Plinian eruptions also produce pyroclastic flows as well? Does the height of the ash cloud or eruption column dictate how the eruption is classified?

By this same token, what is the difference between a strombolian and vulcanian eruption?

submitted by /u/Skiracer6
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New geography teacher here: Our textbook says that the inner core of the earth is solid, the outer core liquid, the inner mantle solid, and parts of the outer mantle liquid. How does this happen? Why doesn’t the part of the mantle nearest the core melt more than the outer part?

Posted: 19 Sep 2021 07:39 PM PDT

Geology (and some astronomy) question: Why do we find elements and compounds in veins and generally clumped together in the earth?

Posted: 19 Sep 2021 11:39 AM PDT

Most heavier elements are formed in supernova explosions and float through space as dust until they are coalesced into planets. Does dust of the same element just generally form together and stays close together and so eventually it ends up either clumped up in a single deposit? Or do elements of the same variety have a method of attracting each other in space? Or does the earth have a method of refining these materials where plate tectonics and such make materials of similar masses clump up?

Essentially I am asking how do heavy elements go from dust in space surrounded by tons of different types of dust to a lump of platinum or uranium in the ground?

submitted by /u/Alphabunsquad
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What makes us age at the cellular level?

Posted: 19 Sep 2021 07:56 AM PDT

As far as I understand aging occurrs when cells replicate but do so imperfectly and over time these imperfections add up. To me there has to be more than this as alot of times we age in similar ways as our parents which isn't explained by random imperfections in cell replication over time. As a side question, how does a cell know when it has reached a certain age to trigger a difference (for example how do the relevant cells in our body know we're hitting puberty? )

submitted by /u/thetruedarknight
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Is the ozone hole over Antarctica generally getting smaller or larger?

Posted: 20 Sep 2021 01:29 AM PDT

I am confused as some newspapers are reporting that it has grown larger than Antarctica but I thought that the CFC ban would actually reverse ozone depletion.

submitted by /u/wherz_patil
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What are the odds of myocarditis from the 2nd dose of a mRNA vaccine?

Posted: 19 Sep 2021 12:18 PM PDT

How does heritability work exactly?

Posted: 19 Sep 2021 08:50 AM PDT

Suppose we consider Bipolar disorder. This study cites 89% heritability with 95% confidence. Wikipedia also said bipolar disorder occurs in approximately 1% of the population.

Let's assume A person is diagnosed with BPD. What is the chance that A's child has BPD (not factoring in environmental factors)? Does the 89% heritability mean theres a 89% chance? Or is there a 1% chance? Or is it completely different? could someone please explain what heritability is? The Wikipedia page was surprisingly too complicated for me to understand.

I think its probably possible to find an answer to this question by reading a few more studies, but I think it would be better if someone could dumb it down for me. Sorry for the inconvenience and thank you in advance.

submitted by /u/Netherquark
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Is the heat capacity of a molecule directly related to its possible quantum states?

Posted: 19 Sep 2021 05:06 PM PDT

If a plant grows larger every year, but with approximately the same amount of sunlight, how do the larger versions of the plant get enough energy during darker times of year?

Posted: 19 Sep 2021 01:45 AM PDT

Is it surplus energy stored in the the tree from sunnier times that allow the plant to perform maintenance and survive in the darker times? Or is it perhaps a dormancy in darker times that uses just enough energy to survive no matter how large the plant is?

submitted by /u/creative1love
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How do surgeons remove an entire tumor without leaving microscopic pieces/cells which can cause a relapse?

Posted: 18 Sep 2021 03:13 PM PDT

Sunday, September 19, 2021

Is the uncertainty principle basically because at that level, to measure the system you have to interfere with the system somehow?

Is the uncertainty principle basically because at that level, to measure the system you have to interfere with the system somehow?


Is the uncertainty principle basically because at that level, to measure the system you have to interfere with the system somehow?

Posted: 19 Sep 2021 04:13 AM PDT

Basically my question boils down to the fact that to me at least it seems to intuitively make sense that the quantum scale makes measurement hard but I don't see many people talk about it like this and I'm wondering if I've managed to get the wrong end of the stick.

Like if I want to measure a javelin in flight I can use video. There are a crap ton of photons bouncing off it all the time that allow me to see where it is, I record these over multiple frames and bam I've got both where it is and where it is going, easy.

Now if we try that same thing again where I'm trying to measure a photon in flight, well now if I was in a well lit stadium like for the javelin, it would seem to me at least to be a bit like trying to measure a snooker ball with another snooker ball with billions of other snooker balls flying around.

Suddenly when you think about it like that then the idea that if I carefully created a lattice of photons with a corresponding detector then if one of the corresponding detectors didn't end up receiving its photon we could say hey I know it was there but seeing as I've blasted it with another photon, I have no clue where it is now.

Given this complexity (if I've even got it half right) it seems to me at least like most explanations of quantum experiments at least at the undergrad level don't really talk about the mechanics of measurement or observation and so it all sounds a lot more spooky and without those bits of info it's harder for people to reason about. Like the uncertainty principle sounds crazy until you start thinking that the only way to measure is to collide.

Now I realise that even the term collide is potentially a massive over simplification of the interaction of forces at the particle level but I hope it conveys what I see as the problem.

So yeah I had what felt like a flash of insight into what all the the uncertainty principle was explaining but then it seems weird that we just talk about experiments in simplified terms like observation, wave function collapse and kind of avoid talking about what they even mean by that and how they accomplish that. I mean I get that the maths behind quantum mechanics explains what we observe but I mean more about the experimental methods we use to confirm the maths and how we observe the quantum level from a macro level.

So the crux of the question is twofold:

  1. Is the uncertainty principle basically because at that level, to measure the system you have to interfere with the system somehow?

  2. If that is correct, then it seems like the way we are taught about the experimental proof is very light on how we interfere with quantum scale stuff to try and measure them and I'd love pointers to good science explainer that go into a good level of detail on this

Thanks!

submitted by /u/_DarthBob_
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Is the physiological process of falling asleep due to boredom the same as falling asleep due to tiredness?

Posted: 18 Sep 2021 08:29 AM PDT

Does the abundance of plants that have embryonic leaves mean that plants (dicotyledons especially) have inherited this trait from a common ancestor? or is this likely convergent evolution?

Posted: 18 Sep 2021 08:42 AM PDT

Thanks in advance for your time :)

submitted by /u/Beryllium_Nitrogen
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Any update on theories on how will universe end?

Posted: 19 Sep 2021 01:52 AM PDT

In an "askreddit" thread on what will happen after death, someone did post an insightful quote on how our atoms will be here forever, and this leads me to reflect on the few theories I did read here and around the internet on the end of the Universe, mostly about the so called "heat death".

When looking around in this sub, I did realize that the few threads on the matter are few years old, and I was wondering if more recent studies did change our perspective, or maybe made more solid one of the few theories.

Thanks for any reply.

submitted by /u/w00dblad3
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Is every star part of a galaxy?

Posted: 18 Sep 2021 03:47 PM PDT

Since vacuum cleaners operate by creating a pressure differential between the atmospheric pressure and the internal pressure. Does that mean vacuum cleaners operate less efficiently at higher altitudes?

Posted: 18 Sep 2021 11:47 AM PDT

Why does fuel not burn below or above a certain fuel-air ratio? If you keep reducing the ratio of fuel to air, at a certain point it will no longer combust. The same thing happens if you increase the fuel too much without adding any more air - it will eventually stop combusting. WHY?

Posted: 18 Sep 2021 11:52 PM PDT

for example, for hydrogen gas, it's wikipedia states that it combusts with air when it's between 4% H2 in air, and 75% H2 in air. Higher or lower, and it no longer burns. I don't understand why there wouldn't' at least be incomplete/partial combustion.

submitted by /u/JustYourLocalDude
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Why does diesel fuel use compression ignition and why do diesel engines have such low RPMs?

Posted: 18 Sep 2021 11:47 AM PDT

I should clarify that I am aware of how engines work in general (intake, compression, ignition, exhaust etc). I don't need an explanation as to how an engine actually fires. I want to know what the properties of diesel are that allow it to use compression ignition instead of spark ignition. Why do the engines have such low RPMs? What is it about diesel that allows for it to create so much torque at such low speeds?

submitted by /u/Slim_Thicc_Jesus
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Is there any science behind Psychometrics for filtering job candidates?

Posted: 18 Sep 2021 06:03 AM PDT

Psychometrics are the new biggest craze in the hiring process nowadays. They claim they can understand how you fit into the work culture and organization by assessing your "leadership", "emotional intelligence", "communication", "problem solving", and etc all through mini games.

Is there any actual data or substantive research supporting these claims?

submitted by /u/donutoffthefloor
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How is a (returning) flu season impacting a Delta coronavirus wave in a given country?

Posted: 18 Sep 2021 12:54 PM PDT

What are the implications if it comes sooner than the wave? What if during the wave?

submitted by /u/seoreswandor
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On USGS DYFI maps, how plausible is it that people are feeling M4.3 earthquakes almost a thousand miles away?

Posted: 18 Sep 2021 06:54 AM PDT

Often times I'll be looking at an earthquake report and reading the Did You Feel It responses. For the M4.3 earthquake in LA last night, some people report feeling it in Santa Rosa, or even in Salt Lake City, which are all 400-600* miles away. Is this plausible scientifically?

submitted by /u/LittleBitGhengisKhan
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why did we need 5 petabytes of data to take an image of a black hole?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 10:27 PM PDT

What's under Antarctica? is there water under it? on top of that the if the ice melts will it relase preserved ancient species?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 07:32 PM PDT

If wee breathe steamy air, do those water accumulate in lung?

Posted: 18 Sep 2021 01:35 AM PDT

Guilin Karst is a famous example of limestone mountains. Do limestone mountains occur elsewhere in the world? If not, why not?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 08:17 PM PDT

Google says that limestone occurs under marine water, but I've never heard of limestone mountains anywhere else? Am I misunderstanding?

submitted by /u/SleepyinStardew
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Saturday, September 18, 2021

Is petrified and fossilized the same thing?

Is petrified and fossilized the same thing?


Is petrified and fossilized the same thing?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 01:42 PM PDT

If not how do they differ?

submitted by /u/Fuhk_Yoo
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Why is high blood pressure considered a bad thing? Wouldn't a higher pressure make it less likely for cholesterol particles to stick to the walls of your arteries?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 01:37 PM PDT

High blood pressure is usually associated with heart attacks but I don't understand why. Wouldn't a pipe with high pressure be cleaner?

Is high blood pressure a cause or a symptom of heart failure? i.e. is it not the blood pressure that is the problem, but the implication that higher blood pressure means their is a constriction somewhere in the artery?

submitted by /u/Lemonandapples
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Can we use viruses to genetically modify organisms?

Posted: 18 Sep 2021 12:08 AM PDT

From what I understand, viruses add to the dna of a cell to make it into a virus factory. But if we replaced the bit of dna a virus carries, could that allow for genetic modification?

submitted by /u/Garper_
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Are there any common viruses that would be deadly like Covid if novel but aren't because we've all had them multiple times while young and healthy?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 08:06 PM PDT

Why Don't mRNA Vaccines' Lipid Nanoparticles Need Surface Proteins?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 10:52 AM PDT

The mRNA vaccines are delivered via an LNP to encapsulate and protect the RNA so that it can be absorbed into cells to produce spike proteins. Yet viruses need glycoproteins to attach to the cell in order to inject their genetic material. If that's the case, why haven't viruses evolved to work the same way, and simply work via a simple lipid membrane? Why do viruses go through all the extra complexity of targetting specific cell receptors?

submitted by /u/Kent767
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Are you more or less likely to die having Covid-19 more than once?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 05:20 PM PDT

I was curious if people are more/less likely to die having Covid-19 two, three, ect times.

submitted by /u/LetMeHelpGiveAdvice
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Can acceleration be felt in water?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 02:01 PM PDT

I was wondering how the sensation of acceleration is felt when submerged in water. In general, it seems that while diving, gravity is not felt, which is why astronaut train for space walks under water. As a scuba diver, I know first hand that it feels like flying when diving under water. But this is when water stands still and acceleration equals gravity at 1g. Now I think it gets more interesting what happens when the water accelerates while one is diving in it. In the ocean the pressure rises by 1 bar every 10m which is linked to the 1g gravity (no gravity = no pressure if the water above you, on fact there wouldn't even be an above). So when we assume the total acceleration on the water container and diver is 2g, my assumption would be that the water pressure rises twice as fast when diving down, so 2 bar after 10m depth. But would the feeling of weightlessness still persist? The reason I ask is, could a micro water tank, basically a space suit filled with water, be used to nullify (or greatly reduce) the effect of the acceleration of a rocket launch? Would it be translated into pressure? Could this be used to make launches easier to support by untrained humans? Thanks for any insights.

submitted by /u/Cheap-Candidate-3269
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How big a role do flies play as pollinators?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 11:59 AM PDT

I have a small garden to grow culinary herbs, and one of the unexpected pleasures it provides is watching the insect activity. Particularly with the mint, several kinds of bees, wasps, and hornets visit regularly. Far and away more prevalent though are flies crawling around the blossoms, which leads to the title question.

submitted by /u/netcharge0
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A giant asteroid hit Jupiter on Monday. Do the giant planets help protect Earth?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 09:48 AM PDT

What I'm asking is if having massive these gravitational wells between us and deep space helps to collect asteroids that would have reached earths solar orbit and potentially fall into our planet? It seems obvious, but I'm sure there is more to it.

submitted by /u/BargleFlargen
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Friday, September 17, 2021

How will today’s media be preserved in the future?

How will today’s media be preserved in the future?


How will today’s media be preserved in the future?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 01:11 AM PDT

Will every video on YouTube be saved in a historical archive somewhere many (hundreds to thousands) of years in the future or will we lose majority of videos, movies, music etc?

submitted by /u/Muzzman111
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How does a gear train increase torque?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 02:31 AM PDT

Inspired by the Brick Experiment Channel, I've been playing around with my old Lego Technic, and gears just seem like magic to me.

If I attach a rotating arm to an electric motor, the motor can barely lift the arm. But when I convey the rotation through a series of paired gears (small->large), the motor suddenly can easily turn the heavy arm, as if I'm generating free power out of nowhere. How does this work? Is it something to do with leverage?

submitted by /u/mabolle
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What are the relationship between mountains and earthquakes?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 05:08 AM PDT

Would the world be a more "shaky" place without them?

submitted by /u/Red_I_Found_You
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What is the highest temperature you can cool with lasers?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 02:31 AM PDT

I know it's possible to cool down atoms by using lasers to negate momentum in 6 directions. What the highest temperature you can start this process from?

In addition, what the largest object size you can cool with this technique?

submitted by /u/Toopad
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How does sepsis occur if there is little free iron in blood?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 02:10 AM PDT

Why is the James Webb Space Telescope being placed at the L2 Lagrange point? Why isn't it being placed at L4 or L5?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 03:56 AM PDT

From Wikipedia:

"The telescope must be kept very cold in order to observe in the infrared without interference, so it will be deployed in space near the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point..."

This implies that the telescope's placement has to do with temperature management for the optical assemblies onboard (which need to be kept below a certain temperature since they're more sensitive in the infrared range).

Won't stationkeeping at L2 require a lot of fuel over time, since it's an unstable equilibrium point? Wouldn't it require basically no fuel to effect proper stationkeeping at the L4 or L5 points? It doesn't seem like we'd have any easy opportunities to refuel the telescope's propulsion system when it's 1.5 million kilometers away.

submitted by /u/Calgaris_Rex
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What are the relativistic limits to the size an electrical grid?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 11:49 AM PDT

If two power generators connected to the same grid are sufficiently far apart, each should see the other as out of phase, due to the non-instantaneous speed of transmission. How big can a grid get before this becomes a problem? Does it also depend on the physical distribution of consumers on the grid? Is this the limit to actual existing grids, or is the limit some other factor?

submitted by /u/Baconmancr
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How were the first black holes formed?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 07:40 AM PDT

As the question states, how were the first black holes formed so early in the universe's timespan? Did the stars just burn themselves out too fast from all the matter still floating around being pulled in and causing fusion at a faster rate due to all the mass? Did they just get too massive that they couldn't help but collapse? Or did they just have enough time to burn out normally?

submitted by /u/Dariex777
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What percentage of COVID deaths are in the “No Underlying Conditions” category?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 08:10 PM PDT

What happens to COVID variants that doesn't become or stops being the dominant strain?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 11:05 PM PDT

I know that viruses compete with each other. So what happens to strains of virus that doesn't win the fight? Are they still present but in smaller amounts? In the same amount? Do some of them just die out? What about the ones that were dominant and another variant, younger and more beautiful, took over? What's the status of the wildtype and the alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2 now?

submitted by /u/abstractmango
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Is there any kind of link between schizophrenia/psychosis and believing you have psychic abilities?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 09:30 AM PDT

Previously I saw a post asking about any proven correlation between schizophrenia and creativity. This got me thinking about how I, as someone with schizoaffective disorder, briefly thought I might have been seeing things that hadn't happened yet. So I was wondering if there had ever been any kind if study ro see if people who claim to be psychics of any kind were really just suffering from delusions/hallucinations/paranoia.

submitted by /u/Veupon
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Is the Sun moving relative to everything else?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 10:05 AM PDT

Not counting the expansion of the universe and the solar system's revolution around the center of the galaxy, does the Sun move at all? For example, does it wobble or deviate from its position relative to the planets or to other stars?

submitted by /u/bmarcus128
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Thursday, September 16, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We Are Microbiologists Studying All Aspects of Fungi. AUA!

AskScience AMA Series: We Are Microbiologists Studying All Aspects of Fungi. AUA!


AskScience AMA Series: We Are Microbiologists Studying All Aspects of Fungi. AUA!

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 06:00 AM PDT

Tomorrow is International Microorganism Day, so to celebrate we're discussing our favorite microorganism: fungi! If you've seen "Fantastic Fungi" on Netflix, you've gotten a good introduction to the world of fungi. But there's always more to love about fungi than psychedelic drugs.

Join us today starting at 2 PM ET (18 UT) for a discussion, organized by the American Society for Microbiology, on all aspects of fungi. We work on a variety of projects, including:

  • Interactions between crunchy critters (arthropods) and fungi
    • Insects zombified by fungi
    • Fungi that millipedes eat
    • Insect killing fungi as biotechnology
    • Fungi that cause disease in bees
  • Fungal bacterial interactions and the fungal microbiome
  • Fungal diversity and applied mycological endeavors
  • Fungi and climate change

We are:

Ask us anything!

Links:

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Is there any relationship between creativity and psychosis?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 10:33 AM PDT

Man has domesticated dogs and other animals for thousands of years while some species have remained forever wild. What is that ‘element’ in animals that governs which species can be domesticated and which can’t?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 04:59 AM PDT

Do men with Jacob’s syndrome (XYY) have a 2/3 chance of fathering a son (rather than 1/2) any given time?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 12:06 AM PDT

How much do COVID vaccines reduce the transmission of Delta?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 10:24 PM PDT

My province just did a state of emergency even though 70% eligible vaxxed and only 2 households (max 10 people) can do social gatherings if members are vaxxed (no social gatherings allowed for unvaxxed).

I feel like 2 households is a bit low. I've read that the vaccines don't reduce transmission as much against Delta as they did early strains. Does anyone know how much it a difference it is? Any idea on the percentage efficacy at reducing transmission/viral load. News article or original source would be great!

submitted by /u/yycreformed
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Why do we believe gasses compress to form stars?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 05:55 AM PDT

I'm not challenging that, but I just want to know the logic that went into forming that hypothesis so I can better understand how it all works. ~ Thanks!

submitted by /u/Training_Passenger79
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Does the weight of an atmosphere pushing down on you contributes to gravity you feel standing on the ground?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 03:31 PM PDT

If earth had no atmosphere whatsoever and you were just standing in pressurised suit, would you feel any difference in how hard your feet are being pushed into the ground? If yes, how significant?

submitted by /u/-MainCore
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Why do so many people need vision correction, while animals seemingly don’t?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 09:35 AM PDT

What is physical fatigue?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 02:58 PM PDT

What exactly is physical fatigue? In particular, when you've worked out say, a few days in a row, and then the next day feel tired... even though you've slept fine and are eating and drinking enough, and your muscles don't feel super-sore... what is that, physiologically speaking?

And then sometimes after a few weeks of working out hard in a sport... you take a couple of weeks off basically going quite light... and then you come back and are literally bouncing with energy and vitality and well-being -- what has just happened? What has healed, exactly?

submitted by /u/shortshrift49
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How does Accutane work, chemically?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 04:57 PM PDT

I know it stops the production of oil, but how?

submitted by /u/austinowake
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why did they use mercury as a treatment for syphilis?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 10:05 PM PDT

today mercury is considered highly dangerous, why did they use it as a treatment for syphilis? did it have any beneficial effect?

submitted by /u/teacherbooboo
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How can an earthworm (or nightcrawler) dig underground when it's super soft?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 06:28 AM PDT