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Saturday, September 18, 2021

Is petrified and fossilized the same thing?

Is petrified and fossilized the same thing?


Is petrified and fossilized the same thing?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 01:42 PM PDT

If not how do they differ?

submitted by /u/Fuhk_Yoo
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Why is high blood pressure considered a bad thing? Wouldn't a higher pressure make it less likely for cholesterol particles to stick to the walls of your arteries?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 01:37 PM PDT

High blood pressure is usually associated with heart attacks but I don't understand why. Wouldn't a pipe with high pressure be cleaner?

Is high blood pressure a cause or a symptom of heart failure? i.e. is it not the blood pressure that is the problem, but the implication that higher blood pressure means their is a constriction somewhere in the artery?

submitted by /u/Lemonandapples
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Can we use viruses to genetically modify organisms?

Posted: 18 Sep 2021 12:08 AM PDT

From what I understand, viruses add to the dna of a cell to make it into a virus factory. But if we replaced the bit of dna a virus carries, could that allow for genetic modification?

submitted by /u/Garper_
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Are there any common viruses that would be deadly like Covid if novel but aren't because we've all had them multiple times while young and healthy?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 08:06 PM PDT

Why Don't mRNA Vaccines' Lipid Nanoparticles Need Surface Proteins?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 10:52 AM PDT

The mRNA vaccines are delivered via an LNP to encapsulate and protect the RNA so that it can be absorbed into cells to produce spike proteins. Yet viruses need glycoproteins to attach to the cell in order to inject their genetic material. If that's the case, why haven't viruses evolved to work the same way, and simply work via a simple lipid membrane? Why do viruses go through all the extra complexity of targetting specific cell receptors?

submitted by /u/Kent767
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Are you more or less likely to die having Covid-19 more than once?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 05:20 PM PDT

I was curious if people are more/less likely to die having Covid-19 two, three, ect times.

submitted by /u/LetMeHelpGiveAdvice
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Can acceleration be felt in water?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 02:01 PM PDT

I was wondering how the sensation of acceleration is felt when submerged in water. In general, it seems that while diving, gravity is not felt, which is why astronaut train for space walks under water. As a scuba diver, I know first hand that it feels like flying when diving under water. But this is when water stands still and acceleration equals gravity at 1g. Now I think it gets more interesting what happens when the water accelerates while one is diving in it. In the ocean the pressure rises by 1 bar every 10m which is linked to the 1g gravity (no gravity = no pressure if the water above you, on fact there wouldn't even be an above). So when we assume the total acceleration on the water container and diver is 2g, my assumption would be that the water pressure rises twice as fast when diving down, so 2 bar after 10m depth. But would the feeling of weightlessness still persist? The reason I ask is, could a micro water tank, basically a space suit filled with water, be used to nullify (or greatly reduce) the effect of the acceleration of a rocket launch? Would it be translated into pressure? Could this be used to make launches easier to support by untrained humans? Thanks for any insights.

submitted by /u/Cheap-Candidate-3269
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How big a role do flies play as pollinators?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 11:59 AM PDT

I have a small garden to grow culinary herbs, and one of the unexpected pleasures it provides is watching the insect activity. Particularly with the mint, several kinds of bees, wasps, and hornets visit regularly. Far and away more prevalent though are flies crawling around the blossoms, which leads to the title question.

submitted by /u/netcharge0
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A giant asteroid hit Jupiter on Monday. Do the giant planets help protect Earth?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 09:48 AM PDT

What I'm asking is if having massive these gravitational wells between us and deep space helps to collect asteroids that would have reached earths solar orbit and potentially fall into our planet? It seems obvious, but I'm sure there is more to it.

submitted by /u/BargleFlargen
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Friday, September 17, 2021

How will today’s media be preserved in the future?

How will today’s media be preserved in the future?


How will today’s media be preserved in the future?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 01:11 AM PDT

Will every video on YouTube be saved in a historical archive somewhere many (hundreds to thousands) of years in the future or will we lose majority of videos, movies, music etc?

submitted by /u/Muzzman111
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How does a gear train increase torque?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 02:31 AM PDT

Inspired by the Brick Experiment Channel, I've been playing around with my old Lego Technic, and gears just seem like magic to me.

If I attach a rotating arm to an electric motor, the motor can barely lift the arm. But when I convey the rotation through a series of paired gears (small->large), the motor suddenly can easily turn the heavy arm, as if I'm generating free power out of nowhere. How does this work? Is it something to do with leverage?

submitted by /u/mabolle
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What are the relationship between mountains and earthquakes?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 05:08 AM PDT

Would the world be a more "shaky" place without them?

submitted by /u/Red_I_Found_You
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What is the highest temperature you can cool with lasers?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 02:31 AM PDT

I know it's possible to cool down atoms by using lasers to negate momentum in 6 directions. What the highest temperature you can start this process from?

In addition, what the largest object size you can cool with this technique?

submitted by /u/Toopad
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How does sepsis occur if there is little free iron in blood?

Posted: 17 Sep 2021 02:10 AM PDT

Why is the James Webb Space Telescope being placed at the L2 Lagrange point? Why isn't it being placed at L4 or L5?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 03:56 AM PDT

From Wikipedia:

"The telescope must be kept very cold in order to observe in the infrared without interference, so it will be deployed in space near the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point..."

This implies that the telescope's placement has to do with temperature management for the optical assemblies onboard (which need to be kept below a certain temperature since they're more sensitive in the infrared range).

Won't stationkeeping at L2 require a lot of fuel over time, since it's an unstable equilibrium point? Wouldn't it require basically no fuel to effect proper stationkeeping at the L4 or L5 points? It doesn't seem like we'd have any easy opportunities to refuel the telescope's propulsion system when it's 1.5 million kilometers away.

submitted by /u/Calgaris_Rex
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What are the relativistic limits to the size an electrical grid?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 11:49 AM PDT

If two power generators connected to the same grid are sufficiently far apart, each should see the other as out of phase, due to the non-instantaneous speed of transmission. How big can a grid get before this becomes a problem? Does it also depend on the physical distribution of consumers on the grid? Is this the limit to actual existing grids, or is the limit some other factor?

submitted by /u/Baconmancr
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How were the first black holes formed?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 07:40 AM PDT

As the question states, how were the first black holes formed so early in the universe's timespan? Did the stars just burn themselves out too fast from all the matter still floating around being pulled in and causing fusion at a faster rate due to all the mass? Did they just get too massive that they couldn't help but collapse? Or did they just have enough time to burn out normally?

submitted by /u/Dariex777
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What percentage of COVID deaths are in the “No Underlying Conditions” category?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 08:10 PM PDT

What happens to COVID variants that doesn't become or stops being the dominant strain?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 11:05 PM PDT

I know that viruses compete with each other. So what happens to strains of virus that doesn't win the fight? Are they still present but in smaller amounts? In the same amount? Do some of them just die out? What about the ones that were dominant and another variant, younger and more beautiful, took over? What's the status of the wildtype and the alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2 now?

submitted by /u/abstractmango
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Is there any kind of link between schizophrenia/psychosis and believing you have psychic abilities?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 09:30 AM PDT

Previously I saw a post asking about any proven correlation between schizophrenia and creativity. This got me thinking about how I, as someone with schizoaffective disorder, briefly thought I might have been seeing things that hadn't happened yet. So I was wondering if there had ever been any kind if study ro see if people who claim to be psychics of any kind were really just suffering from delusions/hallucinations/paranoia.

submitted by /u/Veupon
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Is the Sun moving relative to everything else?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 10:05 AM PDT

Not counting the expansion of the universe and the solar system's revolution around the center of the galaxy, does the Sun move at all? For example, does it wobble or deviate from its position relative to the planets or to other stars?

submitted by /u/bmarcus128
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Thursday, September 16, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We Are Microbiologists Studying All Aspects of Fungi. AUA!

AskScience AMA Series: We Are Microbiologists Studying All Aspects of Fungi. AUA!


AskScience AMA Series: We Are Microbiologists Studying All Aspects of Fungi. AUA!

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 06:00 AM PDT

Tomorrow is International Microorganism Day, so to celebrate we're discussing our favorite microorganism: fungi! If you've seen "Fantastic Fungi" on Netflix, you've gotten a good introduction to the world of fungi. But there's always more to love about fungi than psychedelic drugs.

Join us today starting at 2 PM ET (18 UT) for a discussion, organized by the American Society for Microbiology, on all aspects of fungi. We work on a variety of projects, including:

  • Interactions between crunchy critters (arthropods) and fungi
    • Insects zombified by fungi
    • Fungi that millipedes eat
    • Insect killing fungi as biotechnology
    • Fungi that cause disease in bees
  • Fungal bacterial interactions and the fungal microbiome
  • Fungal diversity and applied mycological endeavors
  • Fungi and climate change

We are:

Ask us anything!

Links:

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Is there any relationship between creativity and psychosis?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 10:33 AM PDT

Man has domesticated dogs and other animals for thousands of years while some species have remained forever wild. What is that ‘element’ in animals that governs which species can be domesticated and which can’t?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 04:59 AM PDT

Do men with Jacob’s syndrome (XYY) have a 2/3 chance of fathering a son (rather than 1/2) any given time?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 12:06 AM PDT

How much do COVID vaccines reduce the transmission of Delta?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 10:24 PM PDT

My province just did a state of emergency even though 70% eligible vaxxed and only 2 households (max 10 people) can do social gatherings if members are vaxxed (no social gatherings allowed for unvaxxed).

I feel like 2 households is a bit low. I've read that the vaccines don't reduce transmission as much against Delta as they did early strains. Does anyone know how much it a difference it is? Any idea on the percentage efficacy at reducing transmission/viral load. News article or original source would be great!

submitted by /u/yycreformed
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Why do we believe gasses compress to form stars?

Posted: 16 Sep 2021 05:55 AM PDT

I'm not challenging that, but I just want to know the logic that went into forming that hypothesis so I can better understand how it all works. ~ Thanks!

submitted by /u/Training_Passenger79
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Does the weight of an atmosphere pushing down on you contributes to gravity you feel standing on the ground?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 03:31 PM PDT

If earth had no atmosphere whatsoever and you were just standing in pressurised suit, would you feel any difference in how hard your feet are being pushed into the ground? If yes, how significant?

submitted by /u/-MainCore
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Why do so many people need vision correction, while animals seemingly don’t?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 09:35 AM PDT

What is physical fatigue?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 02:58 PM PDT

What exactly is physical fatigue? In particular, when you've worked out say, a few days in a row, and then the next day feel tired... even though you've slept fine and are eating and drinking enough, and your muscles don't feel super-sore... what is that, physiologically speaking?

And then sometimes after a few weeks of working out hard in a sport... you take a couple of weeks off basically going quite light... and then you come back and are literally bouncing with energy and vitality and well-being -- what has just happened? What has healed, exactly?

submitted by /u/shortshrift49
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How does Accutane work, chemically?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 04:57 PM PDT

I know it stops the production of oil, but how?

submitted by /u/austinowake
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why did they use mercury as a treatment for syphilis?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 10:05 PM PDT

today mercury is considered highly dangerous, why did they use it as a treatment for syphilis? did it have any beneficial effect?

submitted by /u/teacherbooboo
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How can an earthworm (or nightcrawler) dig underground when it's super soft?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 06:28 AM PDT

Wednesday, September 15, 2021

Do animals that live in an area without a typical day/night cycle (ie, near the poles) still follow a 24 hour sleeping pattern?

Do animals that live in an area without a typical day/night cycle (ie, near the poles) still follow a 24 hour sleeping pattern?


Do animals that live in an area without a typical day/night cycle (ie, near the poles) still follow a 24 hour sleeping pattern?

Posted: 14 Sep 2021 05:03 PM PDT

did the Black Plague end because natural selection made human immune systems strong enough to defeat it easily via everyone who couldn't dying off, or is there a different reason?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 12:17 AM PDT

Do European immune systems today have a strong ability to fight off black plague?

or if not, then how did the plague ever end?

submitted by /u/playfulpurchase
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How severe of symptoms are animals infected with covid-19, like minks and gorillas, experiencing?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 02:01 AM PDT

I keep hearing about animals contracting the disease, but I don't ever really see a discussion of how it effects those animals in terms of suffering and death. Are they getting as sick as we do? Do they have the virus in them but it doesn't really effect them?

submitted by /u/middleupperdog
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Does soap break down fungal cells like it does with bacteria and viruses?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 02:57 AM PDT

Why does metallicity of a stellar core affect it's ability to form a black hole?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 04:39 AM PDT

Large stars with high metallicity tend to favor forming neutron stars vs black holes. What mechanism allows high metallicity cores to avoid a black hole fate?

submitted by /u/thejeran
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Is the cross section of a sphere always a circle? Why?

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 06:48 AM PDT

Another way to put it is : can you cut a sphere so that the cross section isn't a circle?

Is there a mathematical demonstration that proves this?

submitted by /u/SkunkyStoat
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If you plug a submerged straw with your finger and then lift it from the liquid, a volume of liquid remains in the straw; is there a maximum diameter of cylinder (straw) where this is still possible?

Posted: 14 Sep 2021 10:24 AM PDT

What other limiting factors come into play?

submitted by /u/Josephdirte
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Does drinking water close to meal time, before, during or after have any effect in digestion?

Posted: 14 Sep 2021 08:51 AM PDT

What's COVID-19's R-Value at currently, now that we've got vaccines and a delta variant to consider?

Posted: 14 Sep 2021 07:36 PM PDT

In early-mid 2020, I remember quite a few articles talking about COVID's R-naught value being between 3 and 3.5. Do we have a more up-to-date R-Value for it now? And Would that value differ between vaccinated and invaccinated individuals, or is it solely an aggregate value?

submitted by /u/Targren
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Geologic units and Geologic formations are the same things?

Posted: 14 Sep 2021 07:23 PM PDT

Difference between geologic formations and units ?

submitted by /u/guachipuchi
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¿How can we know that the angle between the oxygen and hydrogen is 104.5º? Or any other molecule, for that matter.

Posted: 15 Sep 2021 12:44 AM PDT

Edit: the angle between oxygen and hydrogen in H2O

submitted by /u/jonreto
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How do sperm know to go into the egg?

Posted: 13 Sep 2021 07:25 PM PDT

If you released sperm in an environment similar to the vagina and let them go, would they try to burrow into anything that seemed egg-like? I know most of them just die but is it just that the egg's the only thing for them to latch onto or is there something that compels them to penetrate?

Bonus question- would a human sperm try to fertilize a non-human egg? Thanks!

submitted by /u/Lou_Pockets
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Why didn't life in Antarctica adapt to its cold climate?

Posted: 13 Sep 2021 05:14 PM PDT

Hey! I'm not a paleontologist/biologist, sorry for my ignorance. For what I've read, Antarctica used to support diverse ecosystems full of all kind of flora an fauna, but it all died out when Antarctica became a super cold desert . Why didn't complex multicellular life adapt to those changes? did it try to adapt and failed? Does the fossil record show weird animals that were trying to adapt to the changing climate?

I haven't been able to find any information about the flora and fauna of Antarctica while it was in the process of becoming a big chunk of ice

submitted by /u/NikolaBlocovich
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Tuesday, September 14, 2021

Is the age of the universe a matter of perspective?

Is the age of the universe a matter of perspective?


Is the age of the universe a matter of perspective?

Posted: 13 Sep 2021 08:56 AM PDT

When it's said that the universe is 13.8 billion years, isn't that from the gravitational perspective of earth? Like if life could survive in a planet around a black hole would the perspective of the age of the universe be much older? I get the Big Bang happened at one time and that that point in time is the same no matter where you are, but theoretically couldn't there be a species of life that could experience 100s of billions of years and view the universe as much older?

Addon: wow this kinda blew up. Thanks for all the info. The way I was thinking about the perceived time is backwards. It really does make sense when you think about it. There was always something about what I was thinking that seemed off. So thank you all very much.

submitted by /u/Red0Mercury
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Why are the decks angled on aircraft carriers?

Posted: 14 Sep 2021 12:03 AM PDT

In addition to a few YouTube short-umentaries on the subject, I have read a couple shorter articles on the reasons for angled decks , but I am apparently lacking the big brain here. Every source seems to assume you "get it" and doesn't break it down far.

I understand how rotating the deck from 90 to ~45 degrees could extend the usable length, but I don't get why the carrier couldn't just be made larger or what other benefits there are (beyond the added length) that you wouldn't also have on a straight/90-degree/"old" deck.

submitted by /u/unapologeticjerk
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Could a solar sail spacecraft carry its own laser emitter to provide propulsion or does a laser push its own emitter backwards?

Posted: 13 Sep 2021 08:08 AM PDT

There's a classic physics problem that asks why we don't put fans on our sailboats to power our boats when there's no wind? The obvious answer is that the fan will always provide equal or more impulse in the opposite direction than it provides to the sail. Does this same principle apply to solar sails? If you had lasers on the back of a space ship pointed at solar sails in the front, would you move or would you end up stuck in place, i.e. do lasers apply a force back onto their emitters? If they do, much like how you can have a fan boat that just uses the fan for propulsion, no sail involved, could you just power a spaceship by just firing lasers in the opposite direction?

I get that this kind of defeats the purpose of solar sails which are supposed to be super light and capable of traveling without needing a power source that could run out of energy. Plus solar sails would either be powered by the sun or massive solar arrays on earth which would provide much more energy and impulse than what the ship could carry with it. I'm more just asking from more of a theoretical standpoint than a practical one.

submitted by /u/Alphabunsquad
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Why doesn't the flu vaccine contain more than four strains?

Posted: 13 Sep 2021 08:52 PM PDT

So I get that the flu vaccine is a quadrivalent vaccine and it's made up of what the doctors hypothesise will be the top 4 variants/strains.

But why only 4? Why not the top 5 most likely? Why not 10?

Is there a logistical issue for the flu vaccine to contain more strains? Is there concern for greater potential impact on the body if the vaccine had more variants/strains in the same vaccine?

submitted by /u/lana_del_reymysterio
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why some planets have magnetic field while others don't?

Posted: 14 Sep 2021 01:57 AM PDT

What were the pressing questions for biology in the 60s?

Posted: 13 Sep 2021 03:34 PM PDT

What happens with the CBR when you move?

Posted: 13 Sep 2021 11:43 PM PDT

Ok, so I understand there's no such thing as absolute motion, you always need a frame of reference to determine your velocity.

But the cosmic background radiation is pretty much the same in any direction you care to look, right? So assume a frame of reference in which you are currently stationary. Now start moving in any given direction. Will the CBR coming from ahead of you be blue shifted and the CBR behind you red shifted? If no, why not? And if yes, wouldn't measuring the red/blue shift of the CBR give you an absolute measure of velocity?

submitted by /u/rapax
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How is amplitude related to energy?

Posted: 13 Sep 2021 09:04 AM PDT

E=hv where h is a constant or E=hc/λ where c is also a constant, but two waves with the same v or λ are not equal in energy if they have different amplitudes...help?

submitted by /u/Free_Overthinking
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