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Sunday, September 5, 2021

Where does the CO2 absorbed by trees end up?

Where does the CO2 absorbed by trees end up?


Where does the CO2 absorbed by trees end up?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 10:26 AM PDT

What is the final destination of the CO2 captured by trees? Their bodies? If that, is it released back into the atmosphere if the woods happen to burn down?

submitted by /u/alf2580
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Does an initial infection contain a genetically diverse set of viral particles?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 09:22 AM PDT

Variants have obviously been in the news a lot recently due to COVID, and I'm hoping to understand viral evolution a little better.

Although people usually think of viral infection as if someone is infected with a single variant, and then if their virus experiences a mutation, the next person they infect will have that mutation as well.

I imagine though, that since a mutation would happen in a single viral particle, and that particle's host must have millions of other particles without that mutation, it must take a while for that mutated genome to outcompete its parent genome even just within a host.
Or, I'd imagine it has to spread through several hosts before it is even able to become the dominant viral genome inside a single person?

Am I understanding that wrong?
And if I'm understanding it correctly, then shouldn't any sublineage that is identified to be dominant within even just one host be considered to have outcompeted the parent lineage (at least within a host)?

submitted by /u/Asinick
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Do people with photographic memory remember their entire dream ?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 08:47 AM PDT

Does the Covid- (and other disease) induced loss of smell cause Olfactory Hallucinations to disappear as well?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 08:59 AM PDT

High earth orbit winds, do they change direction or are there places on earth these are relatively constant?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 09:16 AM PDT

I assume around the equator their mixed, and also maybe near mt. Everest, but are their areas on the globe the winds are constant in direction and speed?

submitted by /u/liver_stream
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What do we do with sinkholes? How are they covered (are they?) and are they safe to walk (drive, live...) over, once covered? Don't the holes continue to grow?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 12:33 AM PDT

Can you tell the diet of an animal by looking at its muscle and fat tissue?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 09:00 AM PDT

So yeah, I'd really like to know to what degree the diet of an animal is mirrored in its tissue and if we can more or less reconstruct what's being eaten just by looking at the composition of muscle and fat tissue?

edit: the main trigger for this question has been steven gundry's plant paradox book, where he states that grain fed chicken will inevitably contain grain residue. But he gives no source for this statement. So I wondered if it's really possible to look at chicken meat and say "yep, this fella definitely ate soy/corn/wheat/whatever"

submitted by /u/Jeggster
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What are the largest local land animals of the Philippines?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 03:55 AM PDT

What conditions are necessary for temperate evergreen broadleaf forests?

Posted: 03 Sep 2021 02:38 PM PDT

In some temperate and subtropical areas like Southern China, Southern Japan, the Azores, and New Zealand, it's common to have broadleaf forests that never lose their leaves. I think that they are also nicknamed "laurel forests". I know that a region has to have mild winters and abundant rainfall for these forests to occur, but exactly how mild? The Southern US has a very similar climate to Southern China but Southern US forests are deciduous! Are there any more factors that contribute to their occurence?

submitted by /u/slimygirls
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Saturday, September 4, 2021

Why is Theobromine toxicity a significant risk to dogs but not cats?

Why is Theobromine toxicity a significant risk to dogs but not cats?


Why is Theobromine toxicity a significant risk to dogs but not cats?

Posted: 03 Sep 2021 10:02 PM PDT

Edit: wow I posted this and fell asleep, I didn't expect so many responses! Thank you to everyone who replied!

submitted by /u/Spirited_Cell_3344
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Just how common are binary star systems?

Posted: 03 Sep 2021 06:46 PM PDT

Question is simple: how common are binary (or trinary, or quartenary, etc) star systems in comparison to single stars like our Sun? You'd think this would be an easy question to Google, but the results are inconclusive. Some sources say up to 85% of stars are part of a binary+ system, while others say that the majority of stars are single. Just what's the deal?

submitted by /u/StandsForVice
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Is there a way to determine if the precision of two datasets is significantly different?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 08:25 AM PDT

When I am injecting sample using a 1 mL syringe,over ten injections my volume is 0.999 mL +- 0.012 mL. When my coworker does the same, her volume is 0.999 mL +- 0.026 mL. Is there a way to quantitatively determine if that difference in standard deviation is itself significant? (I want to determine if that difference is due to natural variation or whether it is due to a systematic issue with her technique). Thanks.

submitted by /u/akkon888
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What is the correlation between general public satisfaction and the salary of high-level government employees in said country?

Posted: 03 Sep 2021 08:05 PM PDT

What are some of the problems modern neuropsychological testing faces when it comes to cultural diversity?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 07:53 AM PDT

Recent references welcome 😊

submitted by /u/trumpsaltereg0
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When meteorologist say something is a "100 year flood" or "500 year storm", does the math they use to calculate this account for climate change?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 07:01 AM PDT

Is a weakening AMOC expected to make El Niños stronger and more frequent?

Posted: 04 Sep 2021 12:57 AM PDT

I've been seen a lot about how weakening AMOC will likely increase wind speeds, extreme weather events in the Atlantic, cool off Europe and parts of North America, raise Eastern US sea levels, and affect the monsoons in the Indian Ocean.

But what about the east Pacific? What about the Western US and Central America?

My naive expectation is that a weak AMOC means sluggish currents in the Pacific as well which means warmer equatorial waters, and wetter winters in the American West. But I'm naive and probably grossly wrong.

submitted by /u/LurkerFailsLurking
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How is water pressure maintained to the top floors of buildings taller than municipal water towers?

Posted: 03 Sep 2021 09:42 AM PDT

When does an unborn baby have a functional heart and heartbeat?

Posted: 03 Sep 2021 07:17 PM PDT

Let me be very clear: this is NOT supposed to be political. But in light of Texas' SB8, I saw an argument that the law referenced "fetal heartbeat", whereas at six weeks of pregnancy a baby's detected pulse is just electrical signals, not contractions of a heart. This argument continued to say that at six weeks, any "beat" detected is artificially propagated by technology, whereas an actual heartbeat can be heard without any propagation. So I'm wondering, at what point can a baby be said to have actual heartbeats caused by cardiac contractions? Is this a subjective question open to different interpretations?

submitted by /u/chocoloholic
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What are the current major challenges for developing an Alzheimers treatment based on amyloid inhibiting drugs?

Posted: 03 Sep 2021 06:21 PM PDT

This is a naive question. I was wondering if anyone could shed some light on it or point me to relevant articles/videos that speaks to this.

Since I presume a amyloid inhibition treatment is far from a novel idea, I was wondering what are the current the challenges with this approach. E.g. how many of these are valid statements? what other high level problems are there?

  • It is largely unknown what regulates amyloid production,
  • It is known that many separate processes produce amyloids, making inhibition a large scale problem,
  • Insufficient knowledge to design something that inhibits amyloids without affecting other biochemical processes,
  • No evidence that inhibting amyloids itself prevents/treats alzheimers

Thanks!

submitted by /u/dumbfrycook
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What does the Higgs Boson image mean?

Posted: 03 Sep 2021 08:48 AM PDT

I got a t-shirt of a higgs boson (this image) and i don't know what it means. I watched videos explaining the higgs field, so i know what a higgs boson is, but do not know how the image relates to it.

submitted by /u/Scaldac
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The CDC says about 80% of people infected with West Nile virus have no symptoms. How do we know the number of people who caught it and never had symptoms?

Posted: 03 Sep 2021 10:50 AM PDT

Is there experimental evidence that fully isolated viruses and bacteria cause illness?

Posted: 03 Sep 2021 03:04 PM PDT

Is anyone aware of a large, or decent size study where a completely isolated virus or bacteria (as in, no other substances or contaminants) are sprayed, injected, or otherwise inserted into a healthy subject and it reliably causes a disease with consistent symptoms?

submitted by /u/Badook777
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Friday, September 3, 2021

How do lungs heal after quitting smoking, especially with regards to timelines and partial-quit?

How do lungs heal after quitting smoking, especially with regards to timelines and partial-quit?


How do lungs heal after quitting smoking, especially with regards to timelines and partial-quit?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 09:56 AM PDT

Hi all, just trying to get a sense of something here. If I'm a smoker and I quit, the Internet tells me it takes 1 month for my lungs to start healing if I totally quit. I assume the lungs are healing bit by bit every day after quitting and it takes a month to rebuild lung health enough to categorize the lung as in-recovery. My question is, is my understanding correct?

If that understanding is correct, if I reduce smoking to once a week will the cumulative effects of lung regeneration overcome smoke inhalation? To further explain my thought, let's assume I'm starting with 0% lung health. If I don't smoke, the next day maybe my lung health is at 1%. After a week, I'm at 7%. If I smoke on the last day, let's say I take an impact of 5%. Next day I'm starting at 2%, then by the end of the week I'm at 9%. Of course these numbers are made up nonsense, just trying to get a more concrete understanding (preferably gamified :)) .

I'm actually not a smoker, but I'm just curious to how this whole process works. I assume it's akin to getting a wound, but maybe organ health works differently? I've never been very good at biology or chemistry, so I'm turning to you /r/askscience!

submitted by /u/Monster-Zero
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Can and how protons fuse?

Posted: 03 Sep 2021 07:13 AM PDT

The question is simple, what happens when two protons overcome Coulumbs barrier? Do they fuse and make some sort of a hadron? Or do the 2 protons stick to eachother making a sort of nuclei? Or does something else happen?

submitted by /u/Meidlim
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In space, is it as 'easy' to accelerate an object from 90% the speed of light to 91% as it is to accelerate an object from 10% the speed of light to 11%?

Posted: 03 Sep 2021 03:17 AM PDT

Is it more difficult to accelerate an object to faster speeds in space like it is on earth?

On earth, to go from 20-30mph is much easier than to go from 220-230mph.

In the absence of air resistance and engineering limitations, what are the limiting factors, if any, to reaching higher speeds?

submitted by /u/kendo545
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How do cross-ocean communication cables deal with canyons? Do they lower it all the way down, across the floor and back up or would they allow it to gap across?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 10:16 AM PDT

If people can be lactose intolerant, can they be fructose intolerant? Or sucrose intolerant? Glucose?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 08:36 PM PDT

Can removing wisdom teeth change the shape of your face?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 05:20 PM PDT

And does each removal change it differently. Like if you removed the lower ones would your jaw shrink and if you removed the upper ones would your cheekbones shrink?

How else should the bones heal without absorbing surrounding bone mass.

submitted by /u/cunny_man
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Is everyone's digestive tract the same length?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 03:45 PM PDT

I mean 2 people who are the same height and size. Does this play into different levels of nutrient absorption?

submitted by /u/pillowwow
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What is the actual mechanism behind the symptoms that are caused by trisomy?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 07:16 PM PDT

I'm not thinking of any specific chromosome but for example let's say trisomy 21. What is about having a third 21st chromosome that affects the person in that particular way?

submitted by /u/0dysseus123
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Do large structures inhibit tornadogenesis, such as in urban centers?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 06:48 AM PDT

As tornadoes are a rotating column of air that gets pushed toward the ground, would it coming into contact with skyscrapers and other large structures such as a city center cause enough turbulence within the mesocyclone to inhibit or at least weaken a burgeoning tornado? Additionally would a developed tornado hitting a large urban center be significantly weakened as it passed through?

submitted by /u/tyler1128
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Could an asteroid theoretically approach the earth so fast it isn't detected?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 02:47 PM PDT

Is there a maximum speed an asteroid could travel? And ag that maximum speed could an asteroid approach so fast we would have zero warning of its impending collision?

submitted by /u/the_saas_guy
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During the 1980's and 90's, why was the biggest hole in the ozone layer always concentrated over Antarctica?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 03:03 PM PDT

Is it possible to build immunity to nettles ?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 04:17 PM PDT

Hi I am 15 and living in Scotland I was I get exposed to nettles a ton because I like to go fishing mainly fly fishing at very hard to access places with a lot of nettles today I walked through a massive bush of them and I was wearing shorts my legs were fine but the only stings that hurt were the ones on my hand so did my legs evolve immunity to nettles or is there another reason behind this and also will prolonged and frequent exposure To nettles harm me in any way

submitted by /u/Connormclean3
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How much does full vaccination reduce your chance of being infected with Covid?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 12:13 PM PDT

Do humans experience any cycles like the 24h circadian rhythm, but with different frequencies?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 04:16 PM PDT

For example, episodic cluster headache sufferers often get episodes cyclically at extremely regular intervals. Each episode may happen once every 90 days, or once every two years (in my partner's case), or at apparently any arbitrary frequency. And within each episode, the headaches may happen once a day at the same time (even almost the same minute), or every 4 hours, and so on - again, the frequency appears to be arbitrary.

What could possibly be causing this? Are there multiple cycles of different frequencies in the body which might all "peak" at once, causing a headache?

(Knowing cluster headache sufferers and having read quite a bit on it, I do not believe the episodes are somehow psychosomatically induced. The headache results from the activity of the trigeminal nerve, and certain drugs (triptans) and other methods (oxygen therapy in particular) very reliably abort the headaches, apparently by inducing vasoconstriction.)

submitted by /u/Cannabat
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Does surface tension get weaker as the temperature of a fluid increases? Why?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 11:51 AM PDT

I can't explain this, it just feels intuitive, but it seems to me that the surface tension of a fluid becomes weaker if that fluid gets hot. I'm hesitant to call it a rule or something though because I can't explain it.

Is that a real thing, and if so, why does it happen?

submitted by /u/SnugFnuggBlue
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Do coronal mass ejections affect Earths weather ?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 10:21 AM PDT

How large is the DKMS database (German Bonemarrow Donor File) and how likely is it to find your "genetic twin" for a bone marrow transplant?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 07:29 AM PDT

Likewise what does it take to be a "genetic twin" of someone.

submitted by /u/bufarreti
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Does an increase of dopamine in the body have any effect on the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and / or fat metabolism?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 05:43 AM PDT

Thursday, September 2, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Jon Schwantes from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and my team is working to uncover the origin of uranium "Heisenberg" cubes that resulted from Nazi Germany's failed nuclear program. Ask me anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Jon Schwantes from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and my team is working to uncover the origin of uranium "Heisenberg" cubes that resulted from Nazi Germany's failed nuclear program. Ask me anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Jon Schwantes from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and my team is working to uncover the origin of uranium "Heisenberg" cubes that resulted from Nazi Germany's failed nuclear program. Ask me anything!

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 04:00 AM PDT

Hi Reddit, this is Jon Schwantes from PNNL. My team and I are working to uncover one of history's great mysteries. During WWII, the United States and Nazi Germany were competing to develop nuclear technology. The Allies thwarted Germany's program and confiscated 2 inch-by-2 inch uranium cubes that were at the center of this research. Where these cubes went after being smuggled out of Germany is the subject of much debate. Our research aims to resolve this question by using nuclear forensic techniques on samples that have been provided to us by other researchers, as well as on a uranium cube of unknown origin that has been located at our lab in Washington for years. I'll be on at 10:30am Pacific (1:30 PM ET, 17:30 UT) to answer your questions!

Read more here:

Username: /u/PNNL

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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If light is just a radio wave with a different frequency then can visible light be created using an antenna ?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 09:13 AM PDT

Why do magnets demagnetize at high temps?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 01:13 AM PDT

Do electromagnetic waves decay?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 06:26 AM PDT

A friend sent me this cool video recently. It shows how a parabolic dish can turn a wave originating at its focus into a highly directional pulse. The pulse appears to remain self-contained without spreading out as it travels.

This made me wonder. How far will this directional wave travel in a complete vacuum?

To me, it seems that such a transmitter -even with perfect geometry and reflection- would not have an unlimited range. But most EM waves 'decay' due to the inverse-square law, where their amplitude is attenuated as the wave spreads outwards in all directions. That is clearly not happening here, so what factors would limit the range of this transmitter?

If I had to guess, I would say that the electrical permittivity and the magnetic permeability of empty space would be the factors that limit how far a wave (that is ignoring the inverse-square law) could propogate.

But I'm not %100 sure. What do you guys think?

submitted by /u/ManlyMcBuff
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How does different masks compare(cloth, normal medical masks, N95 etc) in terms of stopping Covid?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 02:03 AM PDT

How did we create the smallpox vaccine without even discovering antibodies yet?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 02:39 PM PDT

The smallpox vaccine was first created in 1796 yet the discovery of antibodies was in 1890. How did this happen?

submitted by /u/SicMundus1888
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have there been cases of people getting vitaminosis of fat-soluble vitamins from rapid fat loss?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 06:33 AM PDT

Fat-soluble vitamins such as retinol are stored in the body's fat tissue. During weight loss, if done right, one should expect to see body fat reduce; does this release all the fat-soluble vitamins stored in there? Has this ever caused vitaminosis because it was done too rapidly?

submitted by /u/dareealmvp
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What other "long overdue" disasters are there?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 07:42 AM PDT

So we finally got the global pandemic. Are there other calamities that scientists have been saying are long overdue, like the Big One in California? Where do we stand on these catastrophes-in-waiting?

submitted by /u/edmarso
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What kind of protection do memory T cell stored in bone marrow provide, compared to neutralizing/sterilizing immunity?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 11:59 AM PDT

There's lots of discussion around the vaccines providing the best source of sterilizing immunity, but what protection could be provided from these memory T cells from natural infection and the following convalescent immunity? And do vaccines also provide this same type of immunity, or only sterilizing immunity?

submitted by /u/GlossyEyed
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How powerful a telescope would you need to be able to see something like the lunar rovers or old landing sites on the moon?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 08:53 AM PDT

Would we be able to see anything at all or would the atmosphere be a problem? Thank you!

submitted by /u/_haha_oh_wow_
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How well do amputated limbs 'work' after they've been reattached?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 09:09 AM PDT

Say someone had a hand sliced off, and all of the circumstances were ideal for them to get it put back on (say the accident happened in the middle of a well funded hospital with experienced surgeons on staff).

If this hand gets attached, will the person be able to have the same kind of dexterity in their hand/fingers as they did before the accident?

submitted by /u/Raspint
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Gastroenterologists, does eating large quantities of capsaicin have a significant impact on the gut microbiome? If so, how? What about if you were to eat a small quantity of capsaicin rich food like a Carolina reaper?

Posted: 31 Aug 2021 11:57 PM PDT

Covid19 vs Sars1 why the difference in mutation rates?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 04:25 PM PDT

Why does the covid virus mutate so fast and successfully when compared with other viruses like Sars and Mers?

submitted by /u/Shadowjack_Darkstar
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Why do we have a 15min wait after the COVID vaccine and not others?

Posted: 02 Sep 2021 12:10 AM PDT

Has this anything to do with being studied/in trials, as such, still?

submitted by /u/MattyDxx
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Why didn't the Y-chromosomal Adam and Mitochondrial Eve spawn around the same time?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 01:37 AM PDT

I have to admit that I have a religious bias when asking these questions, so I'd love for you to untangle that if needed.

But my question is that, why didn't the Y-chromosomal Adam and Mitochondrial Eve spawn around the same time? Like wouldn't the mother (Eve) and father's (Adam) genetics carry to all humans if all humans hail from the same ancestors? So would they be alive at the same time (when the ancestors were alive)?

To bring the religious side to it: Assuming that Adam or Eve was the Y-chromosomal Adam or Mitochondrial Eve, when Adam and Eve had children, and their children bred with other humans, human like species and etc, and all humans hail from Adam and Eve. Would this case would this be the Y-chromosomal Adam or Mitochondrial Eve? In my mind it would seem to be both, but I have a limited understanding of genetics to know if this is true or not.

I watched this video talking about it a bit, but only mentions Mitochondrial Eve, but not Y-chromosomal Adam, is there any reason why that is? Is the former more important than the later?

submitted by /u/Mohk72k
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What decides the initial shape of the shape-memory alloys?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 06:49 AM PDT

https://youtu.be/65r6Ztxi0EQ

I saw a video(link above) on how nitinol works, and the video creator explained the shape-memory ability of the nitinol alloy. He had a spring made of nitinol and then he deformed that spring using power, after that he showed how by using water, heat, or electricity we easily get that spring back to its initial shape.

My question is that what or which process/component decides what that initial shape is going to be that we will get when we apply heat, water, or electricity to a shape-memory alloy like nitinol?

submitted by /u/Smitmachhi
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Why after osseointegration skin does not "stick" to an implant?

Posted: 01 Sep 2021 06:27 AM PDT

What are the problems that prevent making osseointegration compatible with the skin and making it "stick" to implant's external part, like skin "sticks" to nails, preventing pathogens from getting to nail base (unless skin gets damaged)?

submitted by /u/Grubzer
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