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Monday, August 16, 2021

Did dinosaurs roam the entire planet or did they live in certain parts? And if so, where did they predominantly live and why?

Did dinosaurs roam the entire planet or did they live in certain parts? And if so, where did they predominantly live and why?


Did dinosaurs roam the entire planet or did they live in certain parts? And if so, where did they predominantly live and why?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 01:32 PM PDT

For example, did they live near forest, water, hot/cold, etc.

submitted by /u/TheFutureExcitesMe
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Why do horseradish and wasabi seem to burn through the nose, while regular hot sauces and peppers seem to burn through the tongue (and also almost anything else they come in contact with)?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 04:24 PM PDT

I love hot sauces, the hotter the better, (~7,000,000 Scoville is my daily driver) but I've noticed there is a big difference between how a Carolina reaper burns vs horseradish. Why is that?

submitted by /u/elchiguire
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What is the specific advantage of a moon base over an orbital space station?

Posted: 16 Aug 2021 06:01 AM PDT

Now that several nations have developed plans for permanent installations on the moon, what is the specific advantage of building such an installation over having an identical facility floating in space?

submitted by /u/vasopressin334
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How can people catch diseases from animals which are not subsequently transmitted from person to person?

Posted: 16 Aug 2021 03:35 AM PDT

I've just started reading The Plague Year: America in the Time of Covid by Lawrence Wright. In the prologue, he writes:

People also get infections from animals, but they are not considered human diseases unless they are shown to be transmitted from one person to another.

My reading (which may well be wrong) is that animal diseases may occasionally be transmitted from animal to human, but such transmission does not necessarily indicate that the disease will then be transmitted from that human to another human.

But I'm struggling to wrap my head around this. Surely the limiting factor in disease transmission is the susceptibility to infection of the recipient - and so, once a pathogen has demonstrated that it can cross the species barrier and infect a human, that means humans are susceptible and human-to-human transmission is possible?

If not, what is it that means animal-to-human transmission of that disease is possible but not human-to-human? Why does the species of the infected party matter?

submitted by /u/for_shaaame
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Do we see differences in Broca's Area development in individuals who speak publicly more often?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 07:01 PM PDT

The initial question came to me specifically regarding freestyle rappers, who can have marvelous adaptions of language. I am curious now if politicians, comedians, speakers, singers, etc may have enhanced or differential development of the speech/language center of the brain.

submitted by /u/onlysoftcore
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Do we expect that "unsolvable" differential equations would have an analytical solution if we simply knew more math?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 05:38 PM PDT

In my engineering studies and while reading the book Chaos, I see a lot of mentions of complicated differential equations without solutions.

For example, the equation (dx/dt)+sin(x(t))=sin(wt) does not have an analytical solution as far as I know. Is there hope that if we had more functions at our disposal (for example, more functions like sine, hyperbolic sine, etc.) we would be able to find such a solution? Or is something like this fundamentally unsolvable for some reason?

If it would be possible, are mathematicians working to discover these new mathematical terms? It fascinates me that we don't have the math to cleanly describe the three-body problem, for example, and it's hard to imagine that a clean solution wouldn't exist if we simply knew more.

submitted by /u/JewshyJ
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What sorts of pathogens can we make vaccines against? Is it virus only? How far along are we from fungi vaccines?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 02:08 PM PDT

How did we categorize plants before we had access to DNA test?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 12:58 PM PDT

I ask because there is a beautiful flower in my yard that is a type of onion even though it looks nothing like an onion. How could scientists tell what different looking plants were closely related?

submitted by /u/Koalaesq
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How long does it take to produce a single dose of Covid vaccine?

Posted: 16 Aug 2021 02:16 AM PDT

Would it be possible to take a vaccine anywhere else besides in your skin and would it work?

Posted: 16 Aug 2021 01:42 AM PDT

Can someone pinpoint me the exact location of the source of the Nile river?

Posted: 16 Aug 2021 04:57 AM PDT

The questions is not just about the Nile river, but any river, like the Amazon river, for example.

What exactly is a source of a river? Why don't we see pictures of one?

"The source of river X is hard to find" I've heard this many times and it makes no sense to me.

There maybe multiple sources of a river and that's fine, but not being able to exactly pinpoint all of them is kind of silly in my opinion.

What would happen if I were to walk a riverside backwards? I would definitely reach somewhere, where there's no river anymore, right? So, that's the source! (or a source, in case of multiple)

Not to mention the ability to use satellite images.

Searching for "Source of Nile river" literally yields to no useful results, just a few maps and some other random river pictures! I'm so confused. I would really love to see how a river starts or even visit it.

submitted by /u/Outlaw_07
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Do OTC expectorants like Mucinex offer any long term benefit for “clearing” symptoms permanently? Or do they just mask symptoms temporarily, and it’s better to let your immune system do the work itself?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 09:38 AM PDT

This is always something I have been curious about. Some people seem to believe these medicines can be curative vs. just a temporary masking of symptoms, so I wasn't sure what was true. Thanks everyone!

submitted by /u/jasminesunbear
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How does blackhole attraction at the same relitive distance away but different size blackhole work?

Posted: 16 Aug 2021 02:28 AM PDT

If I had a large blackhole and stood 5 radiuses away from it, then got a blackhole the size of my thumb and stood 5 of its radiuses away from it. Would the attractions be equivalent or not connect at all? (Assuming that there is no spin and charge and the blockholes are scale models of each other)

submitted by /u/BrainSlug03
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Was there less actual land mass when the continents were all pushed together or has it fluctuated over time? If it has, does that mean when the land mass was smaller, were the oceans on average not as deep?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 08:43 PM PDT

Does the liver recover 100% from a live liver donation/transplant?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 08:06 AM PDT

When a donor gives part of their liver for a transplant, does the donors liver recover 100%, or is there some damage/scarring that carries over from the surgery? Can complications arise later in life due to being a donor?

Secondarily, does the donated liver become a 100% functional healthy liver in the person getting the transplant? Or is it life saving but not as good as having their original liver (if it was healthy)?

I've been having trouble finding the specific information. I know both livers are expected to "recover and regenerate", and I know the transplati's body has to accept the new liver, but I've been having trouble finding if the livers are considered "100%" once healed, or if long term side effects are expected (however minor)

submitted by /u/DwayneTheRockJson
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How do you determine the solubility of oxides?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 06:17 AM PDT

Could the use of Aducanumab in pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's patients halt progression of the disease?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 07:50 AM PDT

While lots of medications for Alzheimer's focus on stopping the breakdown of acetylcholine, Aducanumab is directed towards "attacking" the amyloid plaques. Does this mean that an early diagnosis, at a stage when plaque formation is starting to occur but not to a high enough level to affect ones cognitive abilities (pre-symptomatic stage), could potentially result in a halting of the condition?

Edit: typo

submitted by /u/MushofPixels
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Why didn't historical plagues like polio and small pox mutate into different strains like the flu and covid do today?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 12:58 PM PDT

How did Maxwell observe electric fields?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 10:11 AM PDT

Im trying to learn Maxwells equations... but what i cant figure out is how did Maxwell observe charged particles or electric fields to know that there was any action at a distance going on at all?

submitted by /u/Sharpeye1994
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How do PET scans differ from MRI scans for neuroendocrine cancer detection?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 04:16 AM PDT

In oxygen concentrators, how do the zeolites (e.g. zeolite 13X) selectively bind N2 and not O2?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 04:52 AM PDT

Apparently N2 binds via pi-interactions with the cations in zeolites? But why doesn't O2 do the same? Is the size difference of O2 and N2 relevant? And why is O2 smaller than N2, even though N2 is a triple bond and therefore much shorter in bond length??

submitted by /u/cowhead
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What is the science behind asymptomatic people with covid-19?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 01:44 PM PDT

I mean, if you don't have symptoms, then you don't have the virus right? I am confused, but never knew where to ask

submitted by /u/No_Philosophy8805
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Sunday, August 15, 2021

What is the science behind Fomite transmission and Covid-19?

What is the science behind Fomite transmission and Covid-19?


What is the science behind Fomite transmission and Covid-19?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 05:04 AM PDT

My husband is still incredibly concerned of the likelihood of getting Covid via fomite transmission - we still remove all our grocieries from packages and place them in reusable containers, freezer bags, etc. Almost no outside packages are allowed inside the home unless completely sanitized, etc.

I am looking for the science behind fomite transmission and covid-19 - how likely is it to catch covid via fomite transmission, how viable is the virus, etc?

Thank you.

submitted by /u/marshmallowcritter
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What purpose does inflammation serve in immune response

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 01:53 AM PDT

Have their been any vaccines that were and still are safe for adults but not for children?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 02:34 PM PDT

With the current wait for the covid vaccines to get approved for children, has there ever been a vaccine that was and still is approved for adults but not for children? Or even where the adult dosage would be dangerous if given to children?

submitted by /u/kiklion
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Isolation period of delta variant?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 02:22 AM PDT

The delta variant produces 1000 times more viral load than the other variations. Would this mean that the suggested isolation period of 10 days be extented? Or if not, why?

submitted by /u/travis1bickle
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How do we know what the inside of the earth looks like?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 03:43 PM PDT

We never dug deeper than the crust, so how do scientists know the layers of the earth and how big they are?

submitted by /u/noyza2132
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Do animals that only breed once a year (ducks in spring for example) only ovulate once a year or only get horny once a year?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 09:26 AM PDT

What fills the space between our internal organs - and do surgeons need to vacuum out the air after opening us up?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 09:54 AM PDT

In all the pictures I've seen it looks like our guts are packed pretty tightly, organs filling the volume very efficiently. They always look wet, though; what is that stuff? How does it get recycled? And after a surgeon has had to open you up, do they have to try not to close up any bubbles of air in there?

submitted by /u/slartibartfist
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Why certain minerals occur in certain soils and why they don't in certain soil?

Posted: 15 Aug 2021 02:40 AM PDT

For example alluvial soils are rich in potash but poor in phosphorus. Black cotton soils have are rich in iron but lack phosphorus, nitrogen etc.

Is there any detailed material which provides the reason why these soils have such and such mineral?

submitted by /u/lundfakeer69
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Are wildfires actually getting worse globally?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 09:21 AM PDT

It certainly seems that on the news, there have been reports of unusually fierce wildfires in many places in the past couple years, such as Australia last year, Turkey, Greece, Russia and the western United States. I know authorities in California have stated that this year's fire season has been one of the worst on record. President Putin has been on record as saying the wildfires this year in Russia are "unprecedented".

Is there any academic consensus on whether wildfires are actually getting worse statistically? Are these anomalies, or just skewed news reporting? I've seen data that certain indicators, such as the total number of acres burned and number of fires in California, do not show any significant trend since 2000. But I have no idea if these are the correct metrics to use, or how that compares to the situation globally.

submitted by /u/cyprus1962
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If electrons moving through matter makes electricity, what happens when protons move through matter? Can they even move through matter?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 12:41 PM PDT

How exactly is the delta variant of Covid-19 “more transmissible/contagious” than regular Covid-19?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 02:09 PM PDT

Can we create artificial antibodies?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 09:49 AM PDT

Antibodies were described to me as being like enzymes. We've had a lot of luck modifying restriction endonucleases to "cut" DNA and RNA sequences at specific points. Have we been able to engineer recognition sequences to "cut" proteins and not just DNA and RNA?

Disclaimer: I ask a lot of stupid questions.

Edit: 1. I think restriction endonucleases are modified bacterial defense mechanisms acting like their version of antibodies. Restriction enzyme - Wikipedia

  1. What I was referring to is, from what I can tell, when a restriction endonuclease is produced the DNA or RNA codes for a protein to be synthesized. Then, a guide RNA, or maybe DNA sometimes?, then binds to it or combines with it somehow telling the protein to cut it. I was asking if we have been able to create a protein sequence that does the same thing as the part of the guide RNA/DNA that binds to the protein. Then I didn't know if we could add to that piece of protein a conserved sequence of a protein that we want to render useless.
submitted by /u/Justeserm
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Is the spike protein in COVID-19 the same in all variants?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 08:43 PM PDT

How do we know that seemingly random things such as the decay of an atom is truely random?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 06:25 AM PDT

How can we be 100% sure that things like the decay of an atom or quantum randomness is actually random and not just a very complex formula? E.g things such as atmospheric pressure which is used to generate some pseudorandom numbers seems random but isn't, could it not be the same with the decay of an atom?

submitted by /u/MJGZXP
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Does the earth’s surface temperature have an effect on the likelihood of earthquakes?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 06:57 PM PDT

Like adding a gap in a bridge to accommodate for heat expansion, if the earth continues to warm, will we see an increased likelihood of fissure activity? Or is the temperature rise negligible over something as large as a tectonic plate?

submitted by /u/philthyfork
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Why exactly does a still scene fade out when our eyes can't do thier saccadic movements?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 08:22 AM PDT

There's this old trick, you cover one eye and gently use two fingers to hold your other eyeball in place as you look at a stationary scene. Eventually the scene will fade into nothingness.

I know that the reason this happens is because your eyes can't do thier saccadic movements. The image returns if you shake your head for example. Saccades update your vision, make sure the part of the visual scene you're not focusing on isn't changing.

But I don't get how this would lead to the entire scene fading out. Why don't you retain at least a small cone of vision where your retina is pointing?

submitted by /u/Inquisitivemonke
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Can you recieve a vaccine within a tattoo?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 09:23 PM PDT

Considering there are millions of microscopic, sensitive veins and arteries in my body, does it mean that every time I move, exercise or just by staying alive, small veins continuously burst, heal and create new pathways?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 10:04 AM PDT

Am I having natural microscopic internal breedings as I'm writing this right now?

Am I having extremely small ministrokes every day and Im not even noticing it because it's normal?

submitted by /u/Shadow_the_ban_91
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Is there any motor equivalent of visual imagery in conscious thought processes?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 09:08 AM PDT

When professional dancers consciously remember and mull over a long and elaborate movement sequence they recently performed, are their representations some sort of recollection of (some stage of) the real motor sketch or just the product of propioceptive and perhaps also visual feedback (if they were seeing themselves in a mirror)?

We know from phenomena such as corollary discharge that there is some feedback from motor to sensory processes, otherwise saccades would make it impossible to compute perceptual constancy. But typically this feedback concerns automatic movements and reflexes. What I am interested in is the amodal representations of our voluntary motor plans.

Are these ever conscious? Do they ever have an impact on higher thought processes? If the answer is no, does anyone have an inkling as to why? Simply saying "perception and action are different" sounds dogmatic to me.

submitted by /u/Parking_Committee_95
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Saturday, August 14, 2021

If an air bubble is accidentally left in a syringe for a vaccine or any other medicine can it kill me? Or is it rare?

If an air bubble is accidentally left in a syringe for a vaccine or any other medicine can it kill me? Or is it rare?


If an air bubble is accidentally left in a syringe for a vaccine or any other medicine can it kill me? Or is it rare?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 05:00 AM PDT

EDIT : I have been supplied with answers so thank you people who commented and goodbye

submitted by /u/stapidisstapid
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Why does the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine require two separate doses instead of one combined dose?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 07:06 AM PDT

Also why do they need to be taken weeks apart and not in the same day?

submitted by /u/JacksonMcGlothlin
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What do antibodies look like in our blood?

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 03:21 PM PDT

If you could see them when you prick your finger, what would they look like?

submitted by /u/grasshoppereartquake
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We all know what optical and auditory illusions are, but what are some good olfactory illusions? Or taste illusions, whatever you would call them.

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 10:13 PM PDT

How are earthquakes and droughts related?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 03:46 AM PDT

I was reading a story about droughts preceding earthquakes and I am very interested! Have you heard of this?

submitted by /u/PennJerseyDevil
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Question for microbiologists. Is Naegleria in Washington rivers or is it only in the south?

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 06:08 PM PDT

How does the immune system fight off prions?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 01:50 AM PDT

I don't know much about the immune system or prions, but I have heard prions aren't bacteria or a virus and that many of them don't have any known cure or any way to defend against them. What makes them so much different and why does our bodies have such a difficult time dealing with them?

submitted by /u/Sol33t303
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Is it possible for head injuries to affect the hair follicles in any way? If yes, does it affect hair growth?

Posted: 14 Aug 2021 05:24 AM PDT

Why is there an upper limit to solubility? Why does a substance become saturated?

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 12:33 PM PDT

Take water and nitrogen or sugar and water as examples. Why can't I dissolve any amount of water I want into the air or any amount of sugar I want into a cup of water? What physically stops me? Is it simply a matter of the solvent keeping the solute suspended like dust in a stream?

My perspective is from Physics so I've been trying to wrap my head around the thermodynamics of the situation but the enthalpy angle doesn't seem to help me get a instinctual understanding of what's occurring...

submitted by /u/rexregisanimi
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How many known sounds are there in all the world’s languages combined?

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 01:46 PM PDT

Pretty much the title. There seem to be so many possible sound combinations, but there must be a limited number of known sounds. If they have been tallied, how many do they total?

submitted by /u/stepstepglide
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What makes it so that a new COVID-19 mutation is able to 'get around' our vaccinations?

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 10:49 AM PDT

I apologize for the frequently asked question. I'm sure everyone wants to know.

submitted by /u/LinguisticsTurtle
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Can you use other gasses to "carbonate" water?

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 12:15 PM PDT

Are the Earth's tectonic plates deforming?

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 12:36 PM PDT

I've looked in the FAQ and read the Rift Formation entry and the Plate Motion entry, but I still don't understand something I saw on Wikipedia (I know, I know, not a primary source, but that's why I'm coming here for clarity!)

This image shows a simplified view of the major plates and their motions relative to each other:

I've noticed several of the plates are not moving "uniformly" in one direction. Take the African Plate, for example. The western side is pulling away from the South American plate (in an easterly direction, roughly) but the south-eastern side is pulling away from the Australian plate (in a north-westerly direction). The northern side is pulling away from the Middle Eastern plate (in a roughly southern direction).

This would suggest to me that the African plate is deforming by collapsing in on itself. Either it must be "getting thicker", or material is being pushed further into the Earth, or possibly the 2D "shape" is changing. Are any of these assumptions true? It seems this is occurring to several of the plates in this image.

submitted by /u/dante662
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Which country in the world has lowest pharmaceutical drug use?

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 09:39 PM PDT

Meaning, of the countries with the infrastructure to synthesize and distribute pharmaceutical drugs, which one has the lowest rate of use? Somewhere like Somalia may be the actual answer, but I'm not counting this because they simply lack the means to do so. I'm interesting in tracking different metrics of health and this is currently what I'm after. Any help is much appreciated, thanks!

submitted by /u/cortexualized
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Is there a maximum for batterie capacity?

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 10:05 AM PDT

Is there a theoretical maximum of what a future batterie could have in terms of energy density? Or will there be cars in the future that can drive thousands of kilometers on charge?

submitted by /u/LakoR6
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Would an atomic bomb produce two mushroom clouds in opposite directions if the bomb was released in the sky?

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 12:09 AM PDT

With a car traveling at speed, and the centrifugal force acting on the tires - would the pressure inside the tire be any less than a car at rest?

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 04:19 AM PDT

Friday, August 13, 2021

Do other monogamous animals ever "fall out of love" and separate like humans do?

Do other monogamous animals ever "fall out of love" and separate like humans do?


Do other monogamous animals ever "fall out of love" and separate like humans do?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 06:02 PM PDT

I've looked everywhere and I can't find an answer. Can the shamwow absorb mercury?

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 03:19 AM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Rebecca Schwarzlose, a neuroscientist who studies brain organization and development, here to discuss the maps in your brain that give you perception, movement, meaning, and mental imagery - and make it possible for new technologies to decode your thoughts. AMA!

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 04:00 AM PDT

Hi Reddit! I'm Rebecca Schwarzlose, a cognitive neuroscientist here to talk with you about brain maps and how our little brains create the spectacular range of senses and abilities we enjoy. Did you know that when you imagine a face, you are using the same brain maps that allow you to see and visually recognize faces? Did you know that imagining being touched activates the same brain maps that allow you to feel actual touch? Did you know technologies already exist to eavesdrop on activity in these maps and decode information about what you are perceiving, planning, or imagining?

Here's some info about me: I have a Ph.D. in Neuroscience from MIT and study the developing brain as a postdoctoral scholar in the psychiatry department at Washington University in St. Louis. Together with colleagues Nancy Kanwisher and Chris Baker, I discovered and named a new brain area: the fusiform body area. I have been the chief editor of Trends in Cognitive Sciences, a scholarly reviews journal. I have also written a book about brain maps for the public called Brainscapes: The Warped, Wondrous Maps Written in Your Brain - And How They Guide You (Mariner Books, 2021). The book was supported by a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Program for Public Understanding of Science and Technology.

You can find out more about the book from The New York Times, Publishers Weekly, the Avid Reader Podcast, the Smart People Podcast, and my author site. For more brain facts, check out my personal blog Garden of the Mind, my blog Brainscapes on Psychology Today, my Book Bite, or find me on Twitter @gothemind.

I am excited for your brain questions! See you at 2 PM ET (18 UTC), ask me anything!

Username: /u/Gardenofmind

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Will a organ that was donated from a younger person to an older person help minimize the aging process? Also, will the organ age faster due to the already aged organs around it?

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 08:09 AM PDT

Will Strontium bone dating be a viable option for archaeologists in the future who study people after the industrial revolution?

Posted: 13 Aug 2021 08:24 AM PDT

Watching a documentary on Stonehenge, they dated someone's bones with Strontium-90. The main thing as a requirement being that the food the person ate, grown in that area, was the main help dating. As the industrial revolution started, and especially in modern times, food people eat regularly comes from thousands of miles away. Will this affect how useful strontium dating is?

submitted by /u/ohwhyhello
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Do sloths think slower, too?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 12:58 PM PDT

Obviously, sloths move quite slow compared to most other animals. I've heard that some of a sloth's bodily systems also work slower. Specifically, I've heard several times that a sloth can starve to death with food in its stomach because its digestive process is so slow, it can't get the nutrients, etc. out before it dies.

But do sloths' cognitive processes move slower, too? I just watched a gif of a sloth interacting with a dog, and the sloth seemed to be trying to get a good look at it. Does it take longer for the sloth to process the information it is taking in?

submitted by /u/ThatIsNotYourChild
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What would the sounds that are shadowed in the IPA chart sound like?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 04:48 PM PDT

I understand that we as humans are incapable of creating such noises through our mouths but what about from a computer simulation, would that be possible and if so, what would it sound like?

submitted by /u/HarambeDiedBecauseH-
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In barren parts of the ocean, would adding a “jungle gym” like network of beams help introduce life in that area?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 07:47 PM PDT

Imagine a bunch of boxes interlocked together made of beams (I'm going to say metal beams but there's other options for the material) that sat on the ocean floor. The beam box could be however wide and tall, and maybe if some substrate was added, coral could grow like in coral farms or whatever the coral reintroduction thing is. Would this structure ultimately grow coral or lots of algae and kelp of sorts, and bring life in that area? And is bringing life to barren areas of the ocean floor even beneficial? Thanks and sorry for rambling.

Edit: what about a big boat unloading boulders? I'm so curious what the barren flat sea floor would look like if it was lined with boulders. Just algae, or would there be fish everywhere?

submitted by /u/barracuda_leviathan
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How long does it take a COVID-infected cell to release new virons into the host body?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 07:43 PM PDT

Hello, I'm having trouble finding information regarding COVID's activity within a single human host. Here are my questions:

1.) How long does it usually take a COVID-infected cell to release new COVID virons into the host's body?

2.) How many individual COVID virons are usually released from a single infected cell?

3.) What percentage of infected cells reach the stage of releasing new virons (i.e. not killed by apoptosis)?

4.) What percentage of the new virons end up infecting new host cells?

submitted by /u/primal_utility
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Why would Ptolemy have to assume that moon follows a path that sometimes brings it twice as close to earth to predict the positions correctly?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 09:17 AM PDT

From the book "The Theory of Everything" by Stephen Hawking:

Ptolemy's model provided a reasonably accurate system for predicting the positions of heavenly bodies in the sky. But in order to predict these positions correctly, Ptolemy had to make an assumption that the moon followed a path that sometimes brought it twice as close to the Earth as at other times. And that meant that the moon had sometimes to appear twice as big as it usually does.

submitted by /u/DaringDick
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Should current rapid COVID tests be accurate for delta variant?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 10:27 AM PDT

How do quantum logic gates actually work?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 02:01 AM PDT

Like how do you actually physically alter the phase and magnitude of a superposition? I know it is done using matrix multiplication but how the fuck do you multiply a photon??

submitted by /u/Monkleman
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How far back do modern human brains go?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 12:01 AM PDT

So, say you had a time machine and your plan was to go back and kidnap a newborn homo sapien and then bring that child to the present and raise it like any other human today. How far back could you go and still have the basic biological brain capabilities of any modern day person? Like the ability to learn complex languages, master basic educational concepts and successfully study advanced topics.

submitted by /u/hurricane14
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