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Thursday, August 12, 2021

Does the Delta Variants higher viral load have an effect on the accuracy of quick swab antigen testing?

Does the Delta Variants higher viral load have an effect on the accuracy of quick swab antigen testing?


Does the Delta Variants higher viral load have an effect on the accuracy of quick swab antigen testing?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 05:09 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Claire McLintock, a clinical and laboratory hematologist specializing in obstetric medicine. I currently serve as Vice Chair of World Thrombosis Day and and I am passionate about all areas of women's health, from pregnancy to hormone replacement therapy. AMA!

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 04:00 AM PDT

I am Claire McLintock, M.D., a clinical and laboratory hematologist based in Auckland, New Zealand. I work at National Women's Health, Auckland City Hospital in New Zealand and my clinical and research areas of interest are thrombotic and hemostatic disorders in women. I formerly served as President of the ISTH and led a working group of the ISTH that is developing an international core curriculum in clinical thrombosis and hemostasis. I am also a Founding Member and Vice Chair of the World Thrombosis Day Steering Committee. Join me on Twitter @DoctorMcLintock. I'll be on at 3:00 p.m. EDT (19 UT), AMA!

Username: /u/WorldThrombosisDay

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What is gravitational potential always negative except when it is 0 at infinity?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 08:18 AM PDT

So I understand that gravitational potential at infinity is 0 because the intensity of a gravitational field is 0 at infinity. What I do not understand is why does the gravitational potential not increase when an object approaches the source mass. The gravitational potential energy increases but the gravitational potential decreases. So, I think what my question really is about how gravitational potential is defined. ( i know the book definition,But I don't understand how ....it works exactly)

Edit:

so as far as I understand now, it is that using 0 potential for infinite distance from the source mass is just a matter of convention as gravitational potential at any point is in reference to the gravitational potential at another point( its comparative) and hence it can be negative. If I am still not right, please help me improve my understanding

Edit 2:

I think I have understood this concept as well as I could hope to. I'm just going to write what I understood and people can point out any mistakes I made, if they want to.

(GPE=Gravitational Potential Energy , r=distance from earth)

If we lift an object from the earth, it's GPE increases in magnitude compared to when the object was touching the ground. If we continue to lift it, it's GPE continues to increase until r=infinity. At r=infinity, the influence of the gravitational field of the earth can no longer be felt. Therefore, When r=infinity, GPE is theoretically at its maximum. This maximum can be denoted by a positive infinity but it is better to denote this maximum with a solid value like 0. Therefore, at all distances less than infinity, GPE is less than 0 or negative.

I think this is as good as my understanding of this concept will be at the level I am currently studying(I am a highschool senior). Thankyou r/askscience for helping me.🤗

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Do rockets have to account for the gravitational pull of the Sun?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 05:12 AM PDT

Is there a temperature where nuclei themselves decompose?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 06:33 AM PDT

All chemical compounds have a temperature where they eventually break down their chemical bonds and separate into their constituent atoms or ions. Is there some absurdly high temperature where nuclei decompose into their constituent protons and neutrons? Beyond that, is there a temperature where those themselves decompose into their constituent quarks?

submitted by /u/Alephbetae
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How does waste water testing identify specific viruses based on protein fragments, especially after hours or days of degradation?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 03:20 AM PDT

I'm having a very hard time establishing exactly what technology is used for waste water testing for viral fragments, most fact sheets just say things like

The samples are analysed for viral fragments

Which while perfectly fine as a public service announcement, leaves me craving a jucier explanation.

What tests are actually performed and how accurate are they? Is the same technology used elsewhere or for other reasons? (eg: could it detect proteins that could, for example, indicate areas with relatively good or poor nutrition?)

submitted by /u/Xenton
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How much of the population is affected by herpes?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 02:27 PM PDT

(Disclaimer: I don't know if this is the write subreddit for this question, but it felt the most appropriate. If there is somewhere else I can post this feel free to let me know.)

So my question is quite clear, but I have had trouble finding a definite answer. I was doing a bit of digging into the subject of STI's and how they are able to be transmitted and the likelihood of someone having it. Most of them were clear cut except herpes. Herpes, regardless of where I looked, had a different statistic. WHO (world health organizations) states that in one article about 14% of the world has herpes, yet in another says that 7 billion people have herpes. The CDC (Center for Disease Control and prevention) states that only half the world has herpes.

I would like to know if these statistics are true or not as it seems weird to me that if any of them are true that no one would see this as a pandemic. ( I am also lumping all forms of herpes together, seeing as if it truly is this bad we should look at it like we view cancer.)

submitted by /u/Smerf_Jr
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What was the region of the brain that allows us to read used for in cultures without a written language?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 03:54 PM PDT

And for that matter, how do we already have an entire brain region dedicated to the use of a specific tool that's still a recent innovation, evolutionarily speaking?

submitted by /u/sin-and-love
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In evolutionary theory, how do we distinguish adaptation within a species from evolving/diverting into new species?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 04:09 PM PDT

Let me make this clear: I'm not a creationist in a way, shape or form, and actually a huge fan of Darwin's and Dawkin's work. I am just interested in the subject but came across this discussion on one of Veratasium's latest video, The Longest-Running Evolution Experiment, which I found very interesting.

The experiment is presented as evolution, but to my layman eyes it just appears to be adaptation within the species of the bacteria. Now I know evolution is a slow process, (and I'm by no means condemning anything said in the video!!) but I would love some explanation that distinguishes these ideas. Is the only difference the timeframe at which the mutations take place?

When looking up other videos on evolution, Minute Earth for example, you often come across the example of the polar bear: where a black or brown species of bear migrated to colder climates, where mutated offspring with lighter or white fur had a better chance of survival (survival of the fittest). But this also seems like adaptation within a species

submitted by /u/xxStefanxx1
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With popular meteor showers diminishing in intensity: Are new sources created - and how often?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 01:08 PM PDT

Is it possible for sighted people to learn to read Braille visually, not by touch? Like visually reading the symbols?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 05:57 PM PDT

I've been curious about this and can't really find anything online about it. Has it actually been done? I would assume there's no practical application for it but, I don't think it would be too difficult to learn.

submitted by /u/Bigtank35
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Is the recent decline in UK COVID deaths due to a lowered population of vulnerable people?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 05:48 AM PDT

I have heard arguments that the drop in daily deaths compared to the surging daily cases in the UK could be caused by a decreasing population of older and more vulnerable people due to previous surges in Covid deaths. That basically there are now fewer vulnerable people.

Is there any truth to this and what does the data suggest?

submitted by /u/ocean_93
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Can the COVID virus affect animals?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 04:25 AM PDT

I've seen some news about animals getting COVID around the beginning of the pandemic: a tiger in a zoo, a pug giving it to his family, etc. I've also read articles where it says COVID originated from bats.

Given that, I wish to know if animals can get Covid. Especially since I have two wonderful cats who like to go outside, one on walks.

submitted by /u/EpicWinterWolf
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Why do numbers have special properties instead of just repeating the same properties after a certain point?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 11:00 AM PDT

Non mathematician here trying to formulate a very abstract mathematical question.

While whatching the Veritasium video on 3x+1 problem I started wondering: why would some seemingly arbitrary number have a different property than the billions of numbers before it. In the 3x+1 case it would be that a single number doesn't converge to zero.

To a lay person it seems like a large number is essentially just made up of many smaller numbers and has thus the same (non unique) properties as it's parts. Since we use a 10 digit system it would seem as though the same properties of numbers would have to repeat after a while (much like how an odd number follows an even number again and again ad infinitum) but this doesn't seem to be the case. After all if this was the case why would mathematicians be trying to find very large numbers that contradict for example the 3x+1 problem, twin primes conjecture or Goldbach's conjecture.

Is there a reason or a theory as to why numbers have unique as opposed to repeating properties?

submitted by /u/oldwesternsandfolk
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When someone suffers from Acute Radiation Sickness they go through a "latent" stage where they feel well and healthy, despite potentiay lethal physiological damage. How is this?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 05:03 PM PDT

How effective are masks against the Delta variant specifically?

Posted: 12 Aug 2021 12:10 AM PDT

Due to Delta's higher viral load, are masks not as effective as they were with other previous variants? Is there any data out yet about this?

submitted by /u/Historical_Project00
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How are pseudoviruses manufactured, and how did we discover that technique?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 02:35 PM PDT

Apologies if that looks like clickbaity title, this is a valid scientific term! Pseudovirus neutralizing antibody levels are apparently a thing, as I found out Here. When did we discover that viruses can engulf other viruses and borrow their coatings? How have we harnessed that process to our advantage for such vaccine antibody efficacy tests?

submitted by /u/nickoskal024
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Why is it some people even after recovering from covid-19 have symptoms like fever even after a week or so?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 04:54 PM PDT

Why do we presribe prednisone instead of prednisolone?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 03:43 AM PDT

Why does prednisone exist? Why would you prescribe it?

Prednisone is converted by your body to prednisolone (active form). This conversion is so efficient that a 25mg tablet of prednisone is equivalent to 25mg prednisolone in a healthy individual.

In people with hepatic insuffiency, the conversion is less effiecent and prednisolone is a preferred drug.

Why do we still bother with prednisone? Are their any benefits for prescribing prednisone?

submitted by /u/Smug--Life
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Wednesday, August 11, 2021

Why did we go from a Delta variant of COVID straight to Lambda? What happened to Epsilon, Zeta, Eta, Theta, Iota, and Kappa?

Why did we go from a Delta variant of COVID straight to Lambda? What happened to Epsilon, Zeta, Eta, Theta, Iota, and Kappa?


Why did we go from a Delta variant of COVID straight to Lambda? What happened to Epsilon, Zeta, Eta, Theta, Iota, and Kappa?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 08:12 AM PDT

According to this article there is now a lambda variant of COVID that is impacting people mostly in South America.

This of course is coming right in the middle of the Delta variant outbreak in the United States and other places.

In the greek alphabet, Delta is the 4th letter and Lambda is the 11th. So what happened to all the letters in between? Are there Epsilon-Kappa variants in other parts of the world that we just havent heard of?

If not, why did we skip those letters in our scientific naming scheme for virus variants?

submitted by /u/JamieOvechkin
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Does fluoride in tap water really have any noticeable effect on houseplants?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 06:32 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

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What happen when an infected cell replicate itself ?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 01:42 AM PDT

Hi,

So what i'd like to know is this, if a cell is infected by a virus or ""infected"" with mRNA from vaccine for example. What would happen if the cell replicate ? Would the new cells contain the virus or mRNA ?

I'm thinking about this cause when you do workout you accelerate the replication process (I suppose since cells have to repair the part that you broke in your muscle during the workout). And since the vaccine is injected in the muscle I was questioning myself about that.

Like, if it was the case, could it cause chain reaction, cells replicating with the virus again and again ? Maybe it's totally stupid tbh.

submitted by /u/KiProFarm
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Is there an increase in the average IQ of people born after the worldwide ban of leaded gasoline?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 09:07 AM PDT

We know lead hinders brain development, and makes us a little bit slower. Some have argued that leaded gasoline was responsible for reducing the iq of generations of people. It has now been a while since leaded gasoline has been banned worldwide.

Do we see any non-negligible difference in levels of intelligence in people before and after the lead ban?

(I know IQ is an imperfect measure of intelligence it is just one data point. And I use it for a lack of a better metric)

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What's stopping continents today from breaking off and forming other continents like it did before? Or is it happening now and we just don't notice it?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 05:30 PM PDT

So why does climate change make for more intensive droughts and colder more volatile winters?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 01:04 AM PDT

Also whats up the the increase in the ocean pH and why is it such a big deal? I don't really get how this climate emergency conjures all of these different environmental cataclysms.

submitted by /u/TheFlyingTardigrade
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Will getting the flu make it less likely to get COVID-19?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 02:11 PM PDT

What limits how much of something you can dissolve into a liquid?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 05:56 PM PDT

This is essentially a drug dosing question I suppose. What limits how high you can concentrate a liquid? I currently work with 2 different drugs one is dosed at 0.5mg per ml and the other is 5mg per ml. I was wondering if this is just how they dose it? Or if this is essentially the "maximal" amount they can fit per ml

submitted by /u/OtherwiseMarch
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Using today’s capabilities, would we have discovered the Tunguska Asteroid enough in advance to divert its orbit and prevent it from striking Earth?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 08:00 AM PDT

Are Cicada's "songs" triggered by heat or by light?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 04:50 PM PDT

A friend and I were sitting outside today under an overcast sky. Almost as soon as the clouds parted and the sun came out, the light obviously grew brighter, but it also got warmer. Around the same time the Cicadas (Neotibicen canicularis) began singing, which we hadn't heard since the day before.

My friend then asked the question of whether Cicadas are triggered to sing by light or by heat? Or is it the clicking noise of the females? I know the cause (tymbals), and I know the reason (mating), but what is the trigger?

Thanks for your help.

submitted by /u/intothedeath
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Is there a 'tipping point' where the amount of trees logged/burned is so great that the oxygen supply on Earth is threatened? Could anything of that severity happen to plankton & threaten the oxygen that they provide?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 09:00 AM PDT

Recent events have left me full of questions and spiralling into thoughts of negative scenarios in the future, but I figured I'd focus on the questions for now so at least I could learn something new(!)

So my question is basically in the title. I'm wondering if Earth's oxygen supply would be threatened by deforestation and the increasing number of forest fires, and if anything of that severity could happen to plankton (threatening the planet's other largest source of oxygen). Could a combination of these two problems occur?

Thank you for any answers!

submitted by /u/HappyKnight11
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What are spike proteins?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 06:12 PM PDT

1) What are spike proteins? 2) Are the spike proteins from the vaccine different than the spike proteins from the Covid virus? 3) Have spike proteins been used as the primary antigen for other vaccines? 4) What common misconceptions do people have about spike proteins?

submitted by /u/TimeTravelingGroot
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Which animals have the most complex/robust livers (capable of detoxifying the greatest number of xenobiotics)?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 02:08 AM PDT

What is "Channelling" in semiconductor device fabrication and what effect does it have on implantation depth?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 11:02 AM PDT

I've been told both that it causes ions to penetrate too deep due to the existence of "channels" in the crystal structure that offer very little resistance to the penetrating ion.

I've also been told that it is a process of ions losing energy as they travel through the substrate which causes them to not go deep enough.

so which is it? any good sources would be appreciated

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What happens to an insect transported far from home?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 07:15 AM PDT

There have been times when I've been in an airplane and noticed an insect flying around. Assuming that it escapes the plane at its destination, what becomes of it? Does it spend the rest of its life trying to get home? Does it integrate locally?

Thanks...

submitted by /u/jruschme
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Why do current climatology models end at the year 2100 CE?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 10:13 AM PDT

Also, what would happen (to climate models) after 2100 CE?

Not sure if I phrased the question correctly.

submitted by /u/Reference_account2
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Can Omega-3 supplements increase intelligence?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 08:12 AM PDT

Can they?

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Tuesday, August 10, 2021

Why is dengue fever more likely to be lethal the second time you get it?

Why is dengue fever more likely to be lethal the second time you get it?


Why is dengue fever more likely to be lethal the second time you get it?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 07:16 AM PDT

It's the one disease I've heard of where multiple infections makes you respond worse, not better. Is this actually normal for a lot of other diseases that I just don't know about? Or is dengue fever somehow unique?

submitted by /u/pupperonipizzapie
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Why do we get sore throats?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 06:34 PM PDT

I know how we get sore throats (i.e. from viral or bacteria infections), which seems to be the only answers that come up when I try to ask this question online; what I'm curious about is the why. We get a cough to try and loosen mucus, we get a fever to allow the body/immune system to work more efficiently, but why do we get a sore throat? What purpose does it serve physiologically, if any? Or, is it a side effect of something else?

submitted by /u/AllieHerba
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In movies/tv they say there are always a percentage of people who are naturally immune to new diseases, is this true and are there people naturally immune to COVID-19 specifically?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 04:34 PM PDT

I'm watching The Last Ship right now (lol), and i realized while they're discussing the Immune, we've not really heard anything about any people being naturally immune to COVID-19. why? is that not a real thing?

submitted by /u/iamfaedreamer
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Is there any actual evidence to support the idea that foot fetishes are caused by a "cross-wiring" in the brain of genitalia and feet?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 07:14 PM PDT

I've heard countless people repeat to me that foot fetishes are "caused" by the proximity of a part of the brain that registers sexual behavior/arousal to one that registers feet, and if you google "foot fetish and brain" practically every result is some pop-science type description of this. It feels like the real answer would be a lot more nuanced, but I'm not seeing much pushback.

submitted by /u/Zennyzen0
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What happens mechanically when I activate “eco-mode” when driving my car? How about “sport mode” ?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 12:56 PM PDT

I've heard "it firms up the suspension" for sport mode, does that just mean the shocks get more compressed or something? Huge thanks to any replies!

submitted by /u/Gavmoose
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What were (or I guess are) the levels of breakthrough infections with the Polio Vaccine when it was first administered?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 04:49 PM PDT

I'd like to understand whether some percentage of people got infected with Polio despite being vaccinated and if so at what rate?

I am assuming that there maybe was some but it was very low; probably because take-up of the vaccine was relatively high so less contact with infected people - but ready to be corrected

submitted by /u/CarrotRoom
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What causes gas flow exiting from a tube to become sonic upon exit into a large vacuum cavity?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 02:56 PM PDT

I was reading a paper where the authors assert that any flow (including subsonic flow) from a tube even of constant cross-section will become sonic upon being released into a large vacuum cavity:

The exit flow cannot be subsonic given that it must diverge upon exit, and the pressure increase produced by this divergence would make it impossible for the jet to adjust itself to the zero pressure vacuum region.

But why is this necessarily the case? If there are gas particles simply moving at some (subsonic) velocity in the tube, wouldn't they simply continue drifting at their instantaneous velocity as they exit the tube and enter the vacuum? What causes them to speed up to the sound speed and/or for the sound speed to decrease? Any explanations on why/how the flow becomes sonic would be appreciated since I seem to not quite understand the authors' arguments nor the physical mechanism(s) at play at the interface with the vacuum. I was under the impression that the gas will stream out at some angle based upon the collisions of the gas particles with the tube and other gas particles. Perhaps the gas density will decrease as it enters the vacuum and expands in the cavity causing the collision frequency to decrease. This would render a kinetic treatment more applicable, but I wasn't suspecting any sonic flow. It appears I am missing a fundamental insight here and clarity (through physical equations and/or intuitive explanations) would be appreciated.

submitted by /u/WildlifePhysics
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What muscles are in charge of fingers when pressing on objects?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 12:19 PM PDT

What muscles are in charge of fingers when pressing on objects?

Example: If you were to press your index finger on a wall, what muscles are providing the strength for your finger to press on the wall?

submitted by /u/WeirdUsername22
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Does the human eye's depth of field change with iris dilation?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 10:39 AM PDT

In photography there's a metric called the F-stop that describes how wide the aperture of a lens is, and the narrower the F-stop, the wider the depth of field is (meaning more of a photo will be in focus). Is the same thing true of the human eye? Is more of a person's visual field in focus in brighter light when the iris is narrow (in photography terms, "stopped down") to restrict light coming in?

submitted by /u/Ethan-Wakefield
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What effect does the pH of water have on radish seed germination?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 01:02 PM PDT

Why doesn't rain fall put of a cloud all at once?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 06:27 AM PDT

Whether rain falls out of a cloud or stays in it is determined by how much water content can be in the area before the air is saturated, right? So why doesn't a bunch of water fall out right after that saturation point is reached? Are there any conditions that could result in a literal wave falling from a cloud?

submitted by /u/lennymusic
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Why is Hokkaido, Japan so much colder than the state of Oregon, on the other side of the Pacific and at the same latitude?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 10:16 PM PDT

Do space telescopes get damaged by radiation?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 11:45 PM PDT

All the cameras that have been a while on the ISS have those white spots or dead pixels where the radiation has damaged the sensor

So does this also happen to space telescopes and what do they do about it?

I can imagine that if Hubble would behave like other cameras there would be a ton of dead pixels by now

submitted by /u/nofakeaccount2244
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How come when you pull/tear a muscle you don’t get stronger?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 05:31 AM PDT

But when you break down your muscles to a smaller degree via lifting weights they adapt and grow stronger?

submitted by /u/teedthha446
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Do bears instinctively know that bees guard tasty honey?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 06:18 PM PDT

Or is it learned behavior?

If I take a bear cub and raise it on my own with no exposure from adult bears, then place several foodstuffs in front of it as well as a nearby beehive, will the bear know to dig through the hive for honey?

submitted by /u/JSPark13258
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