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Wednesday, August 11, 2021

Why did we go from a Delta variant of COVID straight to Lambda? What happened to Epsilon, Zeta, Eta, Theta, Iota, and Kappa?

Why did we go from a Delta variant of COVID straight to Lambda? What happened to Epsilon, Zeta, Eta, Theta, Iota, and Kappa?


Why did we go from a Delta variant of COVID straight to Lambda? What happened to Epsilon, Zeta, Eta, Theta, Iota, and Kappa?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 08:12 AM PDT

According to this article there is now a lambda variant of COVID that is impacting people mostly in South America.

This of course is coming right in the middle of the Delta variant outbreak in the United States and other places.

In the greek alphabet, Delta is the 4th letter and Lambda is the 11th. So what happened to all the letters in between? Are there Epsilon-Kappa variants in other parts of the world that we just havent heard of?

If not, why did we skip those letters in our scientific naming scheme for virus variants?

submitted by /u/JamieOvechkin
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Does fluoride in tap water really have any noticeable effect on houseplants?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 06:32 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

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What happen when an infected cell replicate itself ?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 01:42 AM PDT

Hi,

So what i'd like to know is this, if a cell is infected by a virus or ""infected"" with mRNA from vaccine for example. What would happen if the cell replicate ? Would the new cells contain the virus or mRNA ?

I'm thinking about this cause when you do workout you accelerate the replication process (I suppose since cells have to repair the part that you broke in your muscle during the workout). And since the vaccine is injected in the muscle I was questioning myself about that.

Like, if it was the case, could it cause chain reaction, cells replicating with the virus again and again ? Maybe it's totally stupid tbh.

submitted by /u/KiProFarm
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Is there an increase in the average IQ of people born after the worldwide ban of leaded gasoline?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 09:07 AM PDT

We know lead hinders brain development, and makes us a little bit slower. Some have argued that leaded gasoline was responsible for reducing the iq of generations of people. It has now been a while since leaded gasoline has been banned worldwide.

Do we see any non-negligible difference in levels of intelligence in people before and after the lead ban?

(I know IQ is an imperfect measure of intelligence it is just one data point. And I use it for a lack of a better metric)

submitted by /u/VulfSki
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What's stopping continents today from breaking off and forming other continents like it did before? Or is it happening now and we just don't notice it?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 05:30 PM PDT

So why does climate change make for more intensive droughts and colder more volatile winters?

Posted: 11 Aug 2021 01:04 AM PDT

Also whats up the the increase in the ocean pH and why is it such a big deal? I don't really get how this climate emergency conjures all of these different environmental cataclysms.

submitted by /u/TheFlyingTardigrade
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Will getting the flu make it less likely to get COVID-19?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 02:11 PM PDT

What limits how much of something you can dissolve into a liquid?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 05:56 PM PDT

This is essentially a drug dosing question I suppose. What limits how high you can concentrate a liquid? I currently work with 2 different drugs one is dosed at 0.5mg per ml and the other is 5mg per ml. I was wondering if this is just how they dose it? Or if this is essentially the "maximal" amount they can fit per ml

submitted by /u/OtherwiseMarch
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Using today’s capabilities, would we have discovered the Tunguska Asteroid enough in advance to divert its orbit and prevent it from striking Earth?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 08:00 AM PDT

Are Cicada's "songs" triggered by heat or by light?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 04:50 PM PDT

A friend and I were sitting outside today under an overcast sky. Almost as soon as the clouds parted and the sun came out, the light obviously grew brighter, but it also got warmer. Around the same time the Cicadas (Neotibicen canicularis) began singing, which we hadn't heard since the day before.

My friend then asked the question of whether Cicadas are triggered to sing by light or by heat? Or is it the clicking noise of the females? I know the cause (tymbals), and I know the reason (mating), but what is the trigger?

Thanks for your help.

submitted by /u/intothedeath
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Is there a 'tipping point' where the amount of trees logged/burned is so great that the oxygen supply on Earth is threatened? Could anything of that severity happen to plankton & threaten the oxygen that they provide?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 09:00 AM PDT

Recent events have left me full of questions and spiralling into thoughts of negative scenarios in the future, but I figured I'd focus on the questions for now so at least I could learn something new(!)

So my question is basically in the title. I'm wondering if Earth's oxygen supply would be threatened by deforestation and the increasing number of forest fires, and if anything of that severity could happen to plankton (threatening the planet's other largest source of oxygen). Could a combination of these two problems occur?

Thank you for any answers!

submitted by /u/HappyKnight11
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What are spike proteins?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 06:12 PM PDT

1) What are spike proteins? 2) Are the spike proteins from the vaccine different than the spike proteins from the Covid virus? 3) Have spike proteins been used as the primary antigen for other vaccines? 4) What common misconceptions do people have about spike proteins?

submitted by /u/TimeTravelingGroot
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Which animals have the most complex/robust livers (capable of detoxifying the greatest number of xenobiotics)?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 02:08 AM PDT

What is "Channelling" in semiconductor device fabrication and what effect does it have on implantation depth?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 11:02 AM PDT

I've been told both that it causes ions to penetrate too deep due to the existence of "channels" in the crystal structure that offer very little resistance to the penetrating ion.

I've also been told that it is a process of ions losing energy as they travel through the substrate which causes them to not go deep enough.

so which is it? any good sources would be appreciated

submitted by /u/CptSnowcone
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What happens to an insect transported far from home?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 07:15 AM PDT

There have been times when I've been in an airplane and noticed an insect flying around. Assuming that it escapes the plane at its destination, what becomes of it? Does it spend the rest of its life trying to get home? Does it integrate locally?

Thanks...

submitted by /u/jruschme
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Why do current climatology models end at the year 2100 CE?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 10:13 AM PDT

Also, what would happen (to climate models) after 2100 CE?

Not sure if I phrased the question correctly.

submitted by /u/Reference_account2
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Can Omega-3 supplements increase intelligence?

Posted: 10 Aug 2021 08:12 AM PDT

Can they?

submitted by /u/pasidious
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Tuesday, August 10, 2021

Why is dengue fever more likely to be lethal the second time you get it?

Why is dengue fever more likely to be lethal the second time you get it?


Why is dengue fever more likely to be lethal the second time you get it?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 07:16 AM PDT

It's the one disease I've heard of where multiple infections makes you respond worse, not better. Is this actually normal for a lot of other diseases that I just don't know about? Or is dengue fever somehow unique?

submitted by /u/pupperonipizzapie
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Why do we get sore throats?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 06:34 PM PDT

I know how we get sore throats (i.e. from viral or bacteria infections), which seems to be the only answers that come up when I try to ask this question online; what I'm curious about is the why. We get a cough to try and loosen mucus, we get a fever to allow the body/immune system to work more efficiently, but why do we get a sore throat? What purpose does it serve physiologically, if any? Or, is it a side effect of something else?

submitted by /u/AllieHerba
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In movies/tv they say there are always a percentage of people who are naturally immune to new diseases, is this true and are there people naturally immune to COVID-19 specifically?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 04:34 PM PDT

I'm watching The Last Ship right now (lol), and i realized while they're discussing the Immune, we've not really heard anything about any people being naturally immune to COVID-19. why? is that not a real thing?

submitted by /u/iamfaedreamer
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Is there any actual evidence to support the idea that foot fetishes are caused by a "cross-wiring" in the brain of genitalia and feet?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 07:14 PM PDT

I've heard countless people repeat to me that foot fetishes are "caused" by the proximity of a part of the brain that registers sexual behavior/arousal to one that registers feet, and if you google "foot fetish and brain" practically every result is some pop-science type description of this. It feels like the real answer would be a lot more nuanced, but I'm not seeing much pushback.

submitted by /u/Zennyzen0
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What happens mechanically when I activate “eco-mode” when driving my car? How about “sport mode” ?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 12:56 PM PDT

I've heard "it firms up the suspension" for sport mode, does that just mean the shocks get more compressed or something? Huge thanks to any replies!

submitted by /u/Gavmoose
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What were (or I guess are) the levels of breakthrough infections with the Polio Vaccine when it was first administered?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 04:49 PM PDT

I'd like to understand whether some percentage of people got infected with Polio despite being vaccinated and if so at what rate?

I am assuming that there maybe was some but it was very low; probably because take-up of the vaccine was relatively high so less contact with infected people - but ready to be corrected

submitted by /u/CarrotRoom
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What causes gas flow exiting from a tube to become sonic upon exit into a large vacuum cavity?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 02:56 PM PDT

I was reading a paper where the authors assert that any flow (including subsonic flow) from a tube even of constant cross-section will become sonic upon being released into a large vacuum cavity:

The exit flow cannot be subsonic given that it must diverge upon exit, and the pressure increase produced by this divergence would make it impossible for the jet to adjust itself to the zero pressure vacuum region.

But why is this necessarily the case? If there are gas particles simply moving at some (subsonic) velocity in the tube, wouldn't they simply continue drifting at their instantaneous velocity as they exit the tube and enter the vacuum? What causes them to speed up to the sound speed and/or for the sound speed to decrease? Any explanations on why/how the flow becomes sonic would be appreciated since I seem to not quite understand the authors' arguments nor the physical mechanism(s) at play at the interface with the vacuum. I was under the impression that the gas will stream out at some angle based upon the collisions of the gas particles with the tube and other gas particles. Perhaps the gas density will decrease as it enters the vacuum and expands in the cavity causing the collision frequency to decrease. This would render a kinetic treatment more applicable, but I wasn't suspecting any sonic flow. It appears I am missing a fundamental insight here and clarity (through physical equations and/or intuitive explanations) would be appreciated.

submitted by /u/WildlifePhysics
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What muscles are in charge of fingers when pressing on objects?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 12:19 PM PDT

What muscles are in charge of fingers when pressing on objects?

Example: If you were to press your index finger on a wall, what muscles are providing the strength for your finger to press on the wall?

submitted by /u/WeirdUsername22
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Does the human eye's depth of field change with iris dilation?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 10:39 AM PDT

In photography there's a metric called the F-stop that describes how wide the aperture of a lens is, and the narrower the F-stop, the wider the depth of field is (meaning more of a photo will be in focus). Is the same thing true of the human eye? Is more of a person's visual field in focus in brighter light when the iris is narrow (in photography terms, "stopped down") to restrict light coming in?

submitted by /u/Ethan-Wakefield
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What effect does the pH of water have on radish seed germination?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 01:02 PM PDT

Why doesn't rain fall put of a cloud all at once?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 06:27 AM PDT

Whether rain falls out of a cloud or stays in it is determined by how much water content can be in the area before the air is saturated, right? So why doesn't a bunch of water fall out right after that saturation point is reached? Are there any conditions that could result in a literal wave falling from a cloud?

submitted by /u/lennymusic
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Why is Hokkaido, Japan so much colder than the state of Oregon, on the other side of the Pacific and at the same latitude?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 10:16 PM PDT

Do space telescopes get damaged by radiation?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 11:45 PM PDT

All the cameras that have been a while on the ISS have those white spots or dead pixels where the radiation has damaged the sensor

So does this also happen to space telescopes and what do they do about it?

I can imagine that if Hubble would behave like other cameras there would be a ton of dead pixels by now

submitted by /u/nofakeaccount2244
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How come when you pull/tear a muscle you don’t get stronger?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 05:31 AM PDT

But when you break down your muscles to a smaller degree via lifting weights they adapt and grow stronger?

submitted by /u/teedthha446
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Do bears instinctively know that bees guard tasty honey?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 06:18 PM PDT

Or is it learned behavior?

If I take a bear cub and raise it on my own with no exposure from adult bears, then place several foodstuffs in front of it as well as a nearby beehive, will the bear know to dig through the hive for honey?

submitted by /u/JSPark13258
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Monday, August 9, 2021

Will a second covid infection necessarily be milder?

Will a second covid infection necessarily be milder?


Will a second covid infection necessarily be milder?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 01:57 PM PDT

If someone gets infected with mild illness, recovers and also 6 months pass (no more antibodies) and then get infected again, will the immune system still necessarily react better (mild/even milder illness)? What if the second infection was a new (more dangerous) variant?

submitted by /u/qwertyzxcvbh
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Does air-conditioning spread covid?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 12:35 AM PDT

I live in India and recently in my state gyms have opened but under certain restrictions, the restrictions being "gyms are supposed to operate at 50 per cent of capacity, shut down at 4 pm, and function without air-conditioning"

I don't have problem with the first 2 but Working out without ac is extremely difficult especially when the avg temps is about 32C here with 70-90% humidity. It gets extremely hot and is impossible to workout.

Now my main concern is does air-conditioning really spread covid? is there any scientific evidence for this?

Also my gym has centralized air-conditioning

submitted by /u/Mine_Good_Fort_Bad
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How does the immune system defend from airborne infections?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 02:24 PM PDT

If I understand things correctly: COVID-19 attaches to ACE2 receptors available in your airway.

So it doesn't need to go through your bloodstream at any point to cause an infection, then once it infects a cell, it releases a protein that suppresses that cell's ability to release cytokines, which is responsible for signalling the immune system.

So does that mean that each successful infection is able to complete its life-cycle, or does the body have a way of defending from this?

Also, does immunity/antibodies play a factor in such cases?

submitted by /u/Azsu
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What are the solutions to prevent/reduce wildfires?

Posted: 09 Aug 2021 02:54 AM PDT

Obviously there is a lot of talk that this is all prompted by climate change and we should reduce our emissions, but that's something that won't stop wildfires occuring next year for example. I'm just wondering if Greece/California/etc could do some activity to reduce wildfires from occuring next year, once they get the current ones under control.

submitted by /u/j_a_f_t
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How much, if at all, have covid vaccines been improved since public release?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 07:33 AM PDT

This question applies to the vaccines available to the public. Are we still on version 1.0? Have formulas been improved as more variants are researched? Have we even made it to 1.0 considering that they were released under emergency release guidelines?

Here in the US I only hear about Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and J&J. What are other promising vaccines and how do they stack up to the 3 I mentioned? Are other less reputable countries, like China and Russia, reporting advances in their vaccines and has anyone been able to verify the claims?

submitted by /u/xxsneakyduckxx
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Why is Fosbury-flop the most efficient way to do high jump ?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 02:18 PM PDT

While doing some research about it I saw that it allows the jumper to keep his center of mass below the bar. But in pole vault they also keep their center of mass below the bar but with their body facing the bar.

If one approach is more efficient than the other to keep its center of mass below the bar, why does high jumper don't adopt the technique of pole vaulter (or vice versa) ?

submitted by /u/Bzh_Bastard
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Can Bats Catch the Latest Variants of COVID-19?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 02:41 PM PDT

My understanding is the COVID-19 originally jumped from bats to humans. Is it possible for the latest variants, like delta or lambda, to be transmitted to bats?

submitted by /u/yet41
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What was wrong with the design of the control rods in the Chernobly reactor?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 11:33 PM PDT

As far as I understand, the control rods were made of boron, a strong neutron absorber, and their tips, which were seperated by a small space from the boron part, were made of graphite. The graphite slows the neutrons and thus increases the reactivity when it is between the fuel rods.

According to what I see in the images on the internet, when the control rods were fully withdrawn the graphite tips were still inside the reactor and acted as moderators favouring the reactivity. As soon as the SCRAM button was pressed, the rods started travelling downwards and the boron parts started to enter the space between the fuel rods. I read that the graphite tips created a local temperature increase at the bottom of the reactor which started the catastrophic chain of events. My question is: why were there no such a local temperature increase prior to SCRAM if the graphite tips were still inside the reactor, between the fuel rods. Am I wrong by saying that the tips were already in the reactor somewhere in the middle before the SCRAM started?

submitted by /u/ucusansinekler
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Why are the elements between polonium and radium (“abyss of instability”) so much more radioactive than the elements on either side?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 08:36 AM PDT

The elements astatine, radon and francium have longest lived half-lives billions to trillions of times less than the heavier, more stable elements like thorium and uranium. What causes this to be the case and how is it related to "islands of stability"?

submitted by /u/Praseodyne
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What differiantes psilocybin from a typical ssri?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 08:42 AM PDT

Psilocybin seems to affect the reuptake of serotonin but it is not something you take everyday as opposed to a ssri

submitted by /u/ElevatorSilent
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What age does collagen production peak at?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 07:48 AM PDT

What don’t mosquitos carry HIV?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 03:11 PM PDT

What caused the largest earthquake and what was its magnitude?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 07:47 PM PDT

The strongest measured earthquake was 9.5 on the Richter scale (Valdivia earthquake, 1960). This event triggered numerous tsunamis across the Pacific, including a 25 meter (80 ft) tsunami in Chile, and an 11 meter (35 ft) tsunami in Hawai'i. Nearly 1700 people died (including casualties from the tsunamis) and more than 2 million people were rendered homeless.

But this isn't the worst earthquake we know about.

Millions of years ago, a magnitude 12 earthquake permanently altered the shape of our planet and triggered volcanic eruptions around the globe. It can be difficult to imagine how devastating a magnitude 12 earthquake is, so consider this: any place you could have stood on Earth that day would have felt like a magnitude 9 earthquake. This event is known as the Chicxulub Impact, and people remember it for wiping out three quarters of the species on Earth—including the dinosaurs.

But that still isn't the biggest earthquake Earth may have experienced.

The Giant Impact Hypothesis says that the earth's moon may have been formed when a Mars-sized planet ("Theia") collided with proto-Earth around 4.5 billion years ago. Here's an animation of what that might have looked like. Sources don't really describe this event in earthquake terms, but I have a difficult time imagining an earthquake larger than one which could create a moon.

What was the magnitude (Richter scale) of the largest earthquake, and (if it wasn't the Theia Impact) what caused it?

submitted by /u/GumboSamson
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Sunday, August 8, 2021

Whats the reason Jupiter and Neptune are different colors?

Whats the reason Jupiter and Neptune are different colors?


Whats the reason Jupiter and Neptune are different colors?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 12:45 PM PDT

If they are both mainly 80% hydrogen and 20% helium, why is Jupiter brown and Neptune is blue?

submitted by /u/AggravatingBiscotti1
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Why isnt geothermal energy not widely used?

Posted: 08 Aug 2021 04:20 AM PDT

Since it can do the same thing nuclear reactors do and its basically free and has more energy potential why is it so under utilized?

submitted by /u/C3em
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What caused 20th century's polio epidemics as the polio virus didn't cause them before?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 09:00 AM PDT

Hi, I recently started to read about polio's history and the sources I read state that polio didn't cause epidemics before 20th century. Could anyone help me understand why was that? Thank you in advance

submitted by /u/freyofrey
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Cognitive decline post-COVID - does it improve over time?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 02:08 PM PDT

I understand that evidence at this point might be limited, but is there anything to suggest that the cognitive decline caused by COVID-19 will improve over time, or does it look like the damage would likely be permanent?

submitted by /u/synapse-dynamics
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Have there been any studies of the prevalence of breakthrough infections of COVID-19 that had a prior infection and a vaccine vs just a vaccine?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 06:01 PM PDT

I've been trying to find this information but have come up empty handed.

submitted by /u/jj3449
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Why are 'inactivated type vaccines' better (or equal or worse) than 'mRNA or viral vector types', especially in reference to covid-19 and its ever changing mutating variations?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 12:22 PM PDT

is there always an antibody for all types of antigen?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 09:10 PM PDT

in the case of humoral immunity, I have been taught that when there is a pathogen or virus the antigen of that virus binds to b cells with complementary receptors or antibodies. the B cell then phagocytes the pathogen, presents an epitope which now makes the B cell an APC (antigen-presenting cell). after the B cell display this epitope T helper cell bind to this epitope secretes interleukin, which influences the B cells to clone and differentiate into plasma and memory cells. Plasma Cells will develop antibodies against that specific virus and neutralize it. however, I was wondering what about when the body encounters a new virus? does the antigen of that virus still find a complementary antibody/receptor on the surface of a B cell? if so how is that possible if the body never encountered that virus before? can someone explain to me or send me a link that explains how exactly are antibodies made against viruses that the body never encountered before

submitted by /u/pizza373
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What happens with data if the modem speed is much faster than the wifi signal?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 08:23 AM PDT

For example, if my modem is downloading at 1 GB/s but I'm on a wifi connection that can only do 1 MB/s.

Does the download speed slow down? Is there a cache somewhere that the extra data is stored in? etc.

submitted by /u/Question_Help_Please
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How do complex structures (like eyes) evolve where the individual components seemingly only offer increased fitness as a completed system?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 10:43 PM PDT

I've read that scientists estimate that in 23,000 years, Niagara Falls will disappear at the current rate of erosion. Is this true, and if so, how would it geographically, and geologically, affect the Great Lakes basin?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 05:11 PM PDT