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Saturday, August 7, 2021

Is the Delta variant a result of COVID evolving against the vaccine or would we still have the Delta variant if we never created the vaccine?

Is the Delta variant a result of COVID evolving against the vaccine or would we still have the Delta variant if we never created the vaccine?

Is the Delta variant a result of COVID evolving against the vaccine or would we still have the Delta variant if we never created the vaccine?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 03:38 PM PDT

Why isn't water used in hydraulic applications like vehicles?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 09:55 AM PDT

If water is generally non-compressible, why is it not used in more hydraulic applications like cars?

Could you empty the brake lines in your car and fill it with water and have them still work?

The only thing I can think of is that water freezes easily and that could mess with a system as soon as the temperature drops, but if you were in a place that were always temperate, would they be interchangeable?

Obviously this is not done for probably a lot of good reasons, but I'm curious.

submitted by /u/JovialJuggernaut
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With such a high r0, why didn't measles just burn itself out?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 12:14 PM PDT

I've seen speculation floating around the internet that we will get to herd immunity faster with the delta variant because it spreads so quickly, but I wonder even if that is the case, why didn't we develop enough herd immunity naturally for measles to simply burn itself out (for reference, measles has an r0 of 12-18 compared to the delta variant's 5-9.5). I guess I'm generally curious as to why some viruses burn themselves out (or mutate to become far less deadly, like Spanish flu) but others do not. Thanks r/askscience!

submitted by /u/badlybarding
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Why doesn't the atmosphere settle into different layers of the same gas molecules, seeing as how they have different densities?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 04:09 PM PDT

Does human vision have a better horizontal resolution than vertical resolution?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 03:51 PM PDT

Does having eyes in a horizontal line result in better horizontal resolution in humans or is it same in both horizontal and vertical directions? Also, what is the aspect ratio of human vision? Is circular, elliptical or something completely different?

I have recently studied few video coding standards and wondered why we have more resolution in horizontal than vertical in most standards.

submitted by /u/jabhiram
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Does the COVID vaccine inoculate against the RNA sequence or the protein sequence?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 06:46 AM PDT

A virus is an RNA, or less commonly DNA, sequence that gets translated into a protein sequence. From what I can remember a virus consists of at least two genes, a polymerase (pol) and an envelope (env). In theory we can have multiple RNA/DNA sequences that code for the same polymerase and envelope proteins. Does the vaccine inoculate against the RNA/DNA sequence or the protein sequence?

Also, are there multiple variants of the pol and env genes that code for the same protein sequence? For the virus to replicate, I assume there has to be a certain protein sequence. As the virus replicates it mutates. If the pol gene has a leucine it can be coded by the triplet UUA, uracil, uracil, and adenine. The gene could mutate to CUC, cytosine, uracil, and cytosine and still translate to leucine. This may still be functional, but not be protected against. If the pol and env genes do have multiple DNA/RNA sequences, can we just inoculate against the protein sequence? Would we be able to eliminate the DNA/RNA of the virus with RNAase or DNAase and not damage the protein sequence?

submitted by /u/Justeserm
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Do we have any data about how often COVID causes anosmia or hyposmia and how long it tends to last?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 05:43 PM PDT

I keep hearing that COVID often causes anosmia and it's usually talked about as occurring in 'mild' cases.

As someone who has had long-term anosmia and hyposmia in the past from other causes, this description of the condition... really grinds my gears, I think is the technical phrase. Anosmia and severe hyposmia are debilitating and drastically reduce QOL.

If COVID caused temporary - or permanent - blindness, we wouldn't be calling it mild.

Anyway, what do we know about the frequency and duration of this symptom of COVID?

submitted by /u/Doleydoledole
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Do plants produce less ATP per cell than do animals? And how much less?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 04:56 AM PDT

Are there any signs punctuation is simplifying due to social media?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 11:06 PM PDT

Is there any sign that English punctuation is simplifying in general from omission/elision in social media due to practical constraints? For example apostrophes and capitalization are often omitted because they take too long to select/type on phones: is this beginning to carry over in an evolutionary (and not just lazy/uneducated) way to English in general?

submitted by /u/kirbymedic
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How do we know what objects in space are made out of?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 01:44 AM PDT

Is it more of a guess or is there a reliable way to figure it out?

submitted by /u/Benal_apg
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Has there been a virus or bacteria that started off strong and evolved or devolved into a weaker version of its self over time? All this talk about covid and it got me wondering if sooner or later it will (de)evolve into something like the cold where we don't have to worry about it as much.

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 12:24 AM PDT

Which fruits and vegetables require least amount of fertilizers/agrochemicals ,herbicides and pesticides? Which are loaded by farmers with all these that one should avoid ?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 02:12 AM PDT

Is the Covid-19 Vaccine the first to be freely distributed in US?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 02:41 PM PDT

I keep hearing that the vaccines distributed in the US are the first to be free and make people question the motive. Are there any counterexamples I can give to people where free medical drugs were distributed in the best interest of the population in the US?

submitted by /u/Kenposcholar
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How many variants are there currently of COVID, and what variants should I be most weary of as I go back to school and go on vacation (around the states)?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 05:20 AM PDT

I'm sure everyone has heard of Delta. But I am seeing these new variants like "Lambda" and "Delta Plus". I did my own research, and only found how they were made and how people locate them. Not very helpful to my original question.

Edit: I live in Illinois

submitted by /u/GamerCoder215
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Is it possible to create a universal COVID-19 vaccine that defends against all current and future variants?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 01:28 AM PDT

The emerging COVID-19 variants thought out the world are causing a moderate reduction in vaccine effectiveness and capabilities. I am wondering if it's possible to develop a universal COVID-19 vaccine that is able to target numerous of different variants.

submitted by /u/Ducky181
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What’s the connection between The Pill and AZ as far as blood clots?

Posted: 07 Aug 2021 01:20 AM PDT

Is there actually an increased risk of blood clots if someone is taking the combined contraceptive pill and has the AZ vaccine? From what I understand, the potential clots are different types. I.e. DVT vs TTP. Would the clot risk compound or are the 2 things unrelated?

submitted by /u/Noyougetinthebowl
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Is it possible to to model and predict COVID-19 variants and their effects ahead of time?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 11:41 PM PDT

And if so, is anyone working on it?

I keep reading news all the time like, say, DeepMind's fantastic success recently with using AI to predict protein folding to roughly atomic accuracy. I don't know biology, really, but I gathered that was a big deal.

So I wonder: do we still lack the tech and/or knowledge to randomly explore the state space of potential COVID-19 mutations and be able to have a good enough guess at their characteristics that we could flag potential problematic variants for further review? Even if the prohibitive factor is the enormous range of possible mutations, I'd think a random search would be still be useful inasmuch as that's how the actual disease operates, so it could at least hint at which variants are particularly likely to emerge.

And it seems like it would be nice to know whether any real monsters are lurking around the corner, if such a thing were possible. If it's not currently possible, why not?

submitted by /u/mindloss
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Does diet and exercise help build immunity against COVID-19?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 03:54 PM PDT

Does research show that homework does not increase student performance for k-5?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 01:20 PM PDT

I realize this question is not in one of the typical hard science fields, but it's still about scientific analysis of learning.

In multiple school meetings, principals have told the attendees that research shows that homework does not improve student performance. Homework is a form of practice and suggesting practice does not improve performance is very counter intuitive.

Is there actual scientific evidence backing this claim? Or can we challenge the assertion the next time it's thrown out at a school meeting?

submitted by /u/Okumam
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Friday, August 6, 2021

What is P- hacking?

What is P- hacking?

What is P- hacking?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 03:23 AM PDT

Just watched a ted-Ed video on what a p value is and p-hacking and I'm confused. What exactly is the P vaule proving? Does a P vaule under 0.05 mean the hypothesis is true?

Link: https://youtu.be/i60wwZDA1CI

submitted by /u/NyxtheRebelcat
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I recently learned COVID has a lipid membrane but I was taught in school that viruses are DNA or RNA packed inside a protein shell, so how many different virus physiologies are there and what exactly is COVID made out of?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 10:26 PM PDT

As the title said, I was taught that viruses are a protein shell with a DNA packed in that inject their DNA (or RNA) into the host cell. Now I learn that some viruses actually have membranes and multiple membrane proteins, which is much more complex than the image I have in my mind. Now I'm wondering about how many different phenotypes of viruses there are, is it a binary thing, some are a protein shell and some are a membrane, or more of a spectrum? Do we know?

submitted by /u/bjos144
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What happened to herd immunity?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 08:37 AM PDT

In the beginning of the pandemic there was lots of talk about reaching herd immunity but as the delta variant ravages throughout the world, it seems that all talk about herd immunity has ceased. Why is that? Or am i just misconstruing the situation?

submitted by /u/vaporfang
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Is a third vaccine justified by sinovac vaccines?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 03:50 AM PDT

There has been rumors about a third vaccine shot to boost the effectivity of Sinovac vaccine .

So;

A- is this being actually applied in countries where they have been using Sinovac vaccines for the first two shots? Have they started giving the third Sinovac shots now ?

B-Is combination of a different vaccine as the third shot scientifically proven to be effective? As an example the first two shots = Sinovac, but the third shot=Pfizer.

C-Are other combinations possible , like pfizer + astrazeneca etc ?

Whats the current scientific consensus on this ?

Thanks in advance

Edit: This is the only research paper i could find so far https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.21261026v1

submitted by /u/Foreign_Load
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How will cooling as a result of the AMOC current stopping interact with general global warming?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 01:57 PM PDT

This article says that if this ocean current stops, it could make parts of the northern hemisphere colder. Would that mean just colder winters, or year-round? Would there still be more heat waves in summer? Would it make equatorial regions even hotter?

submitted by /u/Jellicle_Tyger
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How are COVID virus mutations named (letters and numbers) and what is the difference between a "mutation" and a "variant" (Greek letters)?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 12:49 AM PDT

There are 'mutations' of the COVID 'delta variant'. P681R increases the viral load. Mutation D614G is thought to make the SARS-CoV-2 virus' spike protein more dense, and could help the virus more easily invade cells and evade the body's defenses. Mutation L452R may perform a similar function by thwarting antibodies. At what point does the 'delta variant' become the 'epsilon variant'? Is it the collective number of mutations that define a variant?

submitted by /u/drakejones99
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How is having mRNA injected through a vaccine different to consuming an animal or plant? Do we not consume mRNA each time we eat?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 02:52 PM PDT

Is there a -- and if so, what is the -- "feedback" mechanism from the bladder to the kidneys? (Is there a message like, "Stop already!!"?)

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 12:02 PM PDT

Like normal humans, I wake up in the morning, put on my glasses, and take a humongous morning pee. It has not been an emergency to get to the bathroom; I am not in pain; etc.

Thing is, I can void nearly the same volume an hour later.

It's almost like, say, at 3ayem the bladder told the kidneys to take a break for a few hours, then later called them back to work to "finish the job" -- which results in the large volume of the second trip.

Is there a special nerve for handling this situation? Some special fast-acting enzyme that makes it back to the kidneys via the bloodstream? What?

submitted by /u/DeeDee_Z
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how do radiolarians form their skeletons?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 07:54 AM PDT

How common are reinfections and breakthrough infections?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 01:43 PM PDT

Why is it that when we yawn we can’t hear anything?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 09:26 AM PDT

Every time I yawn I can't seem to hear someone talking.

submitted by /u/LimpCondiment
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The origins of HIV were recently discovered in a group a chimpanzees, did the virus cause AIDS in the Chimpanzees?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 11:08 PM PDT

Is the Ort Cloud spherical?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 07:30 PM PDT

Is the overall solar system spherical, with the main elements more or less on one plane?

submitted by /u/Ihavepurpleshoes
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Why does a brain’s surface area matter so much?

Posted: 06 Aug 2021 04:02 AM PDT

Wouldn't a smooth brain have a higher internal volume than a wrinkled brain and a slightly higher neutron capacity?

submitted by /u/KindaSithy
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Does the brain learn more when it succeeds or when it learns from a failure?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 11:13 PM PDT

I am getting conflicting answers:

We learn more from success because when we succeed at something we already know, it reinforces the connections between our neurons, and when we succeed at something new, it sticks with us because it's novel. Success also activates our reward system, which makes our brains want to keep succeeding at that thing. You can use muscles as a metaphor: Every time you use a muscle, it gets stronger, just like every time we use our brains, the connections between our neurons get stronger.

We learn more when we fail and take the time to understand why. This is because when we realize that we did something wrong, our brains put in extra effort to strengthen neurons that make the correct associations. You can use muscles as a metaphor: If you want to grow a muscle, you have to stretch and strain it. You don't do things that are easy for your muscles to do. You do things that your muscles struggle with. This helps your muscles grow stronger. The same goes for your brain. The more you fail and learn, fail and learn, the stronger it gets.

Maybe one is true but the rationale used isn't accurate. I think it's funny that both ideas use a muscle metaphor.

submitted by /u/imstillturningout
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Why does biological matter not rot under specific circumstances?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 11:23 PM PDT

I know this is an odd question but the item in mind that brought the question up was egg tempera.

Egg tempera is a primitive form of ink composed of egg yolk and pigments.

Egg yolk decomposes and rots over time, correct? We all know how bad rotten eggs smell.

So why then does egg yolk not rot when it's made into egg tempera? In theory, shouldn't the ink decompose over time and lose its composition as the egg yolk breaks down?

As far as I know, the egg yolk itself is still biological in nature, so why does adding certain chemicals suddenly make it stop decomposing?

Upon further reading, I see that egg tempera can "rot" if not handled properly. But, if handled properly, it's considered stable, permanent, and unable to decompose.

So what prevents the decomposition there??

Another example is animal glue, glue made from melting animal hide. It is 100% biological material that doesn't necessarily show decomposition. Why not?

submitted by /u/AnarchyPigeon2020
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Does the glycocalyx protect the blood vessels against glycation stress from high blood glucose? Can it be regenerated even after glycation?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 08:22 PM PDT

Did the Columbian expeditions bring diseases back to Europe?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 04:55 PM PDT

My apologies if this question has already been asked, but it seems as though the focus of disease transmission in the Columbian expeditions goes from the Europeans to the Americans, rather than the other way around. Did any diseases make it back to Europe? Is it something like, whoever was going to die of these diseases died in North America, and people who could survive them made it back with some level of immunity and without the ability to transmit?

submitted by /u/Repo_co
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Are there any animals that are both poisonous and venomous?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 04:54 PM PDT
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Thursday, August 5, 2021

Is it even feasible to terraform mars without a magnetic field?

Is it even feasible to terraform mars without a magnetic field?

Is it even feasible to terraform mars without a magnetic field?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 03:03 AM PDT

I hear a lot about terraforming mars and just watched a video about how it would be easier to do it with the moon. But they seem to be leaving out one glaring problem as far as I know.

You need a magnetic field so solar winds don't blow the atmosphere away. Without that I don't know why these discussions even exist.

submitted by /u/travis01564
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If all of our solar system's planets are orbiting the Sun in approximately in the same plane, what portion of the Sun's energy goes "out of plane" away from all of the planets in our solar system?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 05:34 AM PDT

So the planets in our solar system are pretty close to having all of their elliptical orbits in a common plane ( I understand correctly, Mercury is the farthest out-of-plane about 7 degrees off of the ecliptic).

It readily follows that some of the Sun's light ends up going out-of-plane from the 8 planets + Pluto. What portion of this energy coming off of the Sun ends up getting just blasted out into the void of space never to go near any of the planets of our solar system, or even anywhere near where they would be at any time in their orbits?

submitted by /u/bitwisewahoo
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Is high/low IQ positively correlated with an increased likelihood of psychotic mental disorders, and if it is, why precisely?

Posted: 04 Aug 2021 12:43 PM PDT

Some sources state that IQ is positively correlated with psychosis, while other sources state that it's negatively correlated. Is the literature uncertain about this, or is there a schism within the scientific community regarding this topic?

submitted by /u/ManWithVeryBigPenis
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Does the original Covid-19 strain still exist and infect people or has the Delta variant taken over completely?

Posted: 04 Aug 2021 09:49 AM PDT

Just curious if the british and original virus still exist.

submitted by /u/Trontie
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How does the body know there is no antibody for an antigen?

Posted: 04 Aug 2021 06:56 PM PDT

So I've been reading an immunology textbook and I have gathered that APCs bring antigens into the lymphatic system to present them to lymphocytes, and if there is no existing antibody then the process of generating random lymphocytes from stem cells is triggered.

But how does the body know? I assume it can take time before an APC can bring an antigen to the correct lymphocyte (if there is one), so is there a timer or something when the body gives up trying to find a match? Or is it the buildup of one kind of antigen in the lymph nodes that triggers the process to create a new antibody?

submitted by /u/eats_paste
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What happens to your immune system if you haven't been exposed to any viral infection for years?

Posted: 05 Aug 2021 06:43 AM PDT

This is an example. But it's relevant to the time we've been living through with Covid because we've been at home a lot.

Say you stay at home for a long time with virtually no human contact at all. (or none if you get your groceries delivered).

What would happen to your immune system and how would it respond if you were faced with a virus? Would it have lost "memory" and forgot how to deal with said virus well? Would you be at a greater risk of being hospitalized by it?

submitted by /u/ToodleLooSersa
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Excluding children, what percentage of people can't receive one of the Covid vaccines?

Posted: 04 Aug 2021 01:09 PM PDT

Melting glaciers due to warming and climate change has uncovered relics and planes from world war 1. Does that mean glaciers were the same depth / height / thickness now as they were in WW1?

Posted: 04 Aug 2021 12:58 PM PDT

I've read a few articles talking about how due to warming and changing climates that melting glaciers have revealed artifacts like aircraft from world war 1 that has been buried since then. My mind assumes that the glacial level must be the same today as it was in world war 1 in order to bury then melt the snow and ice on the plane when it crashed. That doesn't seem right though as I've also read glaciers are lower today then they have ever been, which to me says smaller than they were in WW1. I admittedly don't fully understand glacial science. Did things that hit a glacier in WW1 sink or somehow get deeper into said glacier due to shifting ice or something?

submitted by /u/SerilErdrick
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What are the differences between viruses that we gain immunity from after natural infection and those we don't?

Posted: 04 Aug 2021 08:13 PM PDT

As I understand it, after infection and recovery of any given illness the immune system is generally better equipped to deal with said pathogen if infection should reoccur - but why is there such variability in the extent to which the body gains immunity. For example, chickenpox is a very common illness that is sparsely recurrent whilst something like the flu, or the covid variants, seems to be commonly recurrent.

submitted by /u/WIL2SON
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Why does nuclear explosions causes rain? And can explosions from traditional explosives do the same?

Posted: 04 Aug 2021 03:26 PM PDT

If big enough, can a non-nuclear bomb also cause rain? And what makes a nuclear explosion cause rain anyways?

submitted by /u/Suigetsuforthewin
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How is the two week threshold after a second dose of mRNA vaccine decided?

Posted: 04 Aug 2021 02:18 PM PDT

In the trial data for Moderna, there's a comically apparent divergence between placebo and vaccinated groups 2 weeks after the first dose. It's less clear however what timescale the second dose makes a difference on, especially as it seems your existing immunity might speed up the response somewhat. Is that 2 weeks based on general understanding of the immune system, trial data, or just a cautious estimate?

submitted by /u/Unearthed_Arsecano
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Why must you wait 28 days after testing positive for covid before getting the vaccinne?

Posted: 04 Aug 2021 12:47 PM PDT

The current guidance in the UK is that you must wait 28 days to get ur vaccinne if you have tested positive and I'm just wondering whether there is a scientific reason for this?

Also, would there be negative affects if an asymptomatic (but covid positive) person gets vaccinated?

submitted by /u/schnoopyyy
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Tetanus shot reducing severe covid?

Posted: 04 Aug 2021 08:48 AM PDT

I recently stepped on an old nail outside working and had to receive a tetanus shot at the hospital.

So I started researching and found this article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7695568/

It speculates that tetanus vaccination contributes to the reduced severity of covid-19.

Just curious if any truth to this?

submitted by /u/thegrimreeper33
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Has there been any study on the COVID death rate for those who take performance enhancing drugs?

Posted: 04 Aug 2021 11:48 AM PDT

Basically the title. I'm wondering if those on PED's are at a higher risk of death from COVID. I'm not on them, but several buddies of mine are. I've seen several risk factor study's on obesity, smoking, age, but never one for this.

Would love to have some research linked below, I've looked and seem unable to find any.

submitted by /u/AweDaw76
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Why does Europa not have a significant magnetosphere if it has a molten iron core?

Posted: 03 Aug 2021 11:02 PM PDT

Given that Earth's magnetosphere is mostly attributed to its molten core, why is it said that Europa does not have one when we also think it has a molten core?

submitted by /u/2girls1laxative
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