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Monday, July 12, 2021

Is uric acid (Gout) not handled by the bloods bicarbonate buffer system?

Is uric acid (Gout) not handled by the bloods bicarbonate buffer system?

Is uric acid (Gout) not handled by the bloods bicarbonate buffer system?

Posted: 12 Jul 2021 01:30 AM PDT

Hello, I am on the tail end of a gout attack and was wondering if the high levels of uric acid are also supposed to be regulated by the bicarbonate buffer system. If so, can that buffer be 'depleted' leading to the uric acid not being compensated?

Thanks.

Edit: Thanks for all the informative answers everybody!

submitted by /u/Keldin42NL
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Can we know if a certain statement is provable?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 06:01 PM PDT

I was watching a video about Gödel's incompleteness theorem and they talked about how in every mathematical system there are statements that cannot be proven. Can we know what statements are not provable, or at least know if a statement is? Or do we just get a list of "Things that we haven't proven yet and that may contain some of the unprobable statements"?

submitted by /u/aldebxran
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Why exactly do the tectonic plates move in different directions?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 10:40 PM PDT

I fully understand that tectonic plates are just pieces of crust that move because of the convection cells of lava and rock beneath the surface moving them towards a certain direction. But my question is why do the different convection cells all move in different directions, what determines that? So for example, the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates have a convergent border, so my question is why does the Indo-Australian plate's convection cell move east and the Pacific Plate's convection cell move west rather than both of them just moving in the same direction?

submitted by /u/chooooooool
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Does electricity flowing through a transmission line create any measurable pull on the lines?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 10:27 AM PDT

Please correct me if I'm wrong, but electricity wants to return to the earth, so does that have any "pull," so to speak, that can be measured?

submitted by /u/crabybadgr
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How accurate are old temperature records?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 03:12 AM PDT

I read today that temperatures in Death Valley, California hit a new record of 130 F degrees, breaking the previous 129 F record in 1913.

How accurate were temperature readings in 1913? I'm assuming it has improved since then, so what is the process for doing comparisons throughout historical improvements in technology for reading temperature?

submitted by /u/Jman841
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Tectonically, what will happen to the Indian subcontinent in the far future?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 09:42 PM PDT

Since the Tibetan Plateau was created by the Indian plate moving into Eurasian plate, I was wondering if the entire subcontinent would one day be compressed into similar mountain ranges.

submitted by /u/hagamablabla
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I recently got the Sinopharm vaccine. This vaccine is made from inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus. But since is the same virus, does the vaccine evade the immune system for a few days like the live virus does?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 05:52 PM PDT

Is there a certain altitude where CO2 is concentrated?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 01:00 PM PDT

How do doctors distinguish true hypertension from severe anxiety syndromes?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 02:47 PM PDT

There is the well known phenomenon of "white coat hypertension" in which someone has high blood pressure when measured in a medical office but has normal readings when they measure their pressure at home. But what about someone who has an anxiety disorder and say has developed a phobia of having high blood pressure and cannot take a reading anywhere because the fear of getting a high reading spikes their blood pressure in advance?

submitted by /u/dudeARama2
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Do rising temperatures (air or ocean) have an effect of plate tectonics?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 10:42 AM PDT

How come estrogen and progesterone protect women from heart attacks? What’s the connection?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 11:57 AM PDT

Is there an equation describing the force acting on a ferromagnetic material by a magnet of field strength B?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 06:35 AM PDT

Hello, searching online you can find many articles pointing to the Lorentz force that describes the force acting on a charge by an electric and magnetic field but there seems to be no equation that describes the force acting on a material by a magnet of strength B. For example, how would you describe the motion of an iron rod acted on by an electromagnet of strength B. I think that the magnetic strength depends on the electron spin of the valence electrons throughout the material. (I could be wrong though), so it seems like you could describe such a force at least probabistacly. But look as I might I couldn't find such a formula. Does it exist? If not, why?

submitted by /u/hardmemer069
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How far away can a nuclear explosion be detected seismically?

Posted: 10 Jul 2021 08:23 PM PDT

Bonus if you can tell me detectable distances for both above and below ground explosions.

I've found that there are 50 seismic monitoring stations that span the globe and can detect explosions anywhere on Earth but I can't really find anything more specific about the distance an explosion can be detected from.

submitted by /u/LadyBitsandBurgers
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How do wildfires affect weather?

Posted: 10 Jul 2021 05:51 PM PDT
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Sunday, July 11, 2021

What are the oldest mostly-unchanged tools that we still use?

What are the oldest mostly-unchanged tools that we still use?

What are the oldest mostly-unchanged tools that we still use?

Posted: 10 Jul 2021 02:01 PM PDT

With "mostly unchanged" I mean tools that are still fundamentally the same and recognizable in form, shape and materials. A flint knife is substantially different from a modern metal one, while mortar-and-pestle are almost identical to Stone Age tools.

submitted by /u/semiseriouslyscrewed
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What is the difference in the Covid-19 tests currently available in the US, and which one is best for detecting asymptotic infection in vaccinated individuals?

Posted: 10 Jul 2021 06:08 AM PDT

It seems like there are a few types of Covid-19 tests available, including a few rapid tests and even some at-home tests, but what are the differences, advantages and disadvantages of each?

submitted by /u/NaiveAbbreviations5
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How are insane temperatures in fusion reactors measured?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 03:16 AM PDT

There was a headline recently that china had cracked a fusion heat record and produced a plasma three times hotter than the sun. How are these temperatures measured? Wouldn't any device that could do it be destroyed? Is it just like an assumption that is made based on how much energy is put into the system? How do they know that it is "really" that heat and that there aren't other factors (like inefficiency or problems with the insulation materials) that cause the heat to be different?

submitted by /u/LSDkiller
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It is well known that pregnant women drinking alcohol can cause birth defects. Is it also possible for birth defects to be caused by the man's diet before conception?

Posted: 10 Jul 2021 11:41 AM PDT

What role might chronic infections play in the emergence of new variants of a virus?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 07:50 AM PDT

Can a fluid flow from low pressure to high pressure?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 07:43 AM PDT

Can a fluid flow from low pressure to high pressure?

submitted by /u/RadicalZone
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How bad was ionizing radiation output in 1998 CT scanners vs today?

Posted: 11 Jul 2021 04:38 AM PDT

If someone had a couple of CT brain scans in the late 90s with a CT machine possibly made in the late 80's, what amount of radiation could one be exposed to?

How many millisieverts of radiation would a machine of that era be capable of putting out in a single scan? (Even if misused)

What are the odds of getting a brain tumor from a scan with an old CT machine vs a modern one?

submitted by /u/GotMyTrolLio0n
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What is the difference between combustion deflagration detonation and explosion?

Posted: 10 Jul 2021 03:40 PM PDT

Im very confused between these four terms. I've been researching fire and how it works and I ended up with these ones. From what I understand

Combustion is the process of fire.
Deflagration is when fire travels slower than sound.
Detonation and explosion are the ones that confuse me and is an explosion a type of combustion?

submitted by /u/Shacl0nee
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Was there any science to the whole "moving to a drier climate for health reasons"?

Posted: 10 Jul 2021 09:13 AM PDT

I was watching tombstone and the talk about moving to drier/warmer climate for health reasons. I realized you see this a lot in movies around this time period. Was there any science to this or just an assumption. Or did this never actually happen and its just a Hollywood trope?

submitted by /u/Bearbear360
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I go for walks along a canal in India, and I see stray dogs swimming effortlessly. Drowning incidents by kids in the same canal comes in news often. Does swimming come as an innate faculty for puppies? Elephants too for that matter.

Posted: 10 Jul 2021 09:16 PM PDT

Is there a correlation between north and south hemisphere temperature extremes?

Posted: 10 Jul 2021 05:32 AM PDT

Sorry if this really is a stupid question, but does a hotter than normal summer in one hemisphere generally equate to a simultaneously colder winter in the other? And does, say a hotter summer in one mean it's likely to be hotter in the other 6 months later? Are they indicators of each other?

submitted by /u/Rough_Diamonds
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What traditional medicines and treatments have been found to be both effective and explicable by modern medicine in recent times?

Posted: 10 Jul 2021 08:51 AM PDT

Wormwood is a plant that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as a treatment for malaria. Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for isolating the active substance of the plant, artemisinin, which is now used as an antimalarial drug.

I was wondering if there are other examples of modern medicine finding that traditional treatments were effective, as well as explicable by scientific methods. By the latter point I simply mean more robustly than "there is some statistical correlation between traditional treatment and recovery".

By 'recent', I suppose I mean any time after the discovery of antibiotics, which I understand similarly had a widespread traditional use in many cultures before the discovery of penicillin.

submitted by /u/cyprus1962
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Is it possible to season a pan chemically?

Posted: 10 Jul 2021 11:27 AM PDT

Title says all. Usually a pan is seasoned by using some oil and placing it on the oven so the oil polymerizes and creates a coating over it. Since it's a chemical process, is there a way to do the same without using heat that's also safe to use?

submitted by /u/parabx
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How refined are other animals tastebuds compared to humans?

Posted: 10 Jul 2021 08:18 AM PDT

What's the process of 'learning' on a neurological level?

Posted: 10 Jul 2021 07:58 AM PDT

What is learning? Is it just memorizing information in order to reproduce it later when needed? I kinda feel that any breakthrough in science is coincidental. Either you have that certain idea or not. Same with a brain randomly forgetting information.

Like you can increase the chances that a certain solution comes to your mind by constantly thinking about that problem. But the final outcome is always coincidental. We have no free will and everything down to quantum level is predetermined.

submitted by /u/EmergencyTell4011
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How does 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami impact the marine wildlife in the region?

Posted: 10 Jul 2021 03:57 AM PDT

As a citizen of that region, I remember that shellfish that we caught months after the event were much bigger than usual. Some almost twice as big which leads to people avoiding eating them because there's a believe that they get to this size due to the victims of the tsunami. Of course, this is just my anecdotal evidence.

I tried to search around the web for reports on marine wildlife, but most I found were concern of the envinromental impact on the land instead of the sea.

submitted by /u/sodavix985
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Does rust act as a catalyst to form more rust?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 10:00 PM PDT

I've heard people making comparisons with rust and cancer. Is this sorta correct? Does the rate in which metal rust grow exponentially once it starts to rust?

I ask because there's a bit of surface rust under my car. It's not much, and I was wondering if spraying corrosion inhibitor over it will stop or minimize it from rusting any further. However, if there's already rust, is it too late?

submitted by /u/VillagerNumber2
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Is it true that, unlike dogs, modern cats are physiologically mostly unchanged from before widespread domestication?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 02:55 PM PDT

Is the small intestine somehow neatly organized inside your body, or is it pretty much just stuffed in there??

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 02:25 PM PDT
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Saturday, July 10, 2021

If a hole was bored through the center of the Earth, what would the atmospheric pressure profile be?

If a hole was bored through the center of the Earth, what would the atmospheric pressure profile be?

If a hole was bored through the center of the Earth, what would the atmospheric pressure profile be?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 09:03 AM PDT

We often hear that the barometer is really measuring the weight of the column of air above us. This explains variations in altitude within a reasonable range above the surface, but in the interior gravity drops off and eventually goes to zero. Is there a point where pressure ceases to increase or does it continue all the way down?

submitted by /u/ggrieves
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How can water extinguish a fire, but can make a grease fire worse?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 08:31 PM PDT

What is the science behind sleepwalking? Do apes also do sleepwalking or is it just a human thing?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 01:08 AM PDT

Are Florida’s invasive species (Burmese pythons, green iguanas) inbred?

Posted: 08 Jul 2021 04:00 PM PDT

I recently moved to south Florida and discovered that many of the invasive species were initially introduced to the environment through the pet trade.

I understand that with endangered animals, one major concern is whether the remaining population is enough to prevent inbreeding and population drift. The 50/500 is generally used as a rule of thumb in determining this.

My question is, are the populations of iguanas and boas in south Florida inbred? I can't imagine so many individuals being released initially by pet owners so I would assume compared to the native population of these creatures that they have some inbreeding.

Followup question. These species appear to thrive in south Florida. Now that ownership and possession of these species is strictly regulated, there will likely be no to very very little new genetic diversity introduced. Will the current populations be sustainable over time?

submitted by /u/secondcomposition
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Friday, July 9, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We are Cosmologists, Experts on the Cosmic Microwave Background, "The Hubble Tension", Dark Matter, Dark Energy and much more! Ask Us Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are Cosmologists, Experts on the Cosmic Microwave Background, "The Hubble Tension", Dark Matter, Dark Energy and much more! Ask Us Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are Cosmologists, Experts on the Cosmic Microwave Background, "The Hubble Tension", Dark Matter, Dark Energy and much more! Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 05:50 AM PDT

We are a bunch of cosmologists from the Cosmology from Home 2021 conference. Ask us anything, from our daily research to the organization of a large conference during COVID19!

We have some special experts on

  • Inflation: The mind-bogglingly fast expansion of the Universe in a fraction of the first second. It turned tiny quantum fluctuation into the seeds for the galaxies and clusters we see today
  • The Cosmic Microwave background: The radiation reaching us from a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang. It shows us how our universe was like, 13.4 billion years ago
  • Large Scale Structure: Matter in the Universe forms a "cosmic web" with clusters, filaments and voids. The positions of galaxies in the sky shows imprints of the physics in the early universe
  • Dark Matter: Most matter in the universe seems to be "Dark Matter", i.e. not noticeable through any means except for its effect on light and other matter via gravity
  • Dark Energy: The unknown force causing the universe's expansion to accelerate today
  • "The Hubble Tension": Measurements of the universe's expansion rate, which are almost identical but, mysteriously, slightly discrepant (aka the [sigh] "crisis in cosmology")

And ask anything else you want to know!

Those of us answering your questions tonight will include

  • Alex Gough: u/acwgough PhD student: Analytic techniques for studying clustering into the nonlinear regime, and on how to develop clever statistics to extract cosmological information. Previous work on modelling galactic foregrounds for CMB physics. Twitter: @acwgough.
  • Katie Mack: u/astro_katie cosmology, dark matter, early universe, black holes, galaxy formation, end of universe Twitter: @AstroKatie
  • Shaun Hotchkiss: u/just_shaun large scale structure, fuzzy dark matter, compact object in the early universe, inflation. Twitter: @just_shaun
  • Tijmen de Haan: u/tijmen-cosmologist PhD student: experimental cosmology, galaxy clusters, South Pole Telescope, LiteBIRD
  • Charis K. Pooni (she/her): u/cosmo_ckpooni PhD student: Probing Dark Matter (DM) using the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Previous work on modelling recombination, reionization, extensions to LCDM.
submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Can vaccinated individuals transmit the Delta variant of the Covid-19 virus?

Posted: 08 Jul 2021 09:06 AM PDT

What's the state of our knowledge regarding this? Should vaccinated individuals return to wearing masks?

submitted by /u/misplaced_my_pants
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In Molecule Dynamics modelling, why are calculations initiated at 0K and slowly heated to the desired temperature, rather than initiating at 300K immediately?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 04:17 AM PDT

I've been reading papers on mechanism studies of various enzymes.

In these papers, they start at 0K and slowly heat it to 200K, then hold, then slowly heat 300K again in their computational software.

Why is this?

submitted by /u/Hoihe
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Do forests grow back after a fire (better/same/or worse) than deforestation cause by logging?

Posted: 08 Jul 2021 07:55 PM PDT

I may need a rephrasing;

Do forests regrow healthier after a wild fire or after they have been clear cut for their timber?

submitted by /u/EscarGoland
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Does the immune system attack bacteriophages even though they don't pose a threat to human cells?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 07:02 AM PDT

What stops things such as water from entering your bloodstream when you get a cut?

Posted: 08 Jul 2021 09:54 PM PDT

Lets say i'm swimming in a lake and somehow while swimming i get a cut, whats stopping the water from just entering my bloodstream and completely screwing up my circulatory system?

submitted by /u/Sol33t303
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Questions about infectivity and prevalence of various COVID strains?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 02:09 AM PDT

Is infectivity/ability to spread the only factor determining how dominant some COVID strain will be? Or are there other factors (if so, which? )

If yes, how come that all of recently dominant COVID strains (alpha, beta, gamma and now delta) are, apart from being more infective, also more virulent? That is, how come we haven't come across some COVID strain that is more infective, but less virulent? Or have we just been extremely unlucky in that regard?

submitted by /u/Let_There_Be_Fire
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How are islands formed in small ponds?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 07:04 AM PDT

I know the ponds can be formed by glacial movement, but how do islands end up in being formed the middle of them?

submitted by /u/XboxSqueaker
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Why are inelastic collisions between nuclei and heavy charged particles rare?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 06:57 AM PDT

Hello everyone,

I am currently studying light matter interactions, particularly in the context of medical physics.

It gets mentioned frequently that Bremsstrahlungs-losses from heavy charged particles (inelastic interactions with the atomic nucleus) are rare because the probability decreases one over the projectile mass squared.

Does anybody have an intuitive explanation for this?

submitted by /u/BrknKybrd
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How does transplanted skin tissue in frogs influence development of their nervous system?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 06:47 AM PDT

Years ago I heard a podcast about studies done using frog tadpoles where stomach (ventral) and back (dorsal) skin transplants in frogs produced changes in neural development. The tadpoles had small skin patches removed from their backs and stomachs and grafted onto the opposite locations (back to stomach, and stomach to back, done at the same time within the same animal). When the frogs matured and stomach skin that was located on the back of the frog was tickled the frogs scratch their stomachs. When the back skin on their stomachs was tickled the frogs scratch their backs. I was fascinated by this but can't really understand how the transplanted skin tissue could influence nerve development. The podcast presenter explained that this changed the understanding of embryo development but I can't remember their explanation for that either.

Sadly, I've tried to find a scientific article online that the podcast referenced but I can't find one.

Has anyone heard of this? Can someone provide me with an explanation, or better yet, a reference?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Inanimate_Rod
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Do pets significantly contribute to global warming?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 06:31 AM PDT

So this is my question.

Do pets (more specifically cats and dogs) significantly contribute to global warming? or more especially: should they be taken into account when we speak about global warming or is their impact neglible?

submitted by /u/kondenado
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A textbook in my Lab Tech course says that for the liver to become impaired in the production of glucose, over 80 percent of the organ has to be dysfunctional. Does this mean that the liver can compartmentalize production of massive amounts of glucose in only a small portion of its surface area?

Posted: 08 Jul 2021 08:12 PM PDT

In other words, can a 75 percent dysfunctional liver produce the same amount of glucose in a small working area?

submitted by /u/Squaragus_Asparagus
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Would getting multiple flu shots increase immunity?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 05:53 AM PDT

All the talk of covid boosters, as well as just thinking about most vaccination regimens in general, got me thinking: would getting a second flu shot a month or two after the first increase your immunity?

I know the flu shot is notoriously not always properly targeted at the dominant strain, so obviously it wouldn't help much in that regard, but would a second dose boost overall immunity and specifically to the targeted antigens like we see with other booster shots? Or is there something about flu shots in particular that would make this not the case and not provide any extra benefit?

submitted by /u/joeco316
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Can animals suffer from depression?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 05:04 AM PDT

I know (or think at least) that animals are able to feel emotions (like sadness), but are they able to suffer from depression, low self esteem and so? O does that require a higher level of consciousness?

submitted by /u/erafitas
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Is there objective evidence for our mind's "inner world" of experiences?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 04:50 AM PDT

Aside from our own individual, personal, experiences, do we have any scientific evidence for the existence of conscious experience? I know we can tell if someone is conscious by looking at their brain with various tools, but do we have anything, other than anecdotal evidence, to suggest that such brain signals correspond to an inner, subjective experience? I feel sure there must be something as it's such a basic thing to know about, but can't think what.

submitted by /u/Rain_On
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Venus’ atmosphere is 96.5% Carbon Dioxide meanwhile Mars’ is 95% CO2. Why does Mars not experience the same greenhouse effect that Venus, and Earth with a much lower CO2 concentration, do?

Posted: 08 Jul 2021 04:39 PM PDT

Why is Mars so cold?

submitted by /u/Extalir
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I watched a video about how infant’s hearts slow down when in water so they use up less oxygen, is this trait continued into adulthood? If not is it possible to manually slow down your heart?

Posted: 09 Jul 2021 03:03 AM PDT

What causes a superconductor to stop superconducting with very large magnetic fields or electrical current, despite still being below the critical temperature?

Posted: 08 Jul 2021 10:29 AM PDT

Are spike proteins unique to coronaviruses?

Posted: 08 Jul 2021 07:39 PM PDT

Or are there things in my body that have "spike proteins"? Or are spike proteins just a misnomer or something like that?

submitted by /u/DrasticAnalysis
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Transferable Gut or salivary Microbiome diseases?

Posted: 08 Jul 2021 10:59 PM PDT

Are there any transferable gut or salivary microbiome diseases? Any known case studies?

I'm wondering if you can transfer enough gut or salivary microbiota to a partner to negatively effect them.

submitted by /u/Bored2001
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When someone with synesthesia associates a quality with say, a certain number, is there a pattern/tendency among people with synesthesia, or is it random?

Posted: 08 Jul 2021 01:33 PM PDT

How does tidal locking occur/work?

Posted: 08 Jul 2021 04:17 PM PDT

I get what it is, what I don't get is why it happens? It just seems like it's too perfect for a moon to have rotate and revolve around its planet at the same periodicity? Let alone for it to be a frequently occurring phenomenon.

submitted by /u/judojoker
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