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Wednesday, June 23, 2021

How effective is the JJ vaxx against hospitalization from the Delta variant?

How effective is the JJ vaxx against hospitalization from the Delta variant?


How effective is the JJ vaxx against hospitalization from the Delta variant?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 04:12 AM PDT

I cannot find any reputable texts stating statistics about specifically the chances of Hospitalization & Death if you're inoculated with the JJ vaccine and you catch the Delta variant of Cov19.

If anyone could jump in, that'll be great. Thank you.

submitted by /u/CozyBlueCacaoFire
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If the solar system were the size of a little model in my room how fast would it spin?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 12:46 AM PDT

The Canadian Government is recommending mixing of mRNA vaccines and that Canadians get whichever vaccine is offered to them. What is the Scientific rationale for mixing AstraZeneca and Moderna?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 07:22 AM PDT

All studies of mixing viral vector and mRNA vaccines were done with AstraZeneca and Pfizer. Is it scientifically rigorous to infer that any mRNA vaccine can be mixed based on these studies?

submitted by /u/cdubyadubya
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What will happen if I get infected by COVID-19 a few minutes before getting vaccinated?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 09:19 AM PDT

In my country, the queue for COVID-19 vaccinations tends to be long and people in line do not follow safe distancing measures.

What will happen if I get infected with COVID-19 while queueing for the COVID-19 vaccine then get vaccinated a few minutes or some hours after?

Will the vaccine still protect me?

submitted by /u/Earendil___
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How long until I can eat the raspberries along a used engine oil soaked driveway?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 10:31 AM PDT

My raspberries run the length of our driveway and my husband opted to blacken the driveway by spreading used diesel engine oil on it.

He absorbed everything still wet with grass clippings and sawdust. I cleaned that up and I've been out there with Dawn and a pressure washer spraying AWAY from the plants, but plenty of that water has made it into the soil and every time it rains or I water, a little more will run in.

Any idea how many years until I can eat my raspberries again? What about all the ones that are forming now? They are about half their final size. Is there any chance I can move enough away that I can eat my raspberries? I can't find much science online about this.

Help please.

submitted by /u/Mettephysics
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

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Is it possible for granites and basalts to form from a different process, naturally or artificially, other than direct magma solidification ?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 07:17 AM PDT

I am thinking that ancient civilisations must have known some kind of rock formation to be able to build such mega structures. Is it possible that Stonehenge could have been made from some sort of concrete ? I mean rock is the first tool human used, thousands of years must have teach us some techniques.

submitted by /u/navds
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Does being scared actually cause heart attacks? If yes, how?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 06:49 AM PDT

What's the main barrier to creating an HIV vaccine?

Posted: 22 Jun 2021 03:15 PM PDT

Is it that the virus mutates too quickly? Is the virus too complex/have antigenic surfaces that wouldn't produce effective antibodies? Would it be a good candidate for mRNA vaccine technology/is there a highly conserved protein on it that would work?

submitted by /u/hottiewannabe
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Why do we get wave after wave with Covid infections?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 07:08 AM PDT

Why does Covid come in waves? After we got surprised by Covid initially, we got it down to a manageable infection rate. But then, it went up again. TWICE more. Why do we not manage to keep it down until sufficient vaccinations have been done and we're in the green? Or is it just negligence of our fellow citizens who get careless when the infection rates are down?

submitted by /u/Pablo-on-35-meter
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Can artificial endocytosis be created?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 05:53 AM PDT

I saw this image online.

https://imgur.com/gallery/u3YRi0a

Do antibodies on a material wrap around a virus like this? I know endocytosis is said to be triggered. However, can materials fold inwards like the cell membrane does if there's many antibodies and receptors?

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Why is esophagoscopy contraindicated in heart, liver and kidney diseases?

Posted: 22 Jun 2021 11:19 PM PDT

Can we make a vaccine for plants?

Posted: 22 Jun 2021 05:14 PM PDT

Plants can get infected with viruses too. (Mosaic is an example) can we vaccinate plants against that? Would the plant cells be able to memorize the pathogen and fight it off after being vaccinated? How different would it be from human/animal vaccines?

submitted by /u/Tale_Any
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How did researchers come up with SHA-2?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 04:13 AM PDT

Looking at the steps-by-steps of the algorithm (wikipedia or https://qvault.io/cryptography/how-sha-2-works-step-by-step-sha-256/), how did the (NSA?) researchers come up with this algorithm?

I've read from https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/41923/why-are-cube-and-square-roots-of-primes-used-as-sha-constants that the initial constants are https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing-up-my-sleeve_number and that makes sense to me, but what about the other constants like 2, 3, 7, 10, 15, 16 in the bit rotations of the chunks?

Why are there 64 iterations of the compression function? Why not 32 or 96 or 37?

How did they choose the xor/rotations/sum/invert combinations?

My theory (could be 100% off-track) is that they had goals for the function, like pseudo-uniformly distributed output and efficiency, then basically tried random combinations of operations until they hit metrics?

Any insight or simple guides on the design of cryptographic hash functions appreciated.

submitted by /u/pm_plz_im_lonely
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Is the Alpha variant more virulent than the previous variants?

Posted: 23 Jun 2021 05:08 AM PDT

I remember reports that claimed that Alpha variant was like ~50% more virulent/aggressive than previous variants, resulting in more hospitalizations and/or more deaths in hospitalized patients. While now I read claims of Delta variant being more virulent resulting in more hospitalizations, I also happen to read that Alpha variant was not more aggressive than previous variants, and I'm a bit confused about what's the scientific consensus about this. It should finally be confirmed whether it is or not, so what's it?

submitted by /u/That_Classroom_9293
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[BIOLOGY][COMPUTING] Experimental Research Prior to the Usage of Computational Methods?

Posted: 22 Jun 2021 11:23 PM PDT

It's my understanding that the ideas and frameworks to utilize computers and computational methods to study biological data (e.g. sequence data), were laid out in the 1960s. These ideas and frameworks would develop into the fields of bioinformatics, computational biology and HPC. However, they were not routinely used in experimentation until the 1990s and 2000s, during the Human Genome Project, largely because the computational power needed to do such analysis was not available.

So, my question is, prior to these fields' integration into experimental research, how did scientists go about, for example, discovering new drugs or identifying targets (say on a cell or pathogen) for therapeutics and generally making developments, many of which nowadays are first theorized with computational models and then tested in a lab?

Let me give an example that might clarify my question. PyMOL and GROMACS are molecular dynamics (MD) software that run on supercomputers and help us to visualize molecules and observe how atoms in a molecule interact with other molecules. For example, we use MD to study how the HIV virus enters cells. However, these tools didn't exist until the 21st century and 1991, respectively. So, how would a scientist have gone about understanding how HIV enters cells before this technology existed? Would they have just tried brute force trial and error experimentation in the lab to see which receptors HIV would bind to? Or was there some systematic and resource-efficient way they could have theorized this and then tested it out in the lab?

TLDR: How did scientists discover drugs, identify critical receptors in a biochemical pathway, or do molecular modeling before bioinformatics, computational biology, and high performance computing existed (which could have helped them theorize and then test)? Did they just do trial and error experimentation in a wet lab and consume resources inefficiently?

submitted by /u/TwiningLeek881
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What causes frequency to drop when load is increased on an AC generator?

Posted: 22 Jun 2021 06:00 PM PDT

I know that this happens but I have no idea why or how to prove it using equations.

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Tuesday, June 22, 2021

If Tesla was on the path of making electricity be conducted through air, like WiFi, how come we can't do it now since technology advanced so much?

If Tesla was on the path of making electricity be conducted through air, like WiFi, how come we can't do it now since technology advanced so much?


If Tesla was on the path of making electricity be conducted through air, like WiFi, how come we can't do it now since technology advanced so much?

Posted: 22 Jun 2021 02:13 AM PDT

Edit: how about shorter distances, not radio-like? Let's say exactly like WiFi, in order for me to charge my phone even when I'm 5 meters away from the charger? Right now "wireless" charging is even more restraining than cable charging.

submitted by /u/iahimide
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How do cancer vaccines work?

Posted: 22 Jun 2021 02:56 AM PDT

I've recently read about BioNTech developing a cancer vaccine with the same mRNA tech used to develop the COVID vaccine. I always thought vaccines were for transmissible diseases such as COVID, polio, measles etc, but as I understand it cancer is not transmissible - you can't catch it from someone. So how does a cancer vaccine differ compared to a regular vaccine and how does it work?

Edit: thanks for the responses - very helpful! I am blown away that we can do this stuff. Science is bonkers.

submitted by /u/mracademic
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Other than influenza cases dramatically decreasing due to lockdown, increased sanitization, mask wearing, and social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic, have we recorded other dramatic decreases in other diseases such as measles, mono, strep, staph, etc?

Posted: 21 Jun 2021 10:26 AM PDT

If you shoot two electrons at each other in a particle accelerator; do they smash into each other like particles, interfere with each other like waves, or do both simultaneously?

Posted: 22 Jun 2021 05:54 AM PDT

In the vacuum of space, would I be able to turn around?

Posted: 22 Jun 2021 08:20 AM PDT

Say a human is in the vacuum of space and is somehow alive and all is good. They're stationary and just floating there. If that person is facing a certain direction, would they be able to move to face another direction? Like twist their body to face behind them?

submitted by /u/butwhataboutthe
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Why is the electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field in EM wave?

Posted: 22 Jun 2021 06:19 AM PDT

It seems a bit unlikely to me that they just happened to be 90 degree to each other by chance

submitted by /u/DoBestWifWtGodGivesU
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Is there some fundamental reason why there are three generations of quarks and leptons, instead of (say) 2 or 4 or 13 or an unlimited number?

Posted: 21 Jun 2021 07:03 PM PDT

Do people from regions with small amount of trees have worse eyesight or see differently?

Posted: 22 Jun 2021 07:02 AM PDT

I read that our eyes can distinguish the highest number of shades of green, because our ancestors had to hunt for food in forest, needed to tell which plants are posionous etc.

Is it any different for people from regions like deserts? Do they have a different 'main' color? Is their eyesight better/worse?

submitted by /u/MrGandalf21
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Are there narcoleptic birds?

Posted: 22 Jun 2021 08:00 AM PDT

How do phone cameras focus, if there aren't any moving parts?

Posted: 21 Jun 2021 07:39 PM PDT

How does blood go up your leg when you're sitting and not moving your leg?

Posted: 22 Jun 2021 06:19 AM PDT

All the articles that I came across mention the fact that the muscles in your leg pumps the blood back up. But what if you're just sitting and not moving?

submitted by /u/justjust000
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What is spectral power and how is it different from spectral density?

Posted: 21 Jun 2021 10:38 AM PDT

I am reading a paper about an experiment using a set of six cylindrical magnets on three rotating axis to generate a magnetic field.

It states "The primary frequencies associated with the field regardless of orthogonal location are 45 Hz, 88 Hz, and 93 Hz" and then provides a graph with the y-axis as spectral power and the x-axis as frequency.

In the description of the graph, it then says "Z-scored spectral densities of the 'Resonator'. Although the intensity was different, this spectral pattern was generated regardless of orthogonal location of the recording. The first peak was measured at 45 Hz, with the following two secondary peaks at 88 Hz and 93 Hz, respectively".

Can anyone help me interpret what any of this means?

Thank you!

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does gravity affect derivatives other than speed or is acceleration constant?

Posted: 21 Jun 2021 02:44 PM PDT

General physics classes taught me the distance equation is 2nd-order, and that, from the surface of the Earth at least, an object speeds up when falling (then again, it turns out the momentum equation is only valid for small speeds nowhere near the speed of light). I always wondered if gravity was actually exponential or no because while the acceleration on the surface is 9.8m/s², from the ISS it's 8.7m/s².

Basically, if I dropped a ball from that height, we're told it would have that acceleration the entire trip down. Why does speed get affected by not acceleration and other derivatives?

submitted by /u/Crafty_Potatoes
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Does stress make you more alert?

Posted: 21 Jun 2021 07:09 AM PDT

Hey everyone, so I've been going through a bit of emotional stress recently, so my sleep quality isn't exactly top notch. However, I was wondering, not only does stress decrease your sleep quality, does it actually make you even more alert, making it even harder to sleep? What I mean is, last night around 2AM, I woke up to go to the bathroom, and when I went back to bed, I find myself feeling awake and not as sleepy. (You know, I start overthinking) But after lying in bed for awhile I start drifting off, and because I am staying at a hotel right now, the only thing that's separating my headboard from my neighbor's is a thin wall. So I am head to head with him. And because of this, I can hear him move around in bed and all those little noises. Now he's a very quiet person, and I haven't been woken up by him at all. But last night, I swear EVERY time that he made ANY sort of little noise, it would not only wake me up, but it would startle me and jump scare me. These little noises never woke me up at all before. But last night it got to a point where I decided to give up on sleeping because I got so startled by every move he made that I would instantly wake up every time he moved around. And also I got tired of having jump scares. So I'm wondering, is this normal? Does stress make your body go into "high alert" mode, and making you more sensitive to any little noise that's around you? If so, is there any tips that can help me stay asleep? Has anyone experienced this before? This really sucks. Thank you everyone!

submitted by /u/Enough-Jaguar8313
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Is it possible (or likely, moreover) that there are deep see creatures out there that have individual lifespans of hundreds or even thousands of years?

Posted: 21 Jun 2021 10:03 AM PDT

Editing to add: thanks for all the responses so far, I've learned a lot from y'all already.

The immortal jellyfish are fascinating. I had recently read about the Greenland Shark and some really old tortoises, which is what drove me to ask this question.

I guess I'm most curious about what lies deep in the ocean, perhaps beyond our current reach and understanding.

Might there be other life similar to the immortal jellyfish? Might they regenerate similarly or far differently?

submitted by /u/WiseFrogs
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Monday, June 21, 2021

Is there any form of matter that cannot be categorized on the periodic table?

Is there any form of matter that cannot be categorized on the periodic table?


Is there any form of matter that cannot be categorized on the periodic table?

Posted: 20 Jun 2021 11:05 PM PDT

ie: is there any mass that breaks the standard rules of how elements work?

submitted by /u/bingeese
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Is there a difference between Cosmic Dust and Dust on earth ?

Posted: 20 Jun 2021 11:14 PM PDT

That's the question.

submitted by /u/M1l1kk
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Do astronomers correct images of oblique galaxies due to the time differences from the far side to the near side?

Posted: 21 Jun 2021 06:26 AM PDT

The far side of a galaxy (viewed say close to flat) for a galaxy of diameter say 200,000 light years will be seen to have rotated for 200k years less than the near side. Is this 'twist' noticeable and is it corrected or given the slow rotational speed of a typical galaxy is it imperceptible?

submitted by /u/uninhabited
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What’s the difference between anti-platelets and anticoagulants? In what circumstances do we use each of them?

Posted: 20 Jun 2021 06:56 PM PDT

Do any other species have their children go through a rebellious phase like our teenagers do? How unique are humans teenage years compared to other animals?

Posted: 21 Jun 2021 08:08 AM PDT

Why do GHGs absorb longwave radiation, but allow shortwave radiation through?

Posted: 21 Jun 2021 04:31 AM PDT

How does the transfer of immunity from a mother to a child take place and how long does it last?

Posted: 20 Jun 2021 11:39 AM PDT

Are there any diseases where a usual stop codon actually codes for an amino acid?

Posted: 21 Jun 2021 08:38 AM PDT

This would create many unnecessarily long proteins which I'm sure is "not advantageous" at best. Would an organism ever survive if this type of disease occurred?

submitted by /u/UneducatedPerson
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What’s the process of hospitals adopting new medical practices as new medical information is discovered?

Posted: 20 Jun 2021 09:47 AM PDT

Are there meetings were doctors go over new medical discoveries and choose which ones they trust to implement? Is it purely a cost issue? Are there approval barriers? Thanks!

submitted by /u/one-mappi-boi
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Question between definition of force and the weak force?

Posted: 20 Jun 2021 05:01 PM PDT

So I never understood how the weak force pushes or pulls objects, as that is the layman's definition of a force, does the weak force push or pull like other forces or is it that the definition of a force break down?

submitted by /u/KingKlob
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Is there any measurable change in the forces we experience when the direction of Earth's tilt starts to change on the solstice?

Posted: 20 Jun 2021 10:03 PM PDT

Is there something along the lines of a subtle bump that might knock everyone over if it were more obvious?

submitted by /u/hgritchie
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Does the Earth's slowly shifting axis eventually changes the day of the solstices or does it stays the same?

Posted: 20 Jun 2021 05:55 PM PDT

That's basically it I just want to know if the solstices always were and always will be on June and December 21st and why

submitted by /u/MirHasAnOddName
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What triggers the start of puberty?

Posted: 20 Jun 2021 12:57 PM PDT

I learned in school that puberty occurs around the age of 14 and that it is kick started by the release of certain hormones. I have three questions about this subject:

  1. What is the trigger for the release of these hormones?
  2. How does this trigger vary between the sexes?
  3. How does this trigger vary between different species?
submitted by /u/PeterGeneva
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how do scientist identify homoplasy in fossils?

Posted: 20 Jun 2021 12:46 PM PDT

I have tried to do research on it but cant get anything, how is homoplasy identify in fossils? can it be identified?

note. if you can please cite reliable sources

submitted by /u/Due-Bumblebee7805
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Is it possible for covid to infect my pet fish? If not, how about amphibians with lungs?

Posted: 20 Jun 2021 06:14 PM PDT

Cow Urine is a controversial and politically charged topic in India. Many Indian scientists has studied it and found antimicrobial and other beneficial properties. Are these claims true?

Posted: 20 Jun 2021 10:32 PM PDT

So I've many questions about cow urine (CU).
There are papers suggesting that CU contains Aurum Hydroxide, phenols, manganese, and antioxidants which gives it antimicrobial properties and helps reduce free radicals.

Here's a review paper mentioning several such studies.

Here are the highights of claimed properties of CU in this review paper:
1. CU is an effective antibacterial agent against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and also against some drug-resistant bacteria. It acts as a bio-enhancer of some antimicrobial drugs.

  1. Antioxidant property of uric acid and allantoin present in CU correlates with its anticancer effect.

  2. In these studies the antimicrobial activity of CU was found to be comparable with ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, rifampicin, tetracycline, streptomycin, cefpodoxime and gentamycin in different studies.

  3. After photoactivation and purification, CU has been found to be effective against certain drug resistant bacterial strains

  4. Fungicidal effect against Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus, Malassezia, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata has been observed in various studies.

  5. Enhanced wound healing activity of CU in Wistar albino rats.

  6. CU has antioxidant properties and is a free radical scavenger, and thus it neutralizes the oxidative stress.

  7. Chemopreventive potential of CU was observed in a study, which was conducted on 70 Swiss albino mice for 16 weeks. Papillomas were induced by 7, 12 dimethyl benzanthracene and later promoted by repeated application of croton oil. In mice treated with CU, the incidence of tumor (papillomas), tumor yield, and its burden was statistically less than the untreated group.

Are these claims really true and CU has these medicinal properties? What does the mainstream science say about this?

submitted by /u/PrashantThapliyal
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why are li-ion cells always 3.7v?

Posted: 20 Jun 2021 03:15 AM PDT

why are li-ion cells and li-po cells always 3.7v? why are nimh cells always 1.2 volts? etc. etc.

submitted by /u/hold-my-balls-i-cant
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Q1: What era in the fossil record would have had the greatest biodiversity? Q2: What era would have the largest number of megafauna?

Posted: 19 Jun 2021 06:03 PM PDT

My assumption for biodiversity would be either early Cretaceous or the Carboniferous era for biodiversity. As for megafauna, I would guess some time within the Cenozoic, maybe ~ 20 mya?

While I recognize that the blue whale (currently alive) is a big beastie, the anthropocene era seems to be one of declining diversity and size for large animals.

submitted by /u/Cuneiform_scribbles
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