Pages

Wednesday, June 16, 2021

How does Mad Cow Disease stay dormant for upto decades in humans? How have we still not eliminated the disease?

How does Mad Cow Disease stay dormant for upto decades in humans? How have we still not eliminated the disease?


How does Mad Cow Disease stay dormant for upto decades in humans? How have we still not eliminated the disease?

Posted: 16 Jun 2021 07:21 AM PDT

I was reading a thread about blood donation and I read that people born in the UK during the Mad Cow Disease spread are still not allowed to donate blood today. How does Mad Cow Disease stay dormant for that long without visible negative effects? Why can't we just test for the individuals who might have it? How have we not eliminated it yet?

submitted by /u/sparsh26
[link] [comments]

How deep can water be before the water at the bottom starts to phase change from liquid to solid?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 09:24 AM PDT

Let's assume the water is pure H20 (and not seawater). How deep could this body of water be before the water pressure is great enough to phase change? What would the water look like at that depth? What type of ice would form?

Would average seawater change this answer?

submitted by /u/forman98
[link] [comments]

What happens to a person dying of thirst if they drink seawater?

Posted: 16 Jun 2021 05:16 AM PDT

If a person is dying of thirst on a raft adrift in the sea, they'll likely be tempted to drink seawater even though they know it won't help.

What will happen to the person once they consume some seawater?

I know they will eventually die, but I'm curious as to how. Specifically, what happens biologically and psychologically?

Biologically: What happens to the body.

Psychologically: Do they still feel thirsty? Do they feel any pain?

submitted by /u/h4d9kf
[link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 16 Jun 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
[link] [comments]

Why are liquids almost always shiny/reflective?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 10:41 AM PDT

I am painting some furniture and just started wondering why almost anything that is in liquid form has a shine? Even flat finish paint is shiny until it dries. Paint, icing, foundation, etc all has shine when wet. And then some materials are still shiny even when dry/solid. Why? I assume it has to do with the motion/arrangement of particles in liquid vs solid states? Is there any liquid that is not reflective?

submitted by /u/smilingsun
[link] [comments]

Did cell phone covid-19 exposure notification apps make an impact on getting early notifications or help in reducing spread?

Posted: 16 Jun 2021 12:27 AM PDT

Many jurisdictions public health agencies released apps that scanned for local Bluetooth devices and in theory told you if you had been near someone who was infected. So did it actually work? Or was a feel good app?

submitted by /u/Pizza_Low
[link] [comments]

Can we replicate the process of making fossil fuels?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 08:52 PM PDT

Had a question asked by a fourth grader that got me thinking. I'm not concerned if it's viable, economical, or practical. But theoretically could we replicate conditions over a period of time to create crude oil? What would be the rough requirements and timeframe to make this happen?

submitted by /u/TheCanucker
[link] [comments]

If we found a way to reverse a hashing function, would that make them ultra-compression algorithms?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 08:31 AM PDT

Given that in principle, a hashing function is meant to produce a unique output for any input, would that mean if you could reverse the hash, you could reconstruct a huge input?

submitted by /u/aaRecessive
[link] [comments]

What limits windspeed, why don't we have hurricanes with 1000 mph winds?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 11:21 AM PDT

If increasing entropy tends to form clumpy formations due to gravity, why is thermal equilibrium void of said formations?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 12:59 PM PDT

From what I understand, gravity causes things to clump together, which also leads to an increase in entropy. These clumpy formations have higher entropy than a equal distribution of gas particles in a given space. Why is thermal equilibrium, where entropy is maximized, empty space? Is my understanding of what thermal equilibrium actually is wrong?

submitted by /u/QuantumQuestioneer
[link] [comments]

When we fart, do we also expel our gut/colon bacteria besides gas?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 10:06 AM PDT

HOW do sunflowers face the sun?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 04:49 AM PDT

I'm not asking why, I'm asking how. It has puzzled me because they are the only flowers that do this behaviors. No other plants do this, so I'm wondering how it works.

submitted by /u/Popplio3233
[link] [comments]

How many individuals survived the extinction of the dinosaurs?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 10:29 AM PDT

I have read in many places that 75% of all species were wiped out in the K-Pg extinction, but do we know what percentage of all individuals died? I imagine for the extinct species this number was close to 100%, but what about the surviving species? Are the survivors concentrated in certain areas of the world, or in certain ecosystems?

submitted by /u/aldebxran
[link] [comments]

Does the action of fluoride toothpaste show significant effectiveness compared to the action of fluoride-free toothpaste?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 05:43 AM PDT

This question refers to the effect of toothpaste on teeth

submitted by /u/Olofka
[link] [comments]

Since the moon reaches its maximum height at different times during the lunar cycle, does that mean maximum tide time also changes with with the lunar cycle?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 12:07 PM PDT

What would happen to the Great Lakes (US) when tectonic drift occurs? Will Michigan eventually collide with Canada, Wisconsin with Michigan, etc? Or will they not be affected?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 09:18 AM PDT

How do we study the chemistry of specific parts of a cell?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 02:02 PM PDT

How can a person study the chemical composition of the Golgi Complex or a mitochondria, for example? With a minuscule surgical knife?

submitted by /u/NationalCobbler2853
[link] [comments]

Tuesday, June 15, 2021

If Hailey’s comet loses ice to form its tail, how many years will it take for the comet to erode into nothing?

If Hailey’s comet loses ice to form its tail, how many years will it take for the comet to erode into nothing?


If Hailey’s comet loses ice to form its tail, how many years will it take for the comet to erode into nothing?

Posted: 14 Jun 2021 03:00 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: We have 60+ years of experience with renewable energy & the energy transition. Ask us anything!

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 04:00 AM PDT

"We" are part of REN21's team, a network made up of academia, NGOs, industry, govt and individuals who are supporting the world to transition to renewable energy.

Today we released the Renewables 2021 Global Status Report so we're hosting an AMA to talk about renewables, energy, the future and everything in between.

Multiple people from the team are joining including:

  • Rana Adib (RA): our Executive Director and the one with the most experience in renewable energy - over 20 years.
  • Duncan Gibb (DG): produces the annual Renewables Global Status Report and is our go-to person for anything building or heating/cooling related.
  • Thomas Andre (TA): Research Analyst turned Director of Operations, Thomas is our expert in anything investment-finance-economy related.
  • Hannah Murdock (HM): coordinates the Renewables Global Status Report and is our policy and transport go-to person.
  • Lea Ranalder (LR): coordinates the Renewables in Cities Global Status Report so is our expert on anything cities related.

We'll be going live from 11am ET (15 UT), so ask us anything!

Username: /u/ren21community

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
[link] [comments]

When you look at a crescent moon it seems you can see the edge of the darkened portion. Are we really seeing an edge or is our brain just filling out the rest of the circle?

Posted: 14 Jun 2021 07:37 PM PDT

Did the GOODS south image capture colliding galaxies?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 05:05 AM PDT

I was looking at the GOODS south image and noticed what looks to me like two galaxies on a collision course.

Is this just an illusion in the image or a collision in progress/already done with?

submitted by /u/gmerideth
[link] [comments]

Why does melatonin cause hallucinations?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 03:26 AM PDT

I was reading about hallucinations and read that they are most reported as happening between 2-4 AM, the explanation being a peak in melatonin at this time. Why does melatonin cause visual hallucinations?

submitted by /u/Fearless-Hedgehog-74
[link] [comments]

Are there any examples of Binary Solar Systems (two separate star systems in extremely close proximity)?

Posted: 14 Jun 2021 09:26 PM PDT

I might be asking the wrong question or thinking about this in the wrong way, but the thought that I had is basically, what if there was another complete solar system just outside ours; a star with a number of planets, close enough that if both had an oort cloud, they would be basically touching.

Have we found any examples of this? Can it possibly exist or would that be too close for two systems to develop alongside each other? Could there be enough movement within a galaxy for two systems to develop separately and then converge over a very long timescale?

I'm also curious what difference that might make visually - would the star be close enough to appear meaningfully different to the naked eye compared to, for example, Jupiter or Mars? Could we potentially see the planets of the other system with the naked eye in the right conditions?

Sorry for the vomit of questions, I'm very curious what the answers might be, and hopeful that they help frame my title question.

submitted by /u/KirbyQK
[link] [comments]

If the earth was hit by another large planetary body early in its life, why is our orbit still relatively circular?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 04:39 AM PDT

If another large body crashed into us and ejected a bunch of debris that created the moon, shouldn't that have thrown our orbit out of whack, how come it's still relatively circular?

submitted by /u/ExistentialPandas
[link] [comments]

Does orbiting within a black holes ISCO require constant thrust or just additional energy?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 04:04 AM PDT

I'm in a spaceship orbiting a blackhole at the ISCO. If I shrink my orbit below the ISCO. Can I just speed up faster to maintain orbit?

I don't mean that trivially, I just mean if the speed of orbit is sqrt(GM/r) and spacetime geometry breaks down near a blackhole. Should one not also be able to orbit within the ISCO as long as you are going a bit faster than sqrt(GM/r)? So as you descend you have to keep supplying energy to increase your orbital speed.

Obviously at some point you can't go any faster. But I don't see how once you pass below the ISCO (in a spaceship) you can't keep orbiting until you start reaching relativistic speeds.

submitted by /u/thejeran
[link] [comments]

Would a space heater too small for the room use more energy than a heater that is big enough to heat the room or would it all end up the same?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 01:26 AM PDT

Heater A isn't powerful enough to heat up the room to the desired temperature. This means this heater will be constantly on trying to heat up the room but never getting there.

Heater B is powerful enough to heat up the room to the desired temperature. This means it'll reach the desired temperature and then stop until it gets cold again. But because it's more powerful it'll consume more energy when it's on.

Which heater would end up using more energy?

submitted by /u/horsey-the-blue
[link] [comments]

It has been told that utilization of Thorium for creation of nuclear weapons is quite hard, but why is it exactly hard to do so if we can utilize several materials to make it reach critical state?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 02:31 AM PDT

Did the Spanish flu (1918 influenza pandemic) also have variants?

Posted: 14 Jun 2021 08:50 AM PDT

How does the trinucleotide repeat in Friedrich’s Ataxia cause altered expression of frataxin?

Posted: 14 Jun 2021 04:56 PM PDT

Hi, Very specific question, but I've been looking into Friedrich's Ataxia. It's my understanding that the GAA trinucleotide sequence is repeated in intron 1 abnormally, but my question is how exactly that repeat causes altered gene expression.

One source says abnormal methylation, other papers say triplexes and r-loops and I guess I'm just kind of confused as to what the truth is, if we know at all.

Does anyone know the specifics of this very niche question? Thanks in advance. :)

submitted by /u/geneticsnerd11
[link] [comments]

Will lignin-eating bacteria foil our CO2 sequestration dreams?

Posted: 15 Jun 2021 12:04 AM PDT

The world will soon choke on CO2. Its levels have hit a peak not seen for many an epoch.

Part of the "solution" is to plant trees. This will suck up carbon.

Given that the coal and oil we burn was laid down at a time that Lignin-eating bacteria did not exist, how are we (humans) going to reverse the CO2 problem we've created?

As I understand it, modern plants/trees will never turn into coal, nor their residues into oil. It is converted into mostly methane and other deterioration-gasses and a little carbon.

Is there a "real" solution to our self-made crisis?

submitted by /u/AtomicRobotMan0101
[link] [comments]

Are the distant planets that we can "see" still even there? How do we know?

Posted: 14 Jun 2021 12:03 PM PDT

I've been watching some docs and doc series about astronomy and my (for one) takeaway has been that the distant planets (as in another solar system) aren't really seen, it's the light that has reflected off of them that we see (much later in time). How do we know that those planets aren't just dust today (in that they haven't been smashed to bits by something (rogue planet? a la Melancholia lol) in the time it's taken for the light has become detected)?

Also, I've come to see those powerful telescopes (Hubble, etc) as not so much viewing devices (like binoculars) but the closest thing we have to time machines (due to the extreme distance/time). Am I on the right track? If not, please illuminate. Thanks!

submitted by /u/debbie666
[link] [comments]

Are we going to need vaccine booster shots?

Posted: 14 Jun 2021 08:02 AM PDT

How is Alzheimer's diagnosed?

Posted: 14 Jun 2021 07:56 AM PDT

Might sound like an obvious topic here so let me explain the question better. From what I've read Alzheimer's is diagnosed by exclusion of options rather than specific tests. MRIs and CT scans are done but rather to exclude other causes, not to determine Alzheimer's disease.

In advanced stages the diagnosis might be obvious, but in earlier stages if other causes are excluded how does a doctor diagnose Alzheimer's as opposed to just age/stress/fatigue or other mental states/etc?

submitted by /u/TheSpaceDuck
[link] [comments]

I wanna feel gravitational waves! Is that possible?

Posted: 14 Jun 2021 07:59 AM PDT

I saw this Veritasium video on how we detect gravitational waves. And it got me thinking, can we feel gravitational waves? If not practically then atleast hypothetically? Like if everything was perfect and not considering the probability of it.

submitted by /u/meletoid
[link] [comments]

How do the cells of complex organisms know which direction to grow in so that they get the desired shape on a macro level?

Posted: 13 Jun 2021 07:10 PM PDT

I was thinking about this while looking at a plant. I was wondering from where in the plant do the cells multiply to make it grow. But more interestingly, how do they know to multiply in a line stretching upwards and outwards along the stem rather than into a random blob of cells. Then I started wondering the same about animals too; how do organs know to get into that shape?

submitted by /u/BornAgain20Fifteen
[link] [comments]

How can bears live for months with no food or water while hibernating, how come humans can't do the same?

Posted: 13 Jun 2021 07:19 PM PDT

Like if someone just spent the entire day in bed after having lots of food they would be thirsty and hungry within a day, how can bears do that?

submitted by /u/u_r_a_bold_1
[link] [comments]

How were maps drawn before planes?

Posted: 13 Jun 2021 05:23 PM PDT

Have never understood how that was possible.

submitted by /u/CuckingTheTrend
[link] [comments]

Monday, June 14, 2021

The earth is about 4,5 billion years old, and the universe about 14,5 billion, if life isn't special, then shouldn't we have already been contacted?

The earth is about 4,5 billion years old, and the universe about 14,5 billion, if life isn't special, then shouldn't we have already been contacted?


The earth is about 4,5 billion years old, and the universe about 14,5 billion, if life isn't special, then shouldn't we have already been contacted?

Posted: 14 Jun 2021 12:17 AM PDT

At what point can we say that the silence is an indication of the rarity of intelligent life?

Question to mods: why is my post locked?

submitted by /u/biker_philosopher
[link] [comments]

Why don't microplastics keep breaking down?

Posted: 13 Jun 2021 05:16 AM PDT

It's my understanding that as pieces of "stuff" dissolve or disintegrate into smaller pieces the process accelerates as the surface area/volume ratio changes. It seems like plastics in the ocean have broken down into "micro" sized pieces then just... stopped? Is there some fundamental unit of plastic which plastic products are breaking down into that have different properties to the plastic product as a whole, and don't disintegrate the same way?

Bonus question I only thought of while trying to phrase this question correctly - what is the process that causes plastics to disintegrate in the ocean? Chemically dissolving? Mechanically eroding like rocks into sand?

submitted by /u/MDChristie
[link] [comments]

What exactly makes the Higgs Boson so special?

Posted: 14 Jun 2021 07:44 AM PDT

I've read a couple things on it but I still do not understand what exactly gives this particular particle the name 'God'

submitted by /u/BlackSteel_900
[link] [comments]

How do vaccines against bacteria work?

Posted: 13 Jun 2021 02:43 PM PDT

Hello,

I don't understand how vaccines against bacteria work, especially for diseases your body can't get rid on it's own.

For example there are vaccines against Lyme disease, but if you were to get Lyme and not get treatment, your body wouldn't be able to ever get rid of the bacteria on its own, without antibiotics.

How can the vaccine work in this case?

Thank you

submitted by /u/AppleTrees2
[link] [comments]

Are we only aware of the exoplanets that transit their sun relative to us?

Posted: 13 Jun 2021 04:23 AM PDT

Sounds a bit stupid but I understand we notice them when they pass in front of their sun, but what if their orbit can't be seen like if they or it around the other way, e.g if viewed in 2d, would be like a circle around the sun, rather than going in front and round the back of the sun.

I realise now there's probably a very slim chance of this happening, right, like you'll always see a little bit?

submitted by /u/notliekthispls
[link] [comments]

Why limit household water consumption during droughts?

Posted: 13 Jun 2021 07:08 AM PDT

With water treatment of sewage from households why should we limit the water "consumption" during dry periods?

Is water removed from the closed cycle somewhere to warrant limiting the usage?

submitted by /u/Headskull3
[link] [comments]

Could seasonal allergy vaccines be created through the same method as COVID vaccines?

Posted: 13 Jun 2021 11:36 AM PDT

I was wondering whether the creation of COVID vaccines has opened or potentially accelerated new ways in which we treat seasonal allergies? Specifically, grass, mites, trees and etc.

I can't imagine that we'd still need antihistamines in order to suppress the immune response when a spike protein can do it permanently or more effectively. For acute cases, I guess that's fine but chronic sufferers like myself would love to know if there's any new development or theories to treat this.

submitted by /u/okwhoqueefed
[link] [comments]

Why does stalling occur in aeroplanes?

Posted: 13 Jun 2021 07:03 AM PDT

I understand that an aeroplane's wings generate lift by making the air travel a greater distance on top than on the bottom in the same amount of time, effectively increasing air velocity on the top, making for a lower pressure relative to the air pressure on the bottom.

I also know that at too high an angle of attack coupled with too low an airspeed, the air separates from the top surface of the wing.

Part of me understand that if there is no airflow, and therefore no faster airflow and lower pressure, on the top of the wing, lift will decrease. However, at the same time, if the plane is moving forward and the air is failing to make contact/follow the top surface, would that not in effect be creating sort of a vacuum would be at an even lower pressure than if there was fast airflow? Would that not in itself create more lift?

I addition, I know that gold balls aren't smooth because a smooth surface would cause the airflow to not follow the surface around the ball far enough back. This results in the trailing-side of the ball having a very low pressure which greater accentuates the force acting against the direction of the ball. Would this not apply to an aeroplane's wings, where the top of the wing is analogous to the trailing-side of a smooth golf ball?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/MrNincompoopy
[link] [comments]

How to figure out if vaccine is working within specific individual?

Posted: 13 Jun 2021 09:00 AM PDT

According to this: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2021-03-28/q-a-is-there-a-way-to-find-out-if-your-vaccine-is-working

There is no way to reliably do this with the available commercial tests

There are experimental ways of figuring out immunity post-vaccination, but they're not yet available to the general public.

Can someone explain these experimental ways that are not commercially available to the public yet?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/BeatriceBernardo
[link] [comments]

Why are there no odd number CPUs?

Posted: 13 Jun 2021 10:55 AM PDT

Like, for example, a 5 core CPU. Why only 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ect. Is it recquired to have an even number of Cpus?

submitted by /u/zmc3301
[link] [comments]

Do we know numbers for individuals fully vaccinated and subsequently died from covid?

Posted: 13 Jun 2021 04:42 PM PDT

Is that a thing we can know?

submitted by /u/Hippopotamidaes
[link] [comments]

How does a radio receiver isolate out a specific frequency?

Posted: 12 Jun 2021 11:12 PM PDT

My understanding is that if radio waves from several different stations reach your antenna, they'll all interfere with each other to create a single wave. I tried to simulate what several sine waves with different wavelengths added together would look like and got this chaotic-looking line. I'm having trouble seeing how it's possible to undo the addition and single out the component part of the wave that comes from a particular frequency.

submitted by /u/Katamariguy
[link] [comments]

Why do slugs come up onto dry porches/decks en masse at night?

Posted: 13 Jun 2021 12:25 AM PDT

I'm really confused.

So this comes from a problem I had to solve a few weeks ago, and although successful, it's still stuck in my craw because to me, as of now, it's a problem with no obvious source and seems contradictory to me.

 

As I understand them, slugs are highly dependent on remaining in a moist environment and primarily eat plant material from living plants..

So, from a wants & needs perspective, it seems like the dry floor & walls of a wooden or concrete porch would not just be less than ideal, but actually the opposite of the sort of area they'd want to congregate in.

On top of this, slugs are (obviously) very, very slow-moving creatures, so it seems even more contradictory to me that such an inefficient traveler would not be extra cautious to not waste time traveling to & wiggling around on what is, to them, effectively a desert.

 

And yet!!

 

And yet myself and (it seems) countless other bloggers and google commenters, every year, must seek out answers on how to keep (sometimes hoardes of..) these guys out of/off of our slug-deserts/porches.

So what gives?

I couldn't find a straight answer to this on Google and it's confusing seeing them still waiting at the perimeter of my salt barrier every night, even weeks after I closed down the border.

submitted by /u/ScreechingEagle
[link] [comments]

Is there a way a blood test could tell which COVID-19 vaccine(s) you received?

Posted: 12 Jun 2021 08:19 PM PDT

How accurate is forensic time of death estimation?

Posted: 12 Jun 2021 07:50 PM PDT

Let's say we've got a body, buried in a shallow grave, found days to months after death. If the body was recent, say in the past day or so, a skilled medical examiner should be able to use body temperature to estimate death to within the hour. If it's older than that, like 1 day to 6 months old, how accurate would an estimate be, using the bleeding edge of forensic medical science?

submitted by /u/ArguablyDebatable
[link] [comments]

Do or can we know the average lifespan of dinosaurs?

Posted: 12 Jun 2021 05:14 PM PDT

Do we know how long an individual dinosaur's lifespan may have been? If so, how did we figure it out? If not, could we figure it out?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/SilentIntrusion
[link] [comments]

What did they do before inductions? (Pregnancy)

Posted: 12 Jun 2021 05:11 PM PDT

Nowadays when a pregnant woman goes beyond 42 weeks, most doctors schedule an induction because it can be dangerous for the baby.

What did women do before then? Were there more risks to the baby? Did they make it out alive and healthy? Did the baby eventually just come out? Was natural labor possible?

submitted by /u/calsb
[link] [comments]

is there any relative difference/paper that shows datas between getting a vaccine for covid in the left or right arm, or left or right thight?

Posted: 13 Jun 2021 07:51 AM PDT

so I was reading that either pfizer and moderna can be injected in the muscle of the arm or the thight, but it doesn't specify if there is any substantial difference, neither if there was any difference between getting the vaccine shot in the left or right arm/thight

is any paper about it?

submitted by /u/Adorable_Tea_2211
[link] [comments]