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Wednesday, May 12, 2021

Why do allergens cause an overreaction of the immune system when other foreign invaders (such as the flu) elicit a more measured response?

Why do allergens cause an overreaction of the immune system when other foreign invaders (such as the flu) elicit a more measured response?


Why do allergens cause an overreaction of the immune system when other foreign invaders (such as the flu) elicit a more measured response?

Posted: 12 May 2021 05:53 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 12 May 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

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Why do Galaxies look like a disk rather than a blurred smudge?

Posted: 11 May 2021 08:45 PM PDT

I know that's not the best way to ask that question, but hear me out... I got to thinking about it from this post: https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/na7jur/if_the_andromeda_galaxy_was_bright_enough_to_see/

My question is since andromeda is so wide, 220 million light years according to other posts. why is it not widely askew. Like The leading edge is about 2.5 million light years away which means it reaches our eyes and telescopes first by more than 217 million light years compared to the back edge. Which means that the front position is completely different then what is on the back edge by the time the light gets to us. This would be true to nearly any sipral galaxy dependent on its orientation to us.

Due to the vastly different time scales the light has to travel, how does it look so uniform rather than it being an oblong smudge?

submitted by /u/Diabolo_Advocato
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Why does BCG immunotherapy (using the TB vaccine to fight bladder cancer) work?

Posted: 12 May 2021 08:02 AM PDT

My best understanding (mostly based on this site) is that it simply activates the immune system in the bladder, and the immune system then attacks the cancer cells. But I think I must be missing something, because if that were the case we could target pretty much any form of cancer with any vaccine.

submitted by /u/SkiMonkey98
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Is the base of the Cambrian flat?

Posted: 12 May 2021 07:24 AM PDT

Is the bottom surface of the Cambrian geological layer flat?

Wikipedia seems to say the base is somewhat in flux but I don't know what that means.

submitted by /u/7truths
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Is there any reason to expect mRNA-based influenza vaccines?

Posted: 11 May 2021 03:02 PM PDT

What exactly is flight turbulence and how and why does it happen?

Posted: 11 May 2021 08:48 PM PDT

Why does ocean-life have issues with microplastic particles, but not sand particles?

Posted: 11 May 2021 08:56 AM PDT

If microplastic and sand particles are roughly the same size, why isn't there more issues with sand in sea creatures as there is with microplastic?

submitted by /u/xnarphigle
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Is there any trials being done for infants for the COVID-19 Vaccine? How do vaccine trials work for infants usually?

Posted: 11 May 2021 02:31 PM PDT

Moderna recommends a second dose at between 28-42 days after the first one. In many jurisdictions this appears to be impractical. What, if any, kinds of effects/drawbacks are there to a dose delayed to 8, 12, or even 16 weeks?

Posted: 11 May 2021 08:48 PM PDT

Is there a Tuberculosis Pandemic?

Posted: 11 May 2021 09:03 AM PDT

Hey everyone! I came across some disturbing figures. In 2019, an estimated 1.42 million people died of TB (TBFacts. Org). And now, approximately 1.8 billion people have TB (most are latent). Would TB be considered a pandemic?

submitted by /u/garachuuu
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Are there viruses that can infect both humans and bacteria?

Posted: 11 May 2021 08:41 AM PDT

Is there any actual evidence that face gaiters are less effective than standard masks?

Posted: 11 May 2021 09:04 AM PDT

I've been taking the virus pretty seriously, or so I thought. I'm fully vaccinated at this point, but I still always wear the face gaiter when out in public. I have a misshaped nose and glasses and the face gaiter is more comfortable and does a better job at keeping my breath from fogging my glasses, so I prefer that over standard masks and have been using one since December.

Last week I traveled to Florida(for the first time since the pandemic), I wore the gaiter on the way there, but on the way back I was stopped by a flight attendant and asked to switch to another mask. I didn't have another one so they gave me one and I wore it without any questions or argument.

This made me think I was being irresponsible, so I did a search on google to see if gaitors were less effective. The only study I found that says they are less effective doesn't have a lot of support. Contrary the CDC says gaitors are just as effective as masks. The information I am finding is conflicting..

submitted by /u/TheRyeWall
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When you perceive different scents at once does it create a new stimulus (a new odor) or do you just smell a mixture and you are able to distingiush every single scent in said mixture?

Posted: 11 May 2021 01:17 AM PDT

I'm just thinking about how it works with perceiving colors. When the human eye receives for instance two different wavelengths. One in the blue and one in the yellow spectral range then the human brain "sees" a white color when the ratio of both wavelengths is perfect. This was used in old cold white LEDs. There was a blue emitting semiconductor chip placed under a yellow emitting phosphor. The phosphor then absorbs some of the blue light and the energy was converted into yellow light. The combination of blue and yellow thus generated white light and you are not able to tell if the white light was made out of blue and yellow or red and turquoise. For more information please check CIE 1931 color space - Wikipedia. Is this similar to smelling? When the olfactory nerves receive different scents at ones does the brain create a new stimulus?

submitted by /u/Hedgehogde
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If I use different amounts of water to boil in a kettle, should the power and efficiency of the kettle stay the same?

Posted: 11 May 2021 08:41 AM PDT

Are there studies on using VR to prevent seasickness?

Posted: 11 May 2021 12:28 AM PDT

Does taking an immunosuppressant after you have been vaccinated for COVID-19 prevent the vaccine from working if you get infected?

Posted: 11 May 2021 08:16 AM PDT

I'm not sure what else to add to clarify further, so I hope this makes sense!

submitted by /u/polymyr
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Novel influenza in 1918?

Posted: 11 May 2021 05:09 AM PDT

Was the Influenza outbreak in 1918 a "novel" outbreak like COVID-19?

submitted by /u/tynibrian
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Are spike-protein vaccines more easily escaped than inactivated-virus vaccines?

Posted: 11 May 2021 11:47 AM PDT

From my layman's perspective, if we only vaccinate with the spike protein, all the virus has to do is mutate its spike epitopes. I imagine it would have to change a lot more to be widely escaped if we had antibodies for epitopes across the entire virus, or at least we wouldn't all be making the same antibodies such that the same mutation would escape everyone's immunity.

I ask because it seems that we're seeing antigenic drift in the spike protein in India. I wonder if we expect inactivated virus vaccines will develop more robust immunity against antigenic drift? Not sure if it's the same with antigenic shift, but would love to hear more!

submitted by /u/Iagospeare
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If, during the flu season (or fall/winter, in terms of the cold virus), we are warned to not spend too much time close to other people in enclosed spaces and told this is how you catch the viruses, then my question is how does that "first person" catch a virus in winter or during the flu season?

Posted: 11 May 2021 03:15 PM PDT

How do Blue Whales actually mate?

Posted: 10 May 2021 09:25 PM PDT

Cant find any real info on Google. Im just curious because they are so large and under water it must be an interesting process.

submitted by /u/AYO416
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Tuesday, May 11, 2021

Is there a virus that we know exists but haven't been able to isolate it?

Is there a virus that we know exists but haven't been able to isolate it?


Is there a virus that we know exists but haven't been able to isolate it?

Posted: 11 May 2021 12:57 AM PDT

If there is one, what is the challenge facing us in isolating it?

submitted by /u/keshav2191
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Does the visual cortex get 're-purposed' in blind people?

Posted: 10 May 2021 07:22 AM PDT

Are there any animal species whose gender ratio isn't close to balanced? If so, why?

Posted: 11 May 2021 08:07 AM PDT

What happens to the food/drinks that "go down the wrong pipe" and aren't coughed back up?

Posted: 10 May 2021 09:44 AM PDT

As many of us know, humans are bad at eating and drinking. Our epiglottises (?) occasionally fail at their ONE job and let small bits of food or drinks into our windpipe. Often, when this happens, we cough up whatever "went down the wrong way" and it's fine. If it doesn't happen, there are potentially really serious effects, including pneumonia. I get all of that.

What I don't know (and am having surprising trouble Googling) is what happens if something doesn't get coughed up and doesn't create a significant-enough problem that it requires medical intervention. Lungs (obviously) don't have stomach acid or muscles designed to break down the thing, so does it just stay there, like the thin layer of crumbs under the couch cushions? Does liquid eventually get absorbed into Gatorade-fueled pleural fluid? What actually happens?

submitted by /u/jadethesockpet
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Which part of the Mesozoic era was the most biodiverse?

Posted: 10 May 2021 01:29 PM PDT

*Where* did the Cambrian explosion occur?

Posted: 10 May 2021 07:12 AM PDT

I understand that the 'explosion' is actually something gradual, lasting millions of years. But is it thought to have a trigger at a single locale, and the new animal forms spreading out globally from there? Or do different new animal body plans pop up independently in lots of different parts of the globe?

I suppose in my head I have a picture of this going on in warm, shallow, tropical seas but is that actually correct? What do we know about the positions of the continents at the time and does that play into the cause of the Cambrian explosion?

Sorry if that's a lot of questions, but would be interested to know what's known/unknown, or point me in the direction of good papers/books. Thanks.

submitted by /u/ZacharyLokisson
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Are bad dreams about natural disasters regional? For example, are Midwesterners more likely to have nightmares about tornados? Are Californians more likely to dream about earthquakes, etc.?

Posted: 10 May 2021 06:07 AM PDT

Do restriction enzymes require any flanking DNA?

Posted: 10 May 2021 03:15 PM PDT

Hey everyone, I have a quick question about restriction enzymes - if (in the most extreme example) the RE recognition sequence makes up the terminal base pairs of a DNA fragment, will that RE still cut efficiently?

For context, I'm subcloning a cDNA fragment into pcDNA3 and need to use sites in the MCS that are very close to one another - nearly adjacent. I know that's the point of the MCS, but I'm just curious if there is any limitation on how close those sites can be (other than overlapping of course).

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/DEEPCOCONUT
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How does the delivery system of a vitamin affect its rate of absorption in the body?

Posted: 10 May 2021 07:05 AM PDT

Is there a substantial difference in absorption between vitamins as hard pills, chewables, dissolved in liquid, etc.?

submitted by /u/MtnDewm
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Will covid-19 have an exponential decay like it has an exponential growth?

Posted: 10 May 2021 07:29 AM PDT

I understand exponential growth, the more people who get infected, the more there are to infect others, and more people get infected at a faster rate as time goes on. Infection rates start low and skyrocket as numbers get higher.

Do viruses decay in the same way? The less people infected each day the less there are to infect others. Does decay start slow and then plummet faster as time goes on?

submitted by /u/livewithit
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Does giving antiviral drugs increase the chances of resistance?

Posted: 10 May 2021 05:49 AM PDT

I know this does happen in bacteria with antibiotics, but does it happen in viruses? Is this why we don't get given antiviral drugs for most diseases?

submitted by /u/mjosh133
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Why do some fruits continue to ripen after being picked while others don't?

Posted: 10 May 2021 05:56 AM PDT

I know that different fruits are affected differently by ethylene gas in the ripening process, but what allows some fruits like pears and plums to continue to ripen after they are picked while others like apples and oranges need to be picked fresh?

submitted by /u/-CorrectOpinion-
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Why are earthquakes more frequent along the boundaries of the Pacific tectonic plate relative to other plate's boundaries?

Posted: 10 May 2021 11:00 AM PDT

More specifically, I was looking at the USGS map of recent earthquakes (https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/?currentFeatureId=us7000e1uv&extent=-79.23719,-675.70313&extent=84.9901,-197.57813&sort=largest&listOnlyShown=true) and noticed ~90% of the earthquakes occur around the boundaries of the Pacific plate. What makes the Pacific plate more different then the other plates?

submitted by /u/OneX32
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What are some of the finer details about Jincan poison?

Posted: 10 May 2021 07:10 AM PDT

So I've recently learned about Jincan poison, and I've got some questions. When I googled it, it says the last survivor gets eaten by larva, but it never specified what larva, what species would it be? Is Jincan fatal? What are the symptoms? Considering it is an ancient Chinese poison using wild life native to south east China, is it possible to replicate this method with any venomous arthropod? Can animals also be used in this process?

submitted by /u/MyCumIsSentient
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What exactly is Sigma-Pi bonding?

Posted: 10 May 2021 10:15 AM PDT

Is the common saying that sitting close to a screen regularly can cause short-sightednes backed by science?

Posted: 10 May 2021 12:24 AM PDT

How true is this?

submitted by /u/B99fanboy
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Does the CMB look the same from any point in the universe?

Posted: 09 May 2021 09:15 PM PDT

Are there cyclic polymers, if not why not?

Posted: 10 May 2021 03:58 AM PDT

With that I mean long chains of ring structures. I dont mean side chains containing ring structures, but the polymer itself. And if it wouldnt work out because of repulsive forces couldnt you just make a copolymer with say (poly)ethylene?

I also think there should be a "Material science" flair :)

Edit: I know there are structures like Resins/Lignin with Ring structures which you would call polymer. Probably rings in a linear chain would form a bundle (which polymers do anyway) but could you just put side chains on the ring to lessen the effect of pi-pi forces on it?

submitted by /u/TheWonderGamer
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Why does a concussion cause vomiting?

Posted: 09 May 2021 10:51 PM PDT

I had to take my son to Emergency today due to a head injury. This got me wondering why head injuries/concussions cause vomiting. I couldn't find much info on-line and it seems a bit counterproductive to healing.

submitted by /u/Darkyn-14
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There are a lot of different types of neutron stars, and they all seem to do different things. From what I understand, they are all formed by basically the same process, so what causes this diversity?

Posted: 09 May 2021 03:30 PM PDT

Monday, May 10, 2021

How to interpret efficiency cruves of climb and cruise propellers?

How to interpret efficiency cruves of climb and cruise propellers?


How to interpret efficiency cruves of climb and cruise propellers?

Posted: 10 May 2021 05:56 AM PDT

As far as my understanding goes, in an aircraft, during take-off the rotational speed of the propeller would be large in order to generate enough thrust to take off.

And during cruise, the rotational speed is lowered since the needed thrust is less.

But the efficiency curves of climb (green curve) and cruise (blue curve) propellers tell me otherwise.

See figure 6 of this paper https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1840&context=publication

The climb propeller, which is meant to work at high propeller rotational speeds, has low efficiency at these high propeller rotational speeds. The same goes for the cruise propeller which has low efficiency at low rotational speeds. I have searched online, and everyone just takes these curves as they are but I genuinely don't understand the efficiency vs rpm curve.

Shouldn't the curves be switches? The climb propeller has high efficiency at large speeds while the cruise propeller has high efficiency at low speeds?

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/Asskickingspree
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How does mass and velocity affect the stopping distance?

Posted: 08 May 2021 09:24 AM PDT

We all know that doubling velocity will quadruple the stopping distance. What is the reason behind this? And how would mass affect the stopping distance?

submitted by /u/Rodvor
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Sunday, May 9, 2021

If you keep a metal next to a magnet long enough, will the metal change shape?

If you keep a metal next to a magnet long enough, will the metal change shape?


If you keep a metal next to a magnet long enough, will the metal change shape?

Posted: 09 May 2021 04:04 AM PDT

Not sure if this is the right flair

submitted by /u/Koolboy_678
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IBM just unveiled their 2nm data processing chip. Quantum effects start operating in the 5nm range, how is it possible to bypass these effects?

Posted: 09 May 2021 02:16 AM PDT

Has anything ever gained 5 sigma and later been proven wrong?

Posted: 08 May 2021 11:03 PM PDT

As written. Has there ever been a scientific discovery that has gained 5 sigma but has later been disproven? If not, what is the highest something has reached and then been wrong?

submitted by /u/TSH3819
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Why does the Chinese rocket have an oscillating path instead of a straight path as it falls down to earth?

Posted: 08 May 2021 12:50 PM PDT

I think its due to the earth's rotation, but I don't understand why that would have anything to do with the satellite having an oscillating orbit.

https://orbit.ing-now.com/satellite/48275/2021-035b/cz-5b/

submitted by /u/555VS66
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Do cetaceans spread respiratory diseases between each other?

Posted: 08 May 2021 08:50 PM PDT

Clearly such a big problem for humans, but since marine mammals breath so differently, it made me wonder.

submitted by /u/gatfish
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Since the moon has no atmosphere to induce drag, can an object theoretically orbit at say, 1 meter above the highest landform on the surface if the velocity is correct? Would this orbit be stable? If so, what's the velocity?

Posted: 08 May 2021 05:51 PM PDT

Can spark plugs produce X-ray emissions?

Posted: 08 May 2021 06:08 PM PDT

After learning how an X-ray tube worked, it struck me as similar to a spark plug from a car, as both have a large voltage potential between an anode and a cathode. Could a spark plug placed in a vacuum produce X-ray emissions in a similar way to an x-ray tube?

submitted by /u/bcl15005
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Does wearing black clothes make a big difference in terms of heat perceived as opposed to wearing white clothes in a hot country?

Posted: 08 May 2021 10:02 AM PDT

My really basic understanding of this field of physics tells me that white reflects the light spectrum while black absorbs it so my naive assumption would be that wearing white clothes should help tolerate hot weather better. But how big is the difference in actual heat that wearing white clothes helps reflect?

Hope my question makes sense

submitted by /u/Mrpacco
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Why does most space junk land in the Pacific Ocean?

Posted: 08 May 2021 03:25 PM PDT

I could assume probability increases with larger surface area. However I read that space junk rarely hits land. Why is that? Is there a reason that the Pacific Ocean attacks space junk? Could it be magnetic pull?

submitted by /u/Past_Pear7458
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Can Whales & Dolphins get COVID?

Posted: 08 May 2021 10:17 AM PDT