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Tuesday, May 4, 2021

In the U.S., if the polio vaccination rate was the same as COVID-19, would we still have polio?

In the U.S., if the polio vaccination rate was the same as COVID-19, would we still have polio?


In the U.S., if the polio vaccination rate was the same as COVID-19, would we still have polio?

Posted: 03 May 2021 03:31 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Chiara Marletto - I'll tell you about a new way of formulating physical laws. I'm a quantum physicist and author of "The Science of Can and Can't". After this, you'll know the key to recasting the laws of physics to capture things like information, life and even the mind.

Posted: 04 May 2021 04:00 AM PDT

I'm Chiara Marletto and I am a physicist, with a passion for storytelling. I work on fundamental problems in physics, and I love quantum theory - one of the deepest and most fascinating explanations we have for physical reality. I have written a book to outline a radically different approach to expressing physical laws (on which I am currently working) which emerged from the theory of the quantum computer. It holds promise for solving century-old problems in physics, from how to explain information to formulating universal laws about knowledge-creation.

I will be here at 12PM ET/5PM BST (16 UT), AMA!

Username: /u/QubitFox

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why does the SARS-Cov2 coronavirus genome end in aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa (33 a's)?

Posted: 04 May 2021 03:19 AM PDT

The SARS-Cov2 coronavirus's genome was released, and is now available on Genbank.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947

That's a lot of a nucleotides at the end. What could be the explanation?

submitted by /u/WallStreetVids
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Is there naturally occurring obesity amongst primates? (such as gorillas, apes, chimpanzees)

Posted: 04 May 2021 07:17 AM PDT

And if they had access to fast food like Americans would they quickly become obese?

submitted by /u/goodgolly_msdolly
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What’s a prion disease?

Posted: 04 May 2021 06:02 AM PDT

I would like to know what a prion disease is and how the work.

submitted by /u/After_Proposal3506
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How effective is plasma therapy in treating covid patients? Why arent we using vaccinated peoples blood for the same?

Posted: 04 May 2021 04:18 AM PDT

What precisely causes a mutation in a SARS-COV-2 virus when it travels from one person to another? Cosmic rays, errors while copying DNA...?

Posted: 03 May 2021 10:24 PM PDT

Are there any known physiological and/or neurological links between ADHD, OCD, & Tourette's Syndrome?

Posted: 04 May 2021 04:03 AM PDT

Having ADHD myself and looking at the prevalence of ADHD & OCD in people with Tourette's makes me think they may be linked to problems with the impulse control portions of the brain, has there been research into this, or does anyone know more about this possibility?

submitted by /u/PoxTheDragonborn
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Is \rho_0 -> \eta_0 + \pi_0 decay allowed?

Posted: 04 May 2021 04:02 AM PDT

So I was reading some decays from Particle Data Group and I realized that, for \rho_0 meson there is no decay into \eta_0 + \pi_0. Why is this? Is it because of Charge symmetry breaking? If so, then how, since Charge symmetry is known to break with \rho_0 and \omega mesons?

submitted by /u/Kretenkobr2
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What exactly occurs when a body rejects a transplanted organ?

Posted: 03 May 2021 06:40 PM PDT

Monday, May 3, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We are Tabitha Lipkin and Liv Williamson a Naui Dive Master and NBCLX host and a marine biologist respectively. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are Tabitha Lipkin and Liv Williamson a Naui Dive Master and NBCLX host and a marine biologist respectively. Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are Tabitha Lipkin and Liv Williamson a Naui Dive Master and NBCLX host and a marine biologist respectively. Ask us anything!

Posted: 03 May 2021 04:00 AM PDT

We partnered to teach you all about how to restore coral reefs and save our oceans. Liv is a Ph.D. candidate and scientific SCUBA diver at the University of Miami with a passion for coral reef conservation. She loves baby corals, and runs a sort of "fertility clinic" to help corals reproduce and raise their offspring to be fit to survive under environmental stress. Tabitha has been scuba diving for more than 10 years on reefs all over the world. In 2014 she won "Miss Scuba International", and with the title and platform, she's continued to share her passion for ocean conservation and activism around the world.

We'll be here at 1pm ET (17 UT), ask us anything!

Username: /u/NBCLX

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Can the KT boundary be found at the Appalachian mountains?

Posted: 03 May 2021 06:20 AM PDT

I've been reading a bit about the KT boundary and it being a layer of clay 65 million years old at the time when the dinosaurs went extinct. Also, this weekend I crossed the Appalachians and noticed the wonderful layers apparent there so I tried to figure if the KT boundary could be seen there.

My first thought is no, because the Appalachians are really really old, Pangea old as far as I read; and the more recent layers have been sheared off by the ice age. So I would asume the KT layer went with it. Is this correct? Or can the KT layer be seen there?

Obviously I'd imagine that one would need proper training to identify it, but my question is: is it present there for experts to identify?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/hungrylocust
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Are there chess problems that we can’t solve, similar to there being math problems we can’t (currently) solve?

Posted: 02 May 2021 07:20 PM PDT

Would a single photon be bright enough to be visible to the human eye if it was the only source of light in a pitch-black room?

Posted: 02 May 2021 10:03 PM PDT

Physics question, if stars moving away/towards Earth appear blue/red shifted, how do we know their colours are red/blue because they are moving, and not just that they are a red/blue coloured star that’s relatively stationary?

Posted: 02 May 2021 03:24 PM PDT

(I hope this makes sense, I wrote this whilst very sleepy, and also I can't quite remember how it works) thank you!

submitted by /u/NoodleBandits
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Does COVID viruses stay dormant in your body after you recover?

Posted: 02 May 2021 11:39 PM PDT

Hi all, just wondering can COVID viruses stay dormant in your body even after you have recovered from it? I know cold sores & chickenpox can stay in the body for long periods of time without being activated, and I was wondering since all of these are all categorized as a viral infection, could this apply to COVID as well? Thanks in advance guys, genuinely curious about this.

submitted by /u/Forsaken-Bar4682
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If a person was in a spaceship near Jupiter, would it be bright like the moon at night? Or darker? Photos of Jupiter always look bright, is that just a really high ISO setting on said cameras?

Posted: 02 May 2021 07:00 AM PDT

I've seen a number of photos and videos of the outer planets recently, and having a vague idea of how the inverse square law works regarding light emission, it seems logical that Jupiter should be kinda dim.

Am I missing something? Because obviously you can see Jupiter on a clear night, so are these probe cameras just using similar settings to on-earth cameras?

submitted by /u/Da_Bomber
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Why doesn't all of the carbon dioxide in carbonated drinks come out immediately?

Posted: 02 May 2021 02:40 PM PDT

Is there a theoretical maximum size of a rocky planet?

Posted: 02 May 2021 10:09 AM PDT

How do construction workers determine which type of charge they will use to destroy a structure?

Posted: 02 May 2021 07:31 AM PDT

When removing a building, how do engineers figure out how to remove a building safely? Once they decide to blow it up, how do they determine which type of charge (I hope this is the correct term) to use? When I say charge, I mean what factors determine the relay series that will detonate the bomb.

submitted by /u/2creams1sugar
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Does the amount of salt in water effect the time it takes to evaporate?

Posted: 02 May 2021 07:45 AM PDT

like, does more salt make water take longer to evaporate?

submitted by /u/Cultured__milk
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How does frequent exposure affect immune response?

Posted: 02 May 2021 07:57 AM PDT

Is the relationship between COVID immunity and repeated exposure known? For example, if one already has antibodies thru vaccination or prior infection, would they produce more antibodies/strengthen immune response with repeated exposure to COVID over time? Basically does the immune response generally strengthen or weaken over time given presumably frequent exposure?

submitted by /u/shredgorilla
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How does Raynaud's Syndrome work? Why does it cause my fingers (and occasionally toes) to go white?

Posted: 02 May 2021 05:13 AM PDT

It sucks having this too, I like the cold...

submitted by /u/ResidentRunner1
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How does Plasmapheresis work?

Posted: 02 May 2021 07:44 AM PDT

There was this girl who had PANS and she had this treatment, Plasmapheresis. As I know, PANS happens because immune system attacks neurons and a chemical unbalance in brain occurs but what is it to do with blood? Another thing that I wonder is how this sickness has kind of same symptoms as OCD?

submitted by /u/VarusIsTrollPick
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Is there a "speed limit" to a moving flame before it extinguishes itself?

Posted: 02 May 2021 08:46 AM PDT

How does the presynaptic terminal stays at the postsynaptic neuron?

Posted: 02 May 2021 03:44 AM PDT

I wondered about this because the two neurons never actually touch. The synaptic cleft is very small, but if there is no connection the neurons might easily separate...

[in chemical synapses]

submitted by /u/merlindan11
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how does hawking radiation exist?

Posted: 02 May 2021 06:27 AM PDT

  1. so hawking radiation is when the virtual particles in the vacuum appear close to a black hole and the anti particle gets sucked in and the normal particle escapes leading to a net escape of mass from the black hole
  2. on the other hand the opposite is just as likely to happen where the normal particle gets sucked in and the anti particle escapes leading to a net increase in mass of the blackhole
  3. as the prob of either event happening is equal, they should cancel each other out leading to no effect of virtual particles on blackholes

(i only have a laymans understanding so i may have made a very silly mistake)

submitted by /u/vibhumeh
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Since a star's light takes so long to reach us, how do we know that the star is still there?

Posted: 02 May 2021 08:51 AM PDT

How would a longer day/night cycle affect a person’s circadian rhythm?

Posted: 02 May 2021 12:13 AM PDT

If you were to go to another planet with a longer day cycle for an extended period of time, would your body be able to permanently adjust to that? If so, to what degree? On Mars, a day lasts 24hrs 36min, so you could probably adjust to that, but what about something like 30 or even 48 hours?

submitted by /u/SlitherySnekkySnek
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Ignoring time zones (let's consider north/south only for a second), is the average sunrise the same globally?

Posted: 02 May 2021 01:30 AM PDT

Around the equator the sunrise is the same every day, around 6am. Going further north that fluctuates further. However, does the average sunrise remain am globally?

To add to that, if timezones were correct for their area, would that also be the same globally?

submitted by /u/Piedro92
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How do satellites not get affected by the moon's gravity and fly away?

Posted: 01 May 2021 11:42 PM PDT

Considering that satellites are somewhere between the earth and moon, shouldn't the moon pull sattelites a little farther away from earth every time it passes by? I would believe that since it's flying just high enough that it's speed is enough to not fall down to earth, a body like the moon flying by could potentially change it's orbit a bit, enough to pull it out of earth's orbit or at least force it to adjust it's route a bit, but it seems like there are 60 years+ old satellites still up there.

submitted by /u/Tinytitanic
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If you had a human liver would you be able to tell if it came from a man or a woman, other than by examining its' DNA?

Posted: 01 May 2021 07:37 PM PDT

Sunday, May 2, 2021

Would a taller person have higher chances of a developping cancer, because they would have more cells and therefore more cell divisions that could go wrong ?

Would a taller person have higher chances of a developping cancer, because they would have more cells and therefore more cell divisions that could go wrong ?


Would a taller person have higher chances of a developping cancer, because they would have more cells and therefore more cell divisions that could go wrong ?

Posted: 02 May 2021 03:06 AM PDT

Are Polar, Grizzly and Brown bears the same species?

Posted: 02 May 2021 03:18 AM PDT

I am under the conception that two animals are of the same species if they can produce fertile offspring.

Tiger + Lion = Liger which is infertile so they are distinct. However I've read online that Grizzly bears can mate with Polar bears to produce fertile offspring - and some reports of Brown bears and Grizzly bears mixing also.

I can understand how quickly a bear might adapt lighter fur and a heavier frame over an evolutionary timescale. Does that mean that they are the same species just with different physical traits, similar to humans?

submitted by /u/thenerj47
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Why do you have to wait longer in between jabs if you are mixing and matching vaccines?

Posted: 01 May 2021 09:45 PM PDT

The FDA recommends that, if one has a severe allergic reaction to your first jab, you can get a second of a different type but they recommend waiting four weeks instead of three. French regulatory agencies recommend waiting 12 weeks in between jabs if you are mixing and matching.

Is there an immunological reason why we should wait longer in between jabs if we are mixing and matching vaccines? What is the purpose of waiting between jabs in the first place?

submitted by /u/Wgeorgian69
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Is ischemic colitis and transmural infraction are same thing?

Posted: 01 May 2021 11:36 AM PDT

Just tried google. But no help.

submitted by /u/kalan_96
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What happens to the fructan in garlic when burnt?

Posted: 01 May 2021 07:48 AM PDT

Hi all, hope this is okay to post here... sorry for such a random question but I'll give context at the end if anyone's interested!

I'm wondering what happens to fructan when it is burnt, specifically the fructan in garlic. Would it change at all and in what way?

Context: I'm doing a medical diet currently and one of the things I'm testing to see if I am intolerant to is fructan. To do this I am eating garlic to see if I get symptoms. The first time I ate garlic I didn't get any symptoms and the second time I ate garlic I got very bad symptoms. The first time I burnt the garlic (not awfully but fairly burnt) and I'm wondering if that somehow altered the fructan, so that's why I didn't get any symptoms. Could this be possible?

If anyone can help at all that would be very much appreciated!

submitted by /u/everyonedeservesmayo
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Can a Language Model learn multiple languages or it has to be retrained from scratch for each language?

Posted: 01 May 2021 07:51 AM PDT

Can a Language Model, maybe like GPT3, learn and be able to use multiple languages, and if so, can it use " knowledge" adquired on one language and aply it on another, or is the knowledge more closely related to the language itself?

submitted by /u/TransparentBlack
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Are we really learning that prior recovery from COVID infection has a sort of 'stacking' effect with vaccination?

Posted: 01 May 2021 10:38 AM PDT

A UK study published this week indicates that prior COVID-19 infection seems to increase the immune response from vaccination.

I don't know how to square this with previous reports that post-infection immunity wanes over time, particularly when the study seems to include quite a few people who got infected at the start of the pandemic a year ago.

I don't see any indication in this study that suggests "time since infection" alters the booster effect between past recovery and current vaccination, am I overlooking something?

Second, while I know they work a bit differently, is it likely that the effect indicated in the study for the Pfizer vaccine is also likely to occur with AstraZeneca and Janssen?

Thanks in advance!

https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-one-dose-of-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-still-leaves-patients-vulnerable/

Researchers in Britain have found that one dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine provides insufficient protection against new variants of the COVID-19 virus and urged public-health officials to be vigilant about ensuring that people receive a second injection.

"We're looking rather vulnerable to variants after one dose," said Danny Altmann, a professor of immunology at Imperial College London who co-authored the research.

Dr. Altmann said the findings were especially relevant to countries such as Britain, where most people have had only one dose of a vaccine so far. More than 34.2 million people in the United Kingdom have had one shot and 14.5 million have had two.

"For the situation of countries like the U.K., we're saying hang on a minute, those people are doing well at the moment, and the U.K. has done well, but watch out and keep your eye on the ball for the variants because [people] are far more vulnerable than you might have expected to the variant strains," he told a media briefing on Friday.

In a study released Friday, the scientists tracked 731 British health care workers for several months last year. About half of those in the study group had contracted COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic in March, 2020, while the remainder had not been infected.

The study found that those who'd previously had a mild or even asymptomatic infection had a far higher immune response after one dose of the Pfizer vaccine than those who hadn't been ill. The immune response was so strong, the study said, that it also offered good protection against the variants first detected in Britain and South Africa.

The study "is basically showing that if you've had prior COVID-19, and then you've had a single dose vaccine, you are really in a different league in terms of your immune response," said Rosemary Boyton, a professor of immunology and respiratory medicine at Imperial College who co-authored the study. "It's almost like the infection has acted as a prime and the first dose has acted as a boost."

However, the group of volunteers who had not been infected showed a much weaker immune response to the variants after one dose. The study showed that their level of neutralizing antibodies was 11- to 25-fold lower against the B. 1.1.7 variant compared with the original version of the virus, "resulting in the majority of individuals falling below the protective threshold."

The research team said their findings also likely apply to other variants in circulation, such as the P.1, first detected and Brazil, and the B.1.617 and B.1.618 variants, first associated with India.

submitted by /u/pfcthrowawayfeb2020
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What determines the rate of each flu type each flu season?

Posted: 01 May 2021 08:50 AM PDT

Im researching the history of confirmed flu cases each flu season for a specific region, and have found some things that I am interested in learning more about.

Firstly, the amount of confirmed flu cases has generally greatly increased each flu season over the past several years (up to end of 2019), is this because more and more people are actually getting the flu, or more because of increased testing, or something else?

Also, the flu cases are categorized as either Influenza type A or type B. Up until recently, it seemed like the two types were fairly consistent, so if the total flu count increased one season to the next, both types A and B increased, and vice versa. But the last few seasons, it looks something like Type A will see a massive increase while B sees a large decrease and then the next season the opposite occurs and the types fluctuate in count change.

Is there something that determines the rate of each flu type each season? Or is it just by random chance that the consistency no longer applied these past few seasons? Is there different antiviral medications for the different types of flu, or are they treated the same way?

Hope this is the right subreddit for this, as I'm really just looking for more insight and to learn more to explain why I'm seeing what I am while going through the data.

Thanks!

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Saturday, May 1, 2021

If bacteria have evolved penicillin resistance, why can’t we help penicillin to evolve new antibiotics?

If bacteria have evolved penicillin resistance, why can’t we help penicillin to evolve new antibiotics?


If bacteria have evolved penicillin resistance, why can’t we help penicillin to evolve new antibiotics?

Posted: 01 May 2021 04:31 AM PDT

When was the last time in Earth's history when the land area was evenly divided between the two hemispheres?

Posted: 30 Apr 2021 05:42 PM PDT

I read recently that some cartographers of antiquity believed that the as yet undiscovered landmasses in the southern hemisphere must balance the northern hemisphere's in terms of area. While obviously untrue today, when was the last time in Earth's history when this was actually the case?

submitted by /u/darwinpatrick
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How early can lateral flow test detect covid?

Posted: 01 May 2021 06:13 AM PDT

I can't seem to find an answer anywhere!

How early can a LFT detect covid? As in if I caught it today would I get a positive test result if I was to take the test a few hours later? Or is it after 24hrs or more?

submitted by /u/carla_5038
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Is there a difference between the way the spinal cord is damaged by the polio virus versus a sudden spinal cord injury (e.g. car accident)?

Posted: 30 Apr 2021 06:21 PM PDT

If so, does it present differently in a person's day-to-day experience of paralysis, or is it just different at onset?

submitted by /u/Chelseyblair
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Does our position and movement within the galaxy change the speed of light as measured on earth?

Posted: 01 May 2021 07:23 AM PDT

Something ive always wondered. Let's say you measure the speed of light at two different times on earth. The first would be when the rotation of the earth, its orbit around the sun and orbit around the galaxy all sync up with the direction the galaxy is moving in. This would be maximum speed. Then you measure when all factors listed are moving in the opposite direction the galaxy is moving in. Minimum speed.

Since speed of light is consistent regardless of how fast the measurer is moving.(headlights going at 50 mph versus 100,000 mph) does that mean that the difference in measurement is related to how fast the measurer is moving? Example above 99950mph difference in speed of light measured from the two positions?

If you are going 1 mph less than the speed of light and shine a light forward it could only move at 1 mph from your perspective.

So does our movement through the galaxy warp our understanding of speed of light?

submitted by /u/CidRonin
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How are the other mammal and particularly primate species when it comes to some dominance of males (patriarchy)? Would you say more of those species are patriarcal vs matriarchal or some other structure?

Posted: 30 Apr 2021 03:30 PM PDT

Physiologically, what is happening during heart palpitations?

Posted: 30 Apr 2021 05:06 PM PDT

[Physics] Is there a possibility that "atoms" can be made using hadrons other than protons and neutrons?

Posted: 30 Apr 2021 08:53 AM PDT

Many different types of hadrons have been found at the LHC at CERN. Is it possible that there is a combination of stable hadrons which could form, maybe along with protons and neutrons, a completely new synthetic periodic table?

submitted by /u/Elan_Sedai
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Aside from all the deaths, what were the long term health effects of the 1918 pandemic?

Posted: 30 Apr 2021 09:29 AM PDT

I recall reading somewhere about long term morbidity dipping for decades but can't find a source now. I'm curious if there were other documented effects like lower IQ scores or poorer academic achievement. I assume it might be hard to differentiate some of that signal from the great depression effects so would appreciate sourced answers.

Thank you in advance!

submitted by /u/PeruvianHeadshrinker
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Do children recover from brain damage better than adults?

Posted: 30 Apr 2021 05:12 PM PDT

I've heard that because of how kids develop, under the age of like 5, who experience brain damage, from strokes or maybe cancerous growths, will "recover" better than adults because their body is able to shift were certain activities occur. I use recover lightly as I mean they are able to have a better quality of life after damage occurs compared to adults, not like they actually heal. Sorry if this is a dumb question I just needed to know.

submitted by /u/Itsame231
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Covid Vaccine First Dose Effectiveness Against Severe Disease?

Posted: 01 May 2021 01:32 AM PDT

Hi, everyone! I have tried googling this but did not find any direct answers. Does the first shot protect people from severe disease?

submitted by /u/NeonShoes26
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Are vaccines for superbugs a thing?

Posted: 30 Apr 2021 08:41 AM PDT

I was always curious about this possibility and, since it is not being mentioned, I guess it's something rather not useful or impossible.

submitted by /u/mrflamingosaurus
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What does it mean to fuse a muscle in surgery?

Posted: 30 Apr 2021 06:21 PM PDT

Does it just mean to fuse a muscle with the bones next to it?

submitted by /u/Rand0mHi
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When using gravity assist to go to interstellar space, does the mass of the spacecraft have any significant effect on the speed gained?

Posted: 29 Apr 2021 08:58 PM PDT

Also, side question but kinda related. Is there an upper speed-limit on how fast an object can go when using gravity assist?

As I understand it, the limiting factor for going the speed of light is the amount of fuel you'd have to carry. But if you're getting your propulsion from gravity assists, then would that no longer matter?

submitted by /u/morkani
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Where do invertebrates produce hemocytes? Do they have specialized organs for that?

Posted: 29 Apr 2021 07:23 PM PDT