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Monday, April 12, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: Hi! I am Prof. Nadav Davidovitch, an epidemiologist and one of the architects of Israel's coronavirus response and vaccine operation. Ask me anything!

AskScience AMA Series: Hi! I am Prof. Nadav Davidovitch, an epidemiologist and one of the architects of Israel's coronavirus response and vaccine operation. Ask me anything!


AskScience AMA Series: Hi! I am Prof. Nadav Davidovitch, an epidemiologist and one of the architects of Israel's coronavirus response and vaccine operation. Ask me anything!

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 04:00 AM PDT

Hi! I am Prof. Nadav Davidovitch, an epidemiologist, public health physician, professor, and director of the School of Public Health at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU). I study health policy, vaccination policy, comparative health care systems, public health ethics and global health. During the pandemic, it has been my honor to serve on Israel's national COVID-19 advisory committee, as well as on the COVID-19 Task Force of the Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region.

My research focuses on various aspects of health policy, combining my multidisciplinary experience as an epidemiologist and public health physician with my knowledge of the sociology of health and public health ethics. I am involved in several projects related to legal and ethical aspects of public health practices, including pandemic response and health inequalities.

As a reserve medical officer during 2014's Operation Protective Edge, I was the commander of a medical unit of 700 physicians, paramedics, medics, and other medical personnel. I received my M.D. and Ph.D. from Tel Aviv University and my M.P.H. from Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

I have authored or co-authored over 150 papers and book chapters, coedited 5 volumes and books and published work in leading medical and health policy journals, such as the New England Journal of Medicine, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Journal of Pediatrics, Vaccine, Social Science and Medicine, and Law & Contemporary Problems.

Here are a few links related to COVID-19 in Israel that you may find of interest:

Learn more about Ben-Gurion University of the Negev: www.aabgu.org

I'll be answering questions starting at 11am PT (2 PM ET, 18 UT), ask me anything!

Username: /u/IsraelinSF

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Vaccine Efficacy After Manufacturer Recommended Booster Period?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 05:55 AM PDT

My FIL brought up a good point as we were discussing the vaccine I received. Our provincial government has mandated that we push back booster shots well beyond the recommended period, in this case, it's four months from twenty-one days for Pfizer. He said that the manufacturer has set twenty-one days for a reason, so how effective is the booster after four months. His position is that it's pointless to even get it if the booster shot is worthless after even twenty-two days.

submitted by /u/Hardcore90skid
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What were ice-age land bridges like?

Posted: 11 Apr 2021 09:46 AM PDT

In periods of low sea level, land bridges existed between the landmasses we know today.

What would these have been like to cross? Would they have looked like former seabeds, or would they be marshy lowlands, or would you not be able to tell you were on one at all?

submitted by /u/MrTheLister
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Why does boiling water make patterns in the cup?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 03:10 AM PDT

https://imgur.com/gallery/EY84L24 Also apologies if the flair isn't suitable

submitted by /u/Chrometo
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What causes the uncomfortable physical sensation in your diaphragm after you've held your breath for a long time?

Posted: 10 Apr 2021 11:56 PM PDT

I know that after you've held your breath for a while, you get a signal from your brain that indicates your blood oxygen is low, and that you need to breathe again. But this doesn't feel like a strictly mental thing. It feels like something is happening physiologically too, in your diaphragm; it's some kind of discomfort, tension... Hard to describe. What, precisely, is happening? Or am I way off the mark and interpreting something that isn't actually there?

submitted by /u/Rishloos
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Does a sonic boom only occur during the transition from subsonic to super sonic or is it continuous though out a supersonic flight?

Posted: 11 Apr 2021 05:57 PM PDT

How long do the lipid nanoparticles in the Moderna vaccine stay in the body and how did that process happen?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 06:20 AM PDT

Thank you.

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How do we increase the resolution of images and videos?

Posted: 11 Apr 2021 10:27 PM PDT

Now I understand the fact that there are more pixels to represent smaller portions of the picture but how do you extrapolate more pixels from the picture? Is it the same picture just with more pixels or can the picture become a more accurate representation of the original subject of the photo/video?

submitted by /u/dtpalmer1220
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What would it feel like to be in a motionless spacecraft hovering above the earth (not orbiting)?

Posted: 11 Apr 2021 05:46 AM PDT

If weightlessness is a product of freefalling to earth like the astronauts and cosmonauts on the International Space Station experience as they orbit the earth, then what would it feel like to if the ISS was not in an orbit but able to stay at a fixed altitude above earth? Would you be able to stand? How much gravity would you experience? What if you were at the altitude of the moon (without the moon's gravity interfering)?

Also is there a curtain altitude away from earth that you could become weightless without actually orbiting earth?

submitted by /u/BlueMilk47
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How does a virus spreads when the pool of viable targets decreases in a population?

Posted: 12 Apr 2021 01:50 AM PDT

Does the virus spread more rapidly in a smaller pool of targets? What I'm trying to understand, is during the vaccination process is there a time before herd immunity where a virus can or does thrive in the unvaccinated? I hope someone understands what I'm trying to ask, I'm not a scientist! :) thanks!

submitted by /u/KurtMarz
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Do the all COVID-19 Vaccines elicit the creation of the exact same spike protein or do the different varieties of vaccines produce slightly different variations of the spike protein?

Posted: 11 Apr 2021 08:34 PM PDT

Can otc antihistamines dampen immune response to vaccines?

Posted: 11 Apr 2021 06:29 PM PDT

I've been reading that while the immune system is implicated in allergic reactions, it only affects specific parts of the system that deal with histamines.

However I did read two studies that seem to indicate that may not be true: study 1 study 2 , however this meta-study seemed to indicate that a combination of antihistamines and decongestants had a neutral-to-positive effect on the common cold: study 3

Can someone smarter than me shed some light on of this could have implications as far as antihistamine effect on the efficacy of vaccines?

submitted by /u/PermanentBrunch
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What is the role, if any, of the prefrontal cortex in vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the intramural blood vessels of the brain?

Posted: 11 Apr 2021 11:27 AM PDT

Despite my limited knowledge and the method's own flaws, I know that a type of fMRI analysis measures blood flow, and we say that if there is more flow to one part of the brain, then that part must be more active. But there is something that controls this flow, isn't there? And we think of the prefrontal cortex as the 'executor' of the brain. So wouldn't the executor then have a role in controlling blood flow, or is vasodilation purely a sympathetic reaction?

Asked in another way: When I think about a pink elephant, is blood flowing to my visual cortex a sympathetic reaction from increased activity that occurs after maybe a resource demand, or are vessels dilated maybe in anticipation or in preparation for activity?

And in any case, do we know what controls it?

*Edited after thinking for a bit
*Edited for grammar

submitted by /u/AbyssExpander
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If Time is influenced by gravity does that mean that in the "void space" between two galaxies time will flow really fast, thus making humans and materials age much faster than if they were inside the galaxy?

Posted: 11 Apr 2021 04:42 AM PDT

Sorry if the question is obvious, I´m not a physicist thus I have limited knowledge on the matter. This question spurred from the "if you live on a mountain you will age slower than someone who live at the sea level, since the gravity pull will be greater for the latter".

Also, could you suggest me some books on the time and relativity theories? I´m shitty at math but I suppose I might understand a book like that anyway... or so I hope.

submitted by /u/PenitentLiar
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Are açaí berries actually berries?

Posted: 11 Apr 2021 04:00 PM PDT

Additionally, what makes a berry a berry, as opposed to other fruit?

submitted by /u/Formadivix
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What process causes the focused explosions of a gamma ray burst generating the jets?

Posted: 11 Apr 2021 06:52 AM PDT

Like the question said. I always wondered why a gamma ray burst seems to produce jets of highly energetic particles. I don't understand how this process comes to be in the chaotic environment of a supernova.

submitted by /u/MistrX
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Why isn’t interchangeable batteries a thing for electric cars?

Posted: 11 Apr 2021 03:25 AM PDT

The biggest complaint I hear about electric cars is the charge times. I always wondered why something like an exchange system for propane tanks, but for batteries doesn't exist when it could be as fast as filling your car with gas. Biggest reason I can think of is weight, but that could be solved with distribution between multiple batteries of smaller sizes.

submitted by /u/browneyesays
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How does sending information to a satellite work?

Posted: 11 Apr 2021 09:42 AM PDT

When information is sent to a satellite in space, said satellite would be moving relative to earth, so my question is do/would they need to shoot the signal to where the satellite will be or is that just not even close to how it actually works?

submitted by /u/Jzerious
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When sunlight hits the photovoltaic cells in solar panels, electrons get knocked out of semi-conductors. If semi-conductors don't have infinite number of electrons then what's the source of those electrons?

Posted: 11 Apr 2021 12:09 AM PDT

If muscles only contract, how can we stick our tongue out?

Posted: 10 Apr 2021 01:16 PM PDT

Unlike when you move your arms, there is no bone in your tongue your muscles can use as a lever. So how does it work?

submitted by /u/Kenley
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What is the development cycle of monotremes like?

Posted: 10 Apr 2021 11:45 PM PDT

I've been working on developing a fantasy world where there are functionally mammalian creatures that reproduce using eggs. I've done a bit of studying on the different ways this can manifest, but one thing I've never been able to get a clear answer on is exactly how the development of real-life egg-laying mammals works. I've gathered that the eggs spend the majority of their time in-utero and aren't actually incubated externally for very long, but that's about it. I've found myself wondering: What exactly is going on during that in-utero development time? Does the eggshell fully form and the eggs are just retained internally to be incubated by body temperature? Or does the shell not fully form until shortly before the egg is laid? Are there any interactions between the mother and the embryo while the egg is developing internally, such as nutritional or waste exchange? I'd like to be able to glean more insight from our only living egg-laying relatives.

submitted by /u/Brain-Storm
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Why is Fagradalsfjall a tourist destination yet La Soufrière is an evacuation zone?

Posted: 10 Apr 2021 07:40 PM PDT

Fagradalsfjall has cute, flowing rivers of lava to visit and take pictures of and no ash plume but La Soufrière is hurling volcanic ash miles into the sky? Magnitude is a factor but what else would cause such different eruptions?

submitted by /u/fishcrow
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Does distance-to-ground make a difference for how high something can fly? For example, would a helicopter flying 50 feet above the surface of a mountain have equal flying capabilities of the same helicopter flying at the same altitude over the ocean?

Posted: 10 Apr 2021 07:59 PM PDT

I suspect "distance-to-ground" wouldn't be a factor, but, intuitively, it feels like it plays a part.

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Saturday, April 10, 2021

How do scientists actually know what material the Earth's core is made out of?

How do scientists actually know what material the Earth's core is made out of?


How do scientists actually know what material the Earth's core is made out of?

Posted: 09 Apr 2021 05:30 PM PDT

I remember in school learning that the core of Earth is made from mostly iron and nickel.

...how did we get that particular information?

I can wrap my mind around the idea of scientists figuring out what the inside of the Earth looks like using math and earthquake data but the actual composition of the center of the Earth? It confuses me.

What process did we use to figure out the core is made out of iron and nickel without ever obtaining a sample of the Earth's core?

EDIT: WOW this post got a lot of traction while I slept! Honestly can't wait to read thru all of this. This was a question I asked a couple of times during my childhood and no teacher ever gave me a satisfying answer. Thank you to everyone for taking the time to truly explain this to me. Adult me is happy! :)

submitted by /u/Lunhala
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The US Military has started human trials of a Spike Ferritin Nanoparticle COVID vaccine. How is this different from other types of vaccines?

Posted: 10 Apr 2021 05:51 AM PDT

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04784767

I'm having difficulty researching the tech used in this vaccine.

Is this different from the mRNA vaccines? Does this type of vaccine have a research history similar to mRNA vaccines? Is it a brand new tech or over 20 years of research like the mRNA viruses have?

Walter Reed Hospital believes this will have a wide application against many variants and different types of spikes used by coronaviruses. How wide are we talking? If I could never get another cold for the rest of my life, that would be great.

I read this community frequently. Thanks for all that you guys do!

submitted by /u/dkeate
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In an explosive volcanic eruption (like the one yesterday on St Vincent - link in comment) - what do the different layers in the ash cloud tell us about the nature of the eruption?

Posted: 10 Apr 2021 05:23 AM PDT

What is the reason for uracil being used in RNA?

Posted: 10 Apr 2021 07:20 AM PDT

The reason I keep reading online is that cytosine can spontaneously deaminate to produce uracil, so it is useful for DNA to have uracil instead of thymine, as it makes the detection and repair of DNA mutations much easier if they are able to distinguish cytosine from thymine. But my question is, doesn't this same logic apply for RNA? Can't the cytosine in RNA spontaneously deaminate too, causing issues for repair? Wouldn't it make more sense then for RNA to use thymine instead of uracil?

submitted by /u/QM23Z1H
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Why do passengers in a jet plane not hear the jet engines as loudly as someone on the ground does?

Posted: 09 Apr 2021 07:49 PM PDT

Why do peanuts cause anaphylaxis?

Posted: 09 Apr 2021 05:14 PM PDT

Not the symptoms, or treatments, but specifically what is the cause of the reaction? I cant find or am blind as to the cause on google.

Example. THC causes the reaction we see and feel. What is it about peanuts?

submitted by /u/Mengdim
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How is there so much basalt in the continental United States while lava flows are so rare?

Posted: 09 Apr 2021 09:57 PM PDT

I have seen a crap load of basalt but I can only think of two lava flows that have happened in human history here and both were very small.

submitted by /u/HappyInNature
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Do these studies indicate some sort of precognition?

Posted: 09 Apr 2021 08:42 PM PDT

Recently I've found a few studies that evaluated a phenomenon called "Predictive Anticipatory Activity", that found that subjects' nervous systems unconsciously responded to unpredictable, random stimuli (e.g. neutral, emotional, arousing, etc) up to 10 seconds before said stimuli take place.

Here is a meta-study that found the effect to be repeatable and statistically-significant. I don't have any experience in the field, but as a layman there doesn't seem to be anything obviously wrong with the studies.

Obviously, this result seems extremely weird. What possible explanation can there be for this? Is there a clear flaw with the study?

submitted by /u/charredcoal
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If Jupiter shares it’s orbit with the Trojan Asteroids, why is Jupiter a planet while Pluto isn’t?

Posted: 10 Apr 2021 01:08 AM PDT

How do immunotherapy shots for allergies work?

Posted: 09 Apr 2021 11:33 PM PDT

I'm going through it, I've got one dose of it.. and I know that they make my body more okay with the stuff they're injecting me (sorry I'm bad at science so that's the best way I can word it) but how do the change my body at a cellular level so that it doesn't freak out anymore when I eat fruits and peanuts and breathe pollera etc?

submitted by /u/Able_Arachnid232
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How do the electric signals from the brain turn into movement?

Posted: 09 Apr 2021 05:14 PM PDT

How are those electric signals transported (why is this possible to occur inside a biological tissue), and how those signals are "interpreted" by the cells in muscles?

submitted by /u/DaVinciTwo
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If copper has an idle anti-microbial effect over time, why is it not a popular choice for the interior walls of swimming pools, water storage containers, etc.?

Posted: 09 Apr 2021 08:10 PM PDT

Would it not make a lot of sense to take a swimming pool for example and construct the interior walls completely out of copper? Does the copper lose its anti-microbial power too fast? How long does that effect last? Does the copper corrode or rust in the water? Does something happen that makes it no longer safe to be in or drink?

submitted by /u/InitiativeTight4928
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Why do most viral diseases do not have direct treatment?

Posted: 09 Apr 2021 04:34 AM PDT

Unlike bacterial diseases can be treated by antibiotic, most viral diseases like SARS and covid-19 are treated with supportive treatment only, why?

submitted by /u/dq689
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Is it possible that many of the stars we see are actually “echoes” of other stars from longer ago, with their light having circled the Universe?

Posted: 09 Apr 2021 09:53 AM PDT

Why do exchange reactions occur when mixing aqueous solutions?

Posted: 09 Apr 2021 03:41 AM PDT

For example, in this precipitation reaction:

Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) -> Mg(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

I understand that when ionic compounds dissolve they separate into ions and surrounded by water molecules. When the solutions are mixed together they react and the ions switch partners, so Mg ends up with OH and Na ands up with NO3. Why do the ions switch partners instead of just staying with their original partners? Is it because Mg(OH)2 is a solid, and if so, do exchange reactions only happen when a precipitate is formed?

submitted by /u/AmazingMeltedSnowman
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Does the “you can’t spread COVID once vaccinated” apply to j&j?

Posted: 09 Apr 2021 08:27 AM PDT

The CDC says you can't spread the coronavirus once fully vaccinated, but they define fully vaccinated as two weeks after your second shot. Does this mean they are only talking about Pfizer and mederna? Or does the same apply to Johnson and Johnson? With a 70%-ish protection, if I catch COVID after getting the j&j shot, will I be contagious?

Edit: I am referring to this article: https://local21news.com/news/nation-world/cdc-director-breaks-big-news-says-people-who-get-vaccinated-are-not-carrying-covid

"WASHINGTON (SBG) — Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Director Rochelle Walensky said Monday that people who get fully vaccinated are not carrying COVID-19, though the CDC's guidance still suggests all people should continue wearing masks amid climbing cases.

[...]

She was referring to a CDC study of nearly 4,000 front-line workers who tested themselves weekly for COVID-19 infections between December and March. Only three of the fully vaccinated people in the study saw "break-through" infections. In contrast, unvaccinated participants logged 161 COVID-19 cases.

This means that people who get fully vaccinated do not risk spreading the virus to other people, according to the data."

submitted by /u/its_that_sort_of_day
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When and how was the smallpox virus discovered?

Posted: 09 Apr 2021 04:40 AM PDT

Smallpox have been with humanity for thousands of years, but when did people figure out the type of virus responsible for it?

submitted by /u/dq689
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Friday, April 9, 2021

How can adrenaline slow your bleeding?

How can adrenaline slow your bleeding?


How can adrenaline slow your bleeding?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 03:50 PM PDT

So I recently just found out that adrenaline can actually be injected into you. I thought it was just something your body produced, and apparently it can be used to slow your bleeding. So with that knowledge here is my question. If adrenaline makes your heart pump faster then why or how does it slow down bleeding if your heart is pumping more blood?

submitted by /u/LostBatmans
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Can we dig channels to dried lakes, like Ahnet or Chad, so that when ice melts water will fill them up and prevent flooding of the coastlines?

Posted: 09 Apr 2021 12:20 AM PDT

When batteries start to lose voltage do they produce less current?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 04:09 PM PDT

So when a battery starts to lose voltage does it produce less current and therefore the object that is connecting to it can produce less power from it. If so is there like a minimum amount of power objects can run on and when this threshold is not longer obtainable the battery is considered dead?

submitted by /u/sixers1212
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How is the sea of electrons related to the band gap of metals? How is it different from semiconductors?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 10:01 AM PDT

I've recently been reading on energy band gaps, and I was curious as to how the "sea of electrons" understanding of delocalized electrons in metals translate to the valence band gaps of metals being half-filled.

For n-type semiconductors, an excess electron can move more freely. Since n-type doped semiconductors have more than one excess electron, due it having more than one impurity atom, how is this different from the "sea of electrons" in metals? Why does it lead to different band gap representations?

Edit: changed p-type to n-type.

submitted by /u/Resoul04
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Lifespan of Norovirus on Surfaces?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 07:27 PM PDT

Apologies if I haven't picked the correct sub for this question!

There seems to be conflicting opinions on the longevity of Norovirus on surfaces - some websites say up to 2 weeks, others say up to a month, others say even more. Outside of perfectly still water and laboratory controlled conditions, is there an estimate on this for general household environments?

Long story short - I have moved in to a brand new share house. Within days one of the tenants has contracted gastro. Luckily I was away for work so I've been gone for 2 and a half weeks since then, and am about to return. Everybody is fine but I am a pretty severe germaphobe, I hardly know these people and I really don't want to come across as over the top if I rock up and get the bleach out close to 3 weeks after it's a distant memory for everybody else.

I'll be fine being careful of washing my hands etc. however for my own peace of mind I'd love to know how long it is before I can assume it's gone and stop having to be so vigilant

Thank you!

submitted by /u/norothrow1000
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How does a dam change the flow rate of water?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 01:00 PM PDT

Hi all

Water is a continuous problem for a lot of countries. Dams being built often is a cause of international conflict (eg. On Mekong and Nile river). There is the obvious problem of people being displaced and the ecological impact, but the acces of water is also reguraly mentioned.

My question is how a dam has an impact on the flow rate. In my mind, when the dam fills up, the flow rate downstream will return to normal once the reservoir/lake has filled up. Essentially conserving the status quo of flow in/out.

How or where am i wrong in my thought process? Or is this a misinterpretation in media?

Obligatory "not a native speaker" I also wasn't sure to put this at earth sciences or engineering, i hope this post was tagged correctly?

submitted by /u/JoeBidenJr_
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Is required delta-v to reach mars polar and equatorial landing sites different?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 12:17 PM PDT

My intuition tells me it is harder to land on pole vs equator. But hence I can't find definitive confirmation (also, I don't have skills to make calculations...), maybe I'm wrong on this. Or maybe the difference is totally insignificant.

So: does spacecraft need significantly more delta-v to land on martian pole?

I am trying to understand if, lets say, 1000 kg of cargo needs exactly the same amount of fuel to safely land on poles vs equator. And if not, whether the difference is more like 0,5% (rather insignificant) or closer to 5% (significant).

submitted by /u/underest
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Which diseases have a higher r0, smallpox or pneumonic plague?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 08:58 PM PDT

Q1 - In Coronavirus, spike proteins appear on its surface. In mRNA vaccines, only the Spike protein is injected. Doesn't this mean the body'll create some antibodies that bind to the end normally not exposed in the real Coronavirus, because in the real virus the end is on its shell?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 07:51 PM PDT

Q2 - The virus's Spike protein binds to the ACE2 receptor, which in normal operation is bound to by angiotensin II. Could the immune system response to the Spike protein lead to a response against angiotensin II, and if so, what would be the ramifications of this?

submitted by /u/iaDRM
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Does the Cicada's Predator Satiation defense have long term or short term noticeable effects on the predators between the broods? Does it have any noticeable effect other prey's population/behavior?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 09:17 AM PDT

I've been reading a lot about the satiation defense, and how the 17 or 13 years also cause the predators to not have a memory/knowledge of the brood event thus not waiting for the brood to occur.. Just curios about the brood event on other parts of the biome.

Just seems that something else should have aligned with the broods.

submitted by /u/Derelyk
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Today in school we learned about cancerous cells which led me to think are we able to transfer cancerous cells into other animals?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 03:42 PM PDT

I'm really unsure about which flare to use so I'll use human body since it relates to that.

submitted by /u/EthiopianBrotha
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Why does your immune system become sensitive to viruses from vaccines but less sensitive to allergens after allergy shots?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 06:01 AM PDT

Vaccines and allergy shots seem nearly equivalent, both inject some small amount of a harmless protein to introduce it to your immune system.

Why do allergy shots train your immune system to stop attacking that protein and vaccines train your body to launch a larger immune response to that protein?

I know that mRNA vaccines inject the instructions and your cells build the proteins and that conventional vaccines inject parts of a virus or weakened virus, but I don't think that accounts for the difference.

submitted by /u/Melimathlete
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How does the body decide that it's time for the baby to be born?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 06:50 AM PDT

Cooking meat in a stew makes it go soft. Microwaving the same stew makes it chewy again. Why?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 04:13 AM PDT

In both cases, the meat is being more or less being 'boiled'. Why does one lead to yummy goodness and the other to chewy disappointment?

submitted by /u/Stonius123
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Does baby-wearing enhance the child's ability to regulate their stress responses and/or self-soothe?

Posted: 07 Apr 2021 11:58 PM PDT

We know that carrying or wearing an infant activates their parasympathetic nervous system, thus allowing them to calm down and/or sleep. Some books promote the theory that regularly wearing the baby helps her to develop the parasympathetic nervous system, thereby eventually allowing her to "self-soothe" more efficiently. How scientifically valid is this idea? Can the nervous system be trained in this manner, especially in infants?

submitted by /u/noicesluttypineapple
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If you were to open someone's skull and shine a really powerful light on the brain(no heat), would that affect and how, the normal function of consciousness?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 05:45 AM PDT

Just what the title says. Would such a powerful, blinding light disrupt the normal biochemistry of the brain in any way. Would you have problems with vision and or changed thinking?

submitted by /u/Vookasheen
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How do animals that often consume or chew on wood or woody shrubs avoid painful splinters in their mouth?

Posted: 07 Apr 2021 10:32 PM PDT

Do they still get them and it just doesn't bother them? Are the cells in their mouth just working overtime to push the splinters out?

submitted by /u/mapleallthesyrup
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There's one single answer of how is the mechanism of how flagella work or there are several?

Posted: 08 Apr 2021 05:47 AM PDT

In my research to find out the mechanism that makes flagella move, as I understand it, It seems that there are many explanations for this phenomenon. I understand that flagella may vary along with organisms and this would interfere with the "one explanation for the mechanism", but does science know for sure how this works or this the molecular explanation of this is still in progress?

I see some explanation about the sliding in the microtubules in the axomena is responsible for the flagellar movement, but it seems to me that this explanation is still on debate.

submitted by /u/S0DA0
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if i bend a graphite sheet or fold it, does it gonna affect its thermal conductivity?

Posted: 07 Apr 2021 08:20 PM PDT