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Tuesday, March 30, 2021

Iron is the element most attracted to magnets, and it's also the first one that dying stars can't fuse to make energy. Are these properties related?

Iron is the element most attracted to magnets, and it's also the first one that dying stars can't fuse to make energy. Are these properties related?

Iron is the element most attracted to magnets, and it's also the first one that dying stars can't fuse to make energy. Are these properties related?

Posted: 30 Mar 2021 04:23 AM PDT

That's pretty much it. Is there something in the nature of iron that causes both of these things, or it it just a coincidence?

submitted by /u/PM_ME_YR_O_FACE
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When a rocket lifts off, is the entire weight borne by the nozzle assembly?

Posted: 29 Mar 2021 02:38 PM PDT

If so, what specific part of the nozzle(s) bear the weight? How big is this connection compared to the bell of the nozzle? And due to acceleration, do G-forces cause the weight to be greater than the rocket weighs at standstill?

submitted by /u/ryanasimov
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Are there stars that orbit perpendicular to the galactic plane?

Posted: 29 Mar 2021 08:25 AM PDT

In spiral galaxies, there is commonly a 'galactic bulge' of light. As most of us know, stars usually orbit around the plane, but is it possible for a large number of stars to orbit at (at least close to) a 90 degree angle relative to this? If so, how would that formation process have occurred?

Or am I overthinking it and the bulge is simply a result of the massive light output from the high density of stars?

Edit: just to clarify, I know that there are irregular galaxies that are composed of stars in a 'cloud' of sorts, like the Magellanic Clouds. I am referring to conventional spiral galaxies for this post.

Edit 2: by 'large number', I'm referring to a significant portion of the total number of stars. Maybe 0.1-1% of total stellar count or mass. Something along the lines of 0.1-10 million stars at least.

submitted by /u/Chemonaut
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Why do these biotite crystals have blurred edges in thin section?

Posted: 30 Mar 2021 06:59 AM PDT

Hello! I'm fairly new to geology, so not completely confident. I'm studying this sample in thin section (I know I can't add photos) and the biotite is slightly different to the characteristics I know. It seems that in places the edges of the biotite crystals/ grain boundaries are blurred/ fading outwards, could anybody please tell me why this is? Is it to do with deformation or is it just simply the way it is? Also some of the darker brown crystals appear to have no cleavage (I know biotite has one), does anybody know if theres a reason for this please? Thanks so much!

submitted by /u/Worth_Pension_9945
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What was the environmental impact of the opening of the Suez Canal? Did the connection of two biomes (Mediterranean and Red Sea) result in the mutual introduction of exotic species and a disruption in the food chains?

Posted: 29 Mar 2021 11:55 PM PDT

What is a magnetic field?(I don't need its properties I want to know what it is) Why do magnets create a magnetic field? Why do moving charges create a magnetic field?

Posted: 29 Mar 2021 09:16 PM PDT

I am a student of 10th grade, We learn about Electricity and Magnetism in Physics but i can't find any answers to the above mentioned questions.

submitted by /u/ScientificShrey
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Do new-borns have fear of falling ?

Posted: 30 Mar 2021 04:18 AM PDT

Ok . So here's a question : do young babies (who dont understand yet that falling can injure you) have a falling ? Like , if you keep you newborn on your sofa and then sit on the floor and call them , will they stop at the edge of the sofa to not fall or will they continue walking , unaware of the lack of solid surface in front of them ?

submitted by /u/TP4297
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Is there any connection to volcanoes erupting and earthquakes?

Posted: 29 Mar 2021 09:09 PM PDT

Why would clot related side effects of a vaccine affect only people under 60? What is different about people over 60 that makes them impervious to the clots?

Posted: 30 Mar 2021 10:45 AM PDT

I'm referring to the Astra Zeneca Covid19 vaccine that Germany and France have said will not be given to under-60s, but this isn't specifically a Covid19 question.

submitted by /u/skyspor
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If someone already had an unusual immune response to a previous Covid infection (e.g. severe neuropathy), is there a possibility that the vaccination could produce a similar response in that person?

Posted: 30 Mar 2021 10:12 AM PDT

(Looking to expand on a recent post I saw):

For instance, cases where patients have experienced peripheral nerve damage (numbness, throbbing, fizzing/buzzing, pain), where symptoms have persisted many months after infection.

Obviously the vaccination doesn't contain the live virus, but if the initial nerve symptoms were a result of an irregular immune response to the antigen, what are the chances that the vaccination-provoked response could be similar (and potentially worsen the neuropathy)?

submitted by /u/ThoreauWeighs
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Why isn't biomass carbon neutral?

Posted: 30 Mar 2021 12:49 AM PDT

Surely if all the carbon in the tree comes from the atmosphere, then it isn't actively adding new carbon in when burnt? I've seen arguments stating that it isn't carbon neutral because of transport, but similar arguments can be made of the production techniques and the vehicles used in servicing wind and solar farms. I ask because of this article

submitted by /u/normie_sama
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Can you get severe symptoms by the Covid 19 vaccine ?

Posted: 30 Mar 2021 04:21 AM PDT

If Iron-56 is the last element that a sun can create before its nuclear fuel is spent, collapses and becomes a black hole, then how do heavier radioactive elements come into existence?

Posted: 30 Mar 2021 08:02 AM PDT

What happens if there's difference in mass with a matter/antimatter annihilation?

Posted: 30 Mar 2021 07:16 AM PDT

So this is a question I've had for a while but can't seem to find an answer for by googling it (maybe I'm just using the wrong terminology), but what happens if there's a mass imbalance between matter and antimatter during annihilation? For example, if a positron came into contact with an entire atom, the positron would only "destroy" one electron, so what would happen to the rest of the atom? Would the atom just change into a different isotope/element, or would the energy created by the electron-positron annihilation be enough to break the atom apart into its individual protons/neutrons/remaining electrons? Would the mass of the atom make a difference?

submitted by /u/Sir_Garbus
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Why does the side of the moon facing us have big dark spots, but the other side doesn't?

Posted: 29 Mar 2021 11:28 PM PDT

What evidence (if any) exists to demonstrate catching Covid creates the same level of antibodies as any of the first doses of the vaccines (does catching it give a higher antibody count than the first dose of the vaccine)?

Posted: 29 Mar 2021 07:09 PM PDT

Why aren't vaccine trial participants directly exposed to COVID-19? Wouldn't that provide much more accurate efficacy numbers?

Posted: 29 Mar 2021 10:40 AM PDT

Why don't we do ring vaccination for COVID instead of Mass Vaccination?

Posted: 30 Mar 2021 02:13 AM PDT

After the Covid-19 mRNA vaccines trigger your cells to make the Spike Proteins, what happens to those cells after they complete the task, if anything?

Posted: 29 Mar 2021 10:40 AM PDT

I know this question is very specific, and I am sorry if it has been asked a million times before, but of all the threads explaining how the mRNA vaccines work, this seems to be the only question I couldn't find an answer to. I have seen people saying that the spike protein "sticks" to your cells. Does this mean your body thinks that cell is a viral one and destroys it, or just removes that protein and lets the cell carry on?

Super quick, hopefully accurate context the best an engineer can give: The vaccine delivers mRNA to your cells. Your cells use that as instructions to create the same spike protein the virus uses. Your body uses that spike protein to create antibodies. The cell gets rid of the mRNA itself(?).

submitted by /u/Gentleman-Fox
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Paleontologists, what are some of the most baffling examples of "ghost lineages" or gaps in the fossil record?

Posted: 29 Mar 2021 10:36 AM PDT

Vaccine side effects due to immune response, but no symptoms due to infection?

Posted: 29 Mar 2021 08:11 AM PDT

I get that the Covid vaccine, especially on the second dose, can cause side effects due to the body generating an immune response to the spike protein. However, why wouldn't you get this type of reaction during a subsequent real infection; instead the vaccine gives very good protection against symptoms.

submitted by /u/scottsinct
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Monday, March 29, 2021

Why do electrical appliances always hum/buzz at a g pitch?

Why do electrical appliances always hum/buzz at a g pitch?

Why do electrical appliances always hum/buzz at a g pitch?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 10:55 AM PDT

I always hear this from appliances in my house.

Edit: I am in Europe, for those wondering.

submitted by /u/windows71
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If temperature is the cumulative speed of molecules in a material, what exactly produces the infra-red light we commonly associate as heat?

Posted: 29 Mar 2021 01:38 AM PDT

Is it possible that there are systems in space with rocky bodies at the center?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 08:53 PM PDT

My understanding of how solar systems form is that a supernova scatters various elements across an area which then coalesce into what most people think of as a solar system, with a sun and planets. So why is it that the hydrogen and helium tend to end up at the center of a system, and couldn't there be a system with a rocky "sun" that holds most of the mass? Or do suns have the same concentration of other elements as the rest of the system hidden behind all the fusion products?

submitted by /u/RepresentativeCrow62
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Are rDNA-based vaccines a possibility?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 12:12 PM PDT

I know most COVID-19 vaccines are administered using messenger RNA (mRNA) that gets transported to the ribosomes and decoded into the spike protein found on SARS-CoV-2. Instead of using this to get our own bodies to manufacture the protein to generate an immune response, why not encode the protein into DNA and insert it into a bacterial genome to have the bacteria crank out copies of the protein like we do for insulin? Extract and purify the protein, then administer that?

Wouldn't that get rid of the need for the lipid envelopes and the difficulty of getting the mRNA into cells? Wouldn't it be much like a dead-organism vaccine then?

What are the drawbacks of this method?

submitted by /u/IBreakCellPhones
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What does the Reiman Zeta Function tell us about primes?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 09:11 PM PDT

I've seen a number of educational youtube videos about the Reiman Zeta Function. I get the basics for how it works but I'm still a little fuzzy on why it's so important. The video-makers always say something to the effect of "it encodes certain information about prime numbers" but never go into any more detail than that.

So what does it tell us about primes and what are its uses beyond that as well?

submitted by /u/Limbrogger
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Where do stars get their Neutrons from for fusion?

Posted: 29 Mar 2021 06:24 AM PDT

Tried to google this, but any combination of "star" and "neutron" gave me "neutron star"

I am trying to understand where stars get their neutrons from if they start by just fusing hydrogen into helium. If it's from Deuterium and Tritium it seems the concentration would be too low to be substantial. And it seems it's not possible that the electrons and protons merge like they do in a neutron star.

Where am I going wrong here? Do stars fuse hydrogen into mostly HE2? If this is the case it kicks the question down to when helium fuses into carbon.

submitted by /u/Lelentos
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There have been documented instances of individuals who couldn't experience pain, only pleasure and other positive sensations, however, has there ever been an observation on an individual who could only experience pain? What would that even look like? Could it be artificially replicated?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 05:38 PM PDT

Mainly that this might be used far enough in the future for torture if it's possible, then again, there's always the possibility that these individuals would always just kill themselves making it kind of innefective, so maybe that makes it less likely thankfully.

submitted by /u/AAAstupidfuckingfish
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Are there any animals that migrate and hibernate?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 04:06 PM PDT

Just interested if there any any animals that move from one place to another to hibernate?

submitted by /u/JollyDarker
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How are coconut crabs able to breathe?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 05:28 PM PDT

My understanding of land arthropod respiration is that due to their open circulatory systems their size is limited by atmospheric oxygen concentration. This is why they were able to be mich bigger during the carboniferous period. So if that is the case, then how are arthropods like coconut crabs which are comparable in size to some carboniferous arthropods able to reach that size with the current atmospheric oxygen concentration?

submitted by /u/5304457
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How much does the length of day night cycle affects the seasonal temperature changes?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 09:01 PM PDT

I was doing some brain storming and world building with a ring world set up (the Niven kind). I want my ring world to have different climate and seasons. The climate part can be solved by making the ring world more akin to a torus, and the sections with higher latitude (close to the ring world's upper and lower edge) would be similar to the ones on earth. However the season part might be a bit tricky. I am using an inner ring of interchanging plates of different opacity to simulate day night cycle, as well as different shapes to simulate change of length of day night cycles over different seasons. However, I know the cause of the season on Earth (axial tilt and all that) but a ring world can not have an axial tilt. I wonder, is the day night cycle alone enough to generate season by having different regions receiving sunlight at different time interval lengths, or that having the angle of the sunlight changing is necessary to generate the temperature difference.

(Assume the ring does have an atmosphere on the inner side, and all other conditions similar to earth)

(I was going to post this on r/worldbuilding,but since there are some science questions I would post here as well)

submitted by /u/midway747
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What causes stars to switch from Hydrogen fusion to using heavier elements?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 10:42 AM PDT

When talking about the life cycle of stars, people often say something along the lines of "when a star runs out of hydrogen to fuse into helium, it has to start performing fusion with heavier elements to keep producing energy." But this glides over a lot of details and also frames the star as having some sort of agency, which is obviously not the case.

So my questions are:

  • Why does a star "have to" switch to using heavier elements? (I.e. why doesn't it just die when it runs out of hydrogen?)
  • Whatever mechanism causes the star to fuse heavier elements, why isn't that process active during the entire life cycle of the star, including when there's still hydrogen?

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/Tunisandwich
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Since sound is normally classified as vibrations transfered through a medium to our ears, could there be mediums out there that create notes and pitches that fall outside of the A-G scale or anything we would recognize on Earth?

Posted: 29 Mar 2021 12:04 AM PDT

In binary star systems, will both stars die at the same time, or at different times?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 11:18 AM PDT

How do boulders come to be?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 09:57 PM PDT

How does a boulder -- a giant rock just sitting on the earth -- come to be? Was this rock a part of the earth at one point and everything around it eroded? Why is it the way it is? Sometimes, there's more than 1! What happened there?!

submitted by /u/GuapoWithAGun
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What is the proof that you can’t (in general) find the kth state of a Turing machine in fewer than k steps?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 08:42 PM PDT

I've seen it often asserted as basically obvious gospel but never seen an actual proof. It also seems inherent to the proof that the bounded halting problem is in exptime, but again that part of the question always seems to be just stated as obvious rather than derived. I understand the inherent unpredictability of Turing machines, like how can't in general know if a Turing machine ever prints a 1. But you absolutely can know if it prints a 1 in k steps. What's to stop there from being an algorithm that tells you the kth state of a Turing machine in, for instance, log k steps?

submitted by /u/Boltzmann_Liver
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Are SARS and MERS more lethal to men than to women?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 08:19 AM PDT

If I've understood correctly, COVID-19 is nearly 50% more lethal to men than to women. Is this common for coronaviruses or is this a unique feature to COVID-19?

If this isn't the right place to ask, can someone tell me where I could ask this question instead? I tried googling but didn't find a clear answer.

Thank you for your time! <3

submitted by /u/Suntinlibrovitae
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How much of the unique methylation patterns from parental gametes are conserved in the embryo after demethylation?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 10:09 AM PDT

Parental gametes have unique methylation patterns. Early on in embryonic development, there is a demethylation cascade that largely resets the methylome. Obviously imprinted, sex-dependent methylations are predictably reestablished in the embryo, but I'm curious how much of the unique, non-imprinted methylation patterns from the parental methylomes make it through to the embryo.

submitted by /u/Seek_Equilibrium
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Will the night sky ever be more stars than darkness?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 02:47 PM PDT

Given enough time, will enough light from distant stars reach Earth so that our night sky will be more than 50% stars?

submitted by /u/xMilkstachex
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Why does dew bead on the serrates of these strawberry leaves?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 04:03 AM PDT

What do we know about ancient measuring systems?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 05:09 AM PDT

Ancient societies built incredible structures like the Lighthouse of Alexandria or the Pyramids of Giza. They must have had some form of measurement system or units of measurement to achieve these feats.

Are there any known standardised ancient units of measurements like our modern meter? Or did they simply standardise a unit of measurement for each project with a length of timber or something?

I'm most interested in ancient Egyptians and the Roman Empire, but I'd love to hear about other ancient societies we might have evidence for use of standardised measuring.

submitted by /u/mycowytch
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Sunday, March 28, 2021

How exactly do quantum computers simulate molecular/particle interactions better than classical computers?

How exactly do quantum computers simulate molecular/particle interactions better than classical computers?

How exactly do quantum computers simulate molecular/particle interactions better than classical computers?

Posted: 28 Mar 2021 02:02 AM PDT

I'm struggling to understand why quantum computers can simulate nature better than classical computers.

submitted by /u/aryanyak
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What are the advantages of mRNA / lipid droplet vaccines over viral vector and other existing vaccine types?

Posted: 27 Mar 2021 05:42 PM PDT

In my simplistic model, both the lipid and viral vectors achieve the same thing: deliver rna/DNA to the cell so it can produce virus proteins to train the immune system. But the lipid vaccines are difficult to store and administer. (Perhaps also hard to manufacture?) Anyways, I'm guessing there's an advantage to make the trade off worth it. I'm curious what that is!

submitted by /u/g___
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Have viruses ever become a permanent part of human DNA? If so, what function(s) do they add/augment in humans?

Posted: 27 Mar 2021 10:10 AM PDT

I have read before that viruses have become part of human DNA, but little more is said about it. So many questions... Are these viruses subsumed whole, or just parts? Have we located specific sequences that are provable used-to-be-virus? What kinds of function(s) do these sequences perform? forget apes, are humans just really evolved cooperatives of viruses? I mean anything that seems pertinent to this topic is game.

submitted by /u/Efarm12
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When a plant branches, does this affect the rate of growth of the branches?

Posted: 27 Mar 2021 07:56 AM PDT

I was thinking about this looking at my pothos plants. 2 of the 3 have started branching off. Will the combined growth of the branches equal the growth of the unbranched plant or are all the nodes capable of the same growth, branched or unbranched?

submitted by /u/cirillios
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In chimeras, why doesn't the immune system recognise one of the cell lineages as a foreign material and attack it?

Posted: 27 Mar 2021 07:51 AM PDT

Immune systems attack anyone that doesn't match the right antigen, but in chimeras, theres 2 different cell lineages, and it makes sense that there would theoretically be 2 significantly different antigen marker...

submitted by /u/Tollenglass
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Is there a formula relating distance between 2 coils to the mutual inductance?

Posted: 27 Mar 2021 07:36 AM PDT

According to this website: https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/inductor/mutual-inductance.html, it says that 'the effect of mutual inductance is very much dependent upon the relative positions or spacing, ( S ) of the two coils and this is demonstrated below.' However it did not provide any formula relating distance to mutual inductance. So I was wondering whether there is a formula that relates the distance between the 2 coils to the mutual inductance.

submitted by /u/jlcy
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How many strains of flu are around in an average year?

Posted: 27 Mar 2021 09:39 AM PDT

My understanding is that the flu vaccine is based on which strains from the previous year were the worst. So, how many are scientists choosing from?

submitted by /u/codestuffz
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Explain physiologically why it is okay to run while pregnant? How does the baby not get shaken about inside?

Posted: 27 Mar 2021 07:32 AM PDT

In my head it makes sense that when a pregnant woman runs the baby is being shaken about. I know the healthcare guidance is that it is okay to play sports while pregnant. Can someone explain physiologically how the baby doesn't get shaken around?

Thanks

submitted by /u/babyslosh
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When you get stung by a bee, the skin around the bite will swell. What is the process that produces the swelling? Also, can you use terms I am familiar with like vector, allergen, inflammation, and WBC?

Posted: 27 Mar 2021 11:31 AM PDT

Why does radiation therapy for dogs not cause broad hair loss the way it does in humans?

Posted: 27 Mar 2021 06:17 AM PDT

I know it can still affect their fur in kind of a targeted way, but not really the sort of full baldness that humans can experience.

submitted by /u/firemoo
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