Pages

Thursday, March 11, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We are experts looking at connections between the gut microbiome and mental health. AUA!

AskScience AMA Series: We are experts looking at connections between the gut microbiome and mental health. AUA!


AskScience AMA Series: We are experts looking at connections between the gut microbiome and mental health. AUA!

Posted: 11 Mar 2021 06:00 AM PST

Is there a connection between what you eat and how you feel? A large body of research has demonstrated a strong association between the gut microbiome and mental health. Microbes have been associated with neurological disorders ranging from degenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS and dementia) to mental health disorders (like depression and anxiety) that are becoming all-too-prevalent in today's society. However, there is still much that we don't understand about how these relationships are established or maintained.

Join us today at 2 PM ET (19 UT) for a discussion with experts on what is being called the "psychobiome", organized by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). We'll discuss what we know about the relationships between microbes and hosts, how these relationships impact our behavior, moods and mental capacity, and what each of us can do to strengthen the health of our microbiomes, and, ultimately, improve our mental health.

With us today are:

Links:

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
[link] [comments]

Is it possible for a planet to be tidally locked around a star, so that one side is always facing its sun, and the other always facing darkness?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 01:44 PM PST

Edit: I apologize to this community for asking such a foolish question, and potentially "wasting everyone's time." I obviously know the moon is tidally locked, but I know very little about planet science and wasn't sure of how rare or common the phenomenon is. I suppose I'll do more research before coming to this sub and asking such a basic question. To those that did help and were so polite in doing so, thank you immensely, you've given me a lot to go off of.

I'm trying to come up with interesting settings for a fantasy/sci-fi novel, and this idea came to me. If its possible, what would the atmosphere and living conditions be like for such a planet? I've done a bit of googling to see what people have to say about this topic, but most of what I've read seems to be a lot of mixed opinions and guessing. Any insight would be great to have!

submitted by /u/TooPatToCare
[link] [comments]

How does a black hole consume matter?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 07:53 PM PST

I watched the documentary Black Hole Apocalypse. Great show! Mind blown trying to comprehend super massive black holes. Host Janna Levin is describing how as you fall into a black hole time would slow to a crawl.( As seen by an outside observer). Neil DeGrasse Tyson then chimes in and says that you would literally watch the entire future of the universe pass before you. If time slows for matter approaching a black hole then how does anything ever get "consumed"? Shouldn't there be a traffic jam of cosmic proportions around the accretion disc, of matter waiting for billions of years to pass before it falls in?

submitted by /u/shaddydark
[link] [comments]

How long does the DNA of viral vector vaccines remain in the host cell and for how long would the cell execute its instructions?

Posted: 11 Mar 2021 04:06 AM PST

I apologize if this question has already been asked, i could not find any threads or concrete answers about this (or maybe i just didn't understand them :).

So, i've been reading about the mechanism of the new Adenoviral vector vaccines (AZ, J&J, etc). From all explanations i've read, this is my (very simplistic) understanding:

  1. Modified adenovirus enters the cell
  2. DNA is injected in the nucleus
  3. mRNA is "generated" and exits the nucleus
  4. Cell starts producing and expressing spike protein
  5. Immune response is provoked

What i'm wondering is, basically, what exactly happens with the cell after that:

Does the viral DNA degrade at some point?

Once this DNA is in the cell's nucleus, for how long is step 3 executed?

Since those vaccines are administered in the muscle, i'm guessing it's exactly the muscle cells that get 'infected' and start expressing the spike protein. And from a very quick search, it seems that the lifetime of a muscle cell is 10-15 years.

I guess a bonus question would be, once the cell expresses the spike protein, does the immune system kill it or persistently continues trying to? In both cases, it doesn't seem like a great deal for a cell that's supposed to live that long :)

submitted by /u/herbstnebel_
[link] [comments]

Does a stronger immune response in vaccines (more pronounced side effects) translate to better immunity?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 09:46 PM PST

Specifically would like to know about the covid vaccine but also if there's a general tendency across the board.

submitted by /u/Pokenhagen
[link] [comments]

Are there Lagrange Points in binary star systems? If so where are they positioned?

Posted: 11 Mar 2021 05:17 AM PST

How does gluons carrying charge influence the properties of the strong force?

Posted: 11 Mar 2021 07:14 AM PST

I have heard the reason why the strong force is unlike electromagnetism despite both having massless carriers is because the gluon of the strong force carries charge itself, meaning gluons can interact with each other. But what exactly happens when two or more gluons interact with one another that it makes the strong force so different from the electromagnetic?

submitted by /u/iIGamingWithRayIi
[link] [comments]

When doing a pull up, is the bar exposed to more force when pulling up compared to hanging?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 11:59 PM PST

I imagine that there would somehow be more force on the bar when pulling up even though the weight attached to the bar stays the same?

I would love to hear an explanation as to why it is equal or more.

submitted by /u/imtakingapooprn
[link] [comments]

How can I improve the colour of a liquid solution?

Posted: 11 Mar 2021 02:39 AM PST

Good morning,

This is the first time I've posted something on Reddit, and I'm curious to see what happens!

I am working on a project to make fertiliser from plant waste through crushing, composting and other biological processes. I'm left with a dark brown/ black liquid that doesnt look very attractive! Could anyone give me some ideas about industrial processes which are used to change the colour of a solution to make it look more attractive.

Many thanks,

Alex

submitted by /u/Thesciencetraveller
[link] [comments]

How long does a "toilet plume" last?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 03:51 PM PST

I heard about this recently and i was wondering how long before the air in my bathroom (and the surrounding hallway) aren't contimated with fecal matter anymore and i don't care if its technically not harmful, i am disgusted by the thought of breathing in any of that air at all.

submitted by /u/sadlonerloser
[link] [comments]

How does a computer know whether a number is negative or not?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 02:26 PM PST

Since a computer subtracts by adding the two's complement of a number to another, how would it know if the output is negative?

For example, 2-3 in a 4-bit system is

0010 + 1101 = 1111

1111 converts to -1, but it also converts to 15, so how would it know the difference, because when you ask a computer to perform 2-3, it doesn't give -1 and 15, it only gives -1.

submitted by /u/iIGamingWithRayIi
[link] [comments]

What does the gravity well of an atom look like on a subatomic level? Does each subatomic particle have its own distinguishable gravity well and how steep, for lack of a better word, is the sides of those gravity wells?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 12:09 PM PST

Why is the weekly variation of COVID deaths in the US stronger than the variation of cases?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 08:30 AM PST

Basing my question on the daily case and death graphs here: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/

Both cases and deaths depend strongly on the day of the week, but cases fluctuate by about 20% around the rolling average, and deaths can fluctuate by over 100%. This seems backwards to me...people can decide when they get tested, when they see the doctor, when they go the hospital (to an extent) so I get why it's more common during the week. However, people don't choose when they die. Does this have some boring explanation like the fact that coroners don't work weekends?

submitted by /u/iorgfeflkd
[link] [comments]

Is it possible to make a radio-based “camera”?

Posted: 11 Mar 2021 07:48 AM PST

As I understand it, radio waves are just low-energy photons. Modern camera sensors are obviously designed to capture photons in the visible light spectrum, but a photon's a photon, right? What's stopping someone from making a "camera" that can capture radio waves to do things like looking through walls?

submitted by /u/MaiqWishesYouWell
[link] [comments]

How are adult teeth moving in to place?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 10:30 PM PST

I understand they are pushing into baby teeth and absorbing part of that root so the baby tooth will fall out but what is actually pushing the adult tooth? Is it a group of muscles?

submitted by /u/bjackline
[link] [comments]

While earthquakes are considered a natural disaster now, were they a big deal back when we were just hunters and gatherers?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 09:48 PM PST

Thinking about it, the only reason earthquakes are destructive to us now is because of the sheer amount of buildings we have built everywhere. There's also the tsunami afterwards but ancient people away from the coastline shouldn't have problems even with the strongest of earthquakes.

Am I missing something here, or are they just not as big of a deal before than it is now?

submitted by /u/Ylric
[link] [comments]

These weeks I have seen more volcano and earthquake news than in many months before. Is geological activity having a spike lately?

Posted: 11 Mar 2021 01:58 AM PST

Why aren't covid cases decreasing in Israel with over 55% of the population vaccinated with at least one dose (compared to other countries)?

Posted: 11 Mar 2021 01:00 AM PST

Compare the charts of the daily cases of Israel to other countries especially the USA and Canada. The charts look almost the exact same. Why are the cases not decreasing with 43% fully vaccinated and 55% with at least one dose?

submitted by /u/Original_Sympathy_57
[link] [comments]

Nuclear explosions are often quoted as being i.e. "1000x more powerful than Nagasaki". But are explosions affected by the Square-Cube Law? How much bigger would the blast radius/damage actually be for "1000x the power"?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 12:29 PM PST

When you see "1000x as powerful as the bomb that dropped on Nagasaki", I implicitly assume it would cause 1000x as much damage. But surely that isn't the case?

submitted by /u/Selmingah
[link] [comments]

What impact does alcohol consumption have on the efficacy of the new COVID-19 vaccines?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 03:30 PM PST

Is there any hard data? Do immunologists have any kind of precedent here?

submitted by /u/phanes
[link] [comments]

[electricity] Can we generate electricity by running wheels?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 10:47 PM PST

Can we generate electricity by running wheels (such as car wheels).

When the car move over the road, the flap deflects in downward direction due to the load exerted by the car. Converting the energy into reciprocating motion first and then converting this reciprocating motion into rotary motion. This rotary motion is used to generate the electricity ??

submitted by /u/Haptolus
[link] [comments]

News reports claim moderns 12x less effective against S African variant. What exactly does this mean?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 01:17 PM PST

News reports about covid vaccines claim a recent study found that moderna is about 12x less effective against the south african covid variant. They also claim the pfizer is 10x less effective. I was unable to find out exactly what that means by a typical google search. All the articles I saw repeated the 12x value, rather than breaking it down into numbers per 1000.

Could some kind soul explain what they mean by this?

submitted by /u/romons
[link] [comments]

Wednesday, March 10, 2021

How does a river like the Colorado go from a dribble to this massive river that carved the Southwest?

How does a river like the Colorado go from a dribble to this massive river that carved the Southwest?


How does a river like the Colorado go from a dribble to this massive river that carved the Southwest?

Posted: 09 Mar 2021 12:39 PM PST

What does the coronavirus vaccine effectiveness rate mean?

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 04:23 AM PST

What does it mean that (the coronavirus) vaccine is XX% effective?

As I understand it, after the vaccine is administered, the body produces antibodies. So why is one vaccine 60% effective and another 98% effective? Does this mean that after the administration of the former vaccine, only 60% of the patients produce antibodies?

If so, does checking the antibody test at the appropriate time after the vaccine confirm that the person is protected and that they are in the right percentage of vaccine efficacy?

submitted by /u/KochamJescKisiel
[link] [comments]

Experts say 70% of a population needs immunity to reach the herd threshold. Where I live, in Texas, polls say 1/3 of people refuse to get the vaccination. Can we reach herd immunity?

Posted: 09 Mar 2021 06:42 AM PST

Considering that children are not currently being vaccinated, and studies are showing that immunity is stronger and lasts longer through the vaccine as opposed to infection, how likely is it that we'll actually reach the point people are calling "back to normal"?

submitted by /u/shuckfatthit
[link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 10 Mar 2021 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
[link] [comments]

When one unit is divided by another, that makes intuitive sense - m/h is "miles per hour," or "x miles for every hour". But what is the interpretation of units multiplied together? For example, work is defined as force times distance.

Posted: 09 Mar 2021 12:16 PM PST

This is a big obstacle for me in understanding work and related concepts in my Physics course. I have a good intuitive understanding of divided units - X/Y means that for every unit Y, there is an associated proportion of X.

But for something like work, they're multiplied together. I've seen sources say that work is "the amount of force required to push through a unit length." But if that was the case, shouldn't the unit be force divided by distance? Why the multiplication?

submitted by /u/marshalpol
[link] [comments]

Is it possible for a concussion, especially an untreated one, to worsen the effects of certain conditions or disorders?

Posted: 09 Mar 2021 08:01 AM PST

I know this is going to be a really dumb question and I'm sorry if I sound like an anti vax mom by the end of it.Is it possible for a concussion to worsen the effects of, for example, my autism. I got concussed several years ago, about three months before I recieved my diagnosis, and never really got medical treatment for it, and I am curious as to whether it is possible that it worsened the symptoms? I'm aware it is developmental disorder, so I know I was born with it. I just remember the symptoms being worse since then? Or is it simply a case of I'm just more aware of it now, so it just seems worse, meanwhile it has always been the same?

submitted by /u/Mad-Man-Josh
[link] [comments]

The meteorite EC002 was analysed for Mg/Al isotopes was found to predate the Earth. I guess this is like carbon dating but I don't know anything about Mg/Al dating. How does it work? Are there other chemicals that can be used for astronomical dating that go back that far?

Posted: 09 Mar 2021 02:22 PM PST

Why is coconut oil always used in 'healthy' recipies when oils that are hard at room temperature are typically less healthy?

Posted: 09 Mar 2021 07:18 PM PST

Is there any way to statistically normalize the COVID-19 vaccine efficacy between the different vaccines (AstroZenica, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, Pfizer, etc)?

Posted: 09 Mar 2021 05:41 PM PST

What I mean is that the different vaccines used slightly different methodologies and populations. For example, mentioned in this article:

The Johnson & Johnson trial enrolled more people with hypertension, diabetes and HIV, as well as more people over 60...

So knowing this (as well as other factors like outcome measurement and variants) is there a way to compare these vaccine effectiveness more directly using statistical methodologies?

submitted by /u/hamlet_d
[link] [comments]

Now that cars have "hydrogen fuel cells" that take hydrogen and turn it into power/water, could we build power plants that provide zero pollutants and clean water solving 2 issues?

Posted: 09 Mar 2021 05:23 PM PST

I know hydrogen is the most abundant element in the known universe but that's the the extent of my knowledge on the subject. I saw a commercial claiming their vehicle ran entirely on this technology. How power hungry is collecting hydrogen? If cost efficient (electricity wise) to collect it, would that mean hydrogen vehicles are more green than teslas, seeing as they have to charge using power made at coal/natural gas power plants. Sorry if its the wrong tag. IDK if this fits under engineering or chemistry more.

EDIT:Thanks for the answers. I figured it was the hydrogen extraction that was the problem.

submitted by /u/servireettueri
[link] [comments]

Why are the dosage of SRRIs for the treatment of OCD are usually higher than for depression?

Posted: 09 Mar 2021 04:05 AM PST

That's something that really intrigues me, and I haven't been able to find the answer. When I was reading online, dosage of SRRIs for OCD are usually higher than for other conditions, why is that?

submitted by /u/windiestharp
[link] [comments]

How do both pendulum clocks and watches (few watchmakers actually managed to do it) exactly synchronise with each other through the phenomenon of resonance? I only found generic and vague answers on the internet so I'd like a thorough explanation considering the exact physical phenomenon

Posted: 09 Mar 2021 09:15 AM PST

How does a stomach virus cause stomach cramping?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 07:10 PM PST

What exactly causes someone with cerebral palsy (spastic diplegia) to develop shortened Achilles tendon?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 05:52 PM PST

I've searched about this topic for a while, but haven't been able to find much answers as for how the neural damage caused by cerebral palsy translates into tendon shortening, since most content online seems to regard treatment of the condition. Perphaps I don't have the best sources, but thanks in advance to anyone who would care to enlight me.

submitted by /u/Silver_Wind_
[link] [comments]

What is the one thing that, when changed in HIV, would make it easy for the host to make effective neutralising antibodies against HIV?

Posted: 09 Mar 2021 09:27 AM PST

Tuesday, March 9, 2021

what is the most important component of viral structure as far as invasion is concerned?

what is the most important component of viral structure as far as invasion is concerned?


what is the most important component of viral structure as far as invasion is concerned?

Posted: 09 Mar 2021 02:24 AM PST

Is there a evolutionary benefit for a virus to kill its host?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 05:46 PM PST

Why do manual and automatic transmissions use such wildly different gearing mechanisms?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 02:01 PM PST

I have been watching a bunch of videos on different transmission designs recently, and I am stuck on a seemingly straightforward question. Manual transmissions and automatic transmissions are designed very differently, with the latter using planetary gears and torque converter. My question is: why did automatics switch to this completely different gearing mechanism, vs. just automating the shifts in a manual transmission?

I am aware that clutchless and automated manual transmissions exist, but I am not aware of why the conventional automatic transmission design was adopted instead of them. Is this purely historical? (If so, what happened?) If not, what engineering advantages does a conventional automatic offer over an automated manual transmission? (The wikipedia page on automatic and automated manual transmissions did not give me a clear answer.)

submitted by /u/fathan
[link] [comments]

Do Coronavirus variants such as B.1.1.7 produce different antibodies than the "regular" coronavirus?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 01:31 PM PST

Is there (or will there) be a way that we could tell antibodies apart from different mutations? Or are the variants too similar to each other at this point that the antibodies do not have a detectable difference?

Thanks !

submitted by /u/angryasiancrustacean
[link] [comments]

how do they measure extremely high voltage?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 05:00 PM PST

like do they just stick a bunch of high ohm resistors in series, measure each one and add them up?

submitted by /u/Ferteqw2
[link] [comments]

How does the electromagnetic force act on quarks, if at all?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 12:11 PM PST

Quarks have a charge right? Does this not subject them to the electromagnetic force?
Or does their confinement by the strong force outweighs any influence on the individual quarks, allowing the electromagnetic force to only act on hadrons?

submitted by /u/Deerman-Beerman
[link] [comments]

If the surface of the Earth is cold and the Earth’s mantle is hot, how far down do I have to dig my cave house for it to be a cozy temperature?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 03:34 PM PST

Are there any complex multicellular animals with closed circulatory systems that do not have any sort of immune system?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 08:19 AM PST

I suppose it is safe to assume that those with open circulatory systems have no way of developing a proper immunitary system. Do all animals with closed circulatory systems have an immunitary system, understood as antibodies, antibody-producing cells and killer cells? Or was there some sort of general imunitary function in every cell (producing all sorts of substances to fight off foreign organisms), which was later given to the immunitary cells?

submitted by /u/iannispatriciu
[link] [comments]

What is the scientific definition of "wild" and "domesticated" and how can you tell if an animal is wild or domesticated?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 08:21 AM PST

I ask this because I see ALOT of videos that would imply raccoons and foxes are at least semidomesticated but I see a lot of people say "No, that is a wild animal." Also they say there are no truly wild horses let but I've seen horses in the wild, living without any human care.

submitted by /u/lazy_phoenix
[link] [comments]

What animal grows the least from birth to adulthood?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 08:21 AM PST

I thought of this last night and I can't find a good answer on google. Essentially, what animal is closest to being fully grown when it's born? So far my best guess is fruit fly, but again I haven't been able to find any definitive answers online

submitted by /u/Realkdoth
[link] [comments]

Given a substance's formula, what properties can we predict about it with the help of computers only?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 06:34 AM PST

For example, given the formula of water H2O, can we predict its specific weight (under STP), refractive index,... without any experiments?

submitted by /u/nvmnghia
[link] [comments]

How can deep sea creatures withstand the immense pressure? What’s different in structure between them and humans for example, that allows them to stay unaffected?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 08:12 AM PST

If the resistances against acceleration on Earth aren’t present in barren open space, then what stops me from kicking an asteroid 50x my size as if it were a ping pong ball?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 11:33 AM PST

If I understand correctly there is no friction, air resistance, or weight stopping acceleration in barren space (no gravity or anything) why can't I just pull an entire asteroid with my pinky or kick an asteroid 50x my size as if it were a ping pong ball. This question comes from my confusion about how mass operates and effects things in space when there is no gravity.

submitted by /u/ChipperSnipper
[link] [comments]

What happens to the gravitational potential energy of an object that breaks orbit?

Posted: 08 Mar 2021 02:25 PM PST

As I understand it, doing the work of raising a ball high in the air gives the ball a certain amount of potential energy (gravitational potential energy to be specific). Upon releasing the ball, the potential energy becomes kinetic energy and the ball falls back to the ground.

If instead of raising a ball I was launching a rocket that would break Earth's orbit, what would happen to all the potential energy that the rocket has from being propelled high into the air?

Obviously once breaking orbit the rocket still has to have some amount of kinetic energy to keep it from falling back to Earth, but as it moves further from the planet and the gravitational force of the Earth becomes negligible, what happens to the potential energy that was stored in the rocket?

submitted by /u/scoutingtacos
[link] [comments]