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Thursday, February 25, 2021

Why do vaccines provide longer immunity from a virus than natural infection?

Why do vaccines provide longer immunity from a virus than natural infection?


Why do vaccines provide longer immunity from a virus than natural infection?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 09:38 AM PST

I know that the antibodies released by the B cells in the secondary infection will be more specific to the deactivation of the virus for the vaccine compared to natural infection and other advantages like that. However, I couldn't find much when I was looking for the reason that vaccines provide longer immunity, I was only reading how in both cases there will be memory cells for secondary infection. Sources would be greatly appreciated.

submitted by /u/Awing9
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Is it possible to scale down a linear accelerator for it to fit into a spacecraft to power it by firing particles out of the other end?

Posted: 25 Feb 2021 12:39 AM PST

I was looking at methods of propulsion in space and I was wondering if this was possible.

submitted by /u/oh_lyraj
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Do we know the climate of Pangaea?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 08:30 PM PST

I was wondering if we know the climate of the supercontinent Pangaea, and if we do know then how do we? I tried looking this up but all I got was weather for my town (probably because they both start with p) and the typical description of "Pangaea or Pangea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras." If anyone can answer this question, thank you!

submitted by /u/ILikeBoats01
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Is it a legitimate claim to say that random, erratic weather is a result of climate change?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 09:57 PM PST

I'm just thinking how over the course of a couple weeks we have swung from very cold temperatures on the East Coast in US and now it feels like spring today. So I guess my question is asking if that sharp change could occur under regular weather patterns or is it so because of climate change.

submitted by /u/Gsticks
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Dumb question but, how is Caesium just chilling in the ocean after the Fukushima Daiichi disaster?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 01:01 PM PST

I read about how Caesium-134 and 137 were found found in the ocean after the reactor disaster. But I thought Caesium will always react violently with water. So what is going on with that? Did it react with something else and won't switch? Sorry this is probably a dumb question

submitted by /u/germattack3
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What would happen if a fully vaccinated individual were to contract coronavirus? Would it just feel like a light cold for them or would they literally not get sick at all?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 10:24 PM PST

What happens when the angular quantum number is greater than 3?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 06:48 PM PST

I was learning about quantum numbers, and how the principle quantum number n determines l, the angular momentum quantum number. But when I'm looking at electron configuration for higher elements, it has values of n up 8. This would follow that there are values of l up to 7.

The problem is that I'm only taught up to 3 with the f-block. Can someone please explain this?

On a related note, what is the purpose of the magnetic quantum number? Does it determine which of the orbitals an electron is in within l? Why are some values of it negative and others positive?

Sorry if this is the wrong sub for this question. I just can't find any answers by googling.

submitted by /u/ThePlatinumDragon999
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What is the process for decontaminating sites where nuclear waste is present?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 08:29 AM PST

Just wondering the main stages after a nuclear event both long term and after and if there is regulations for it Also any links to interesting videos on the subject

submitted by /u/plutonium_77
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Do nuclear submarines use the hydrogen they get from electrolysis or just dispose of it?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 02:18 PM PST

Not 100% sure if this is the right flair, call me out if I'm wrong. I'm curious, since nuclear submarines get their O2 from the water surrounding them do they also use the hydrogen for power or even welding purposes? Or do they have other ways of disposing it?

Edit: For some reason I can only see some of the comments... responding is hard when I can't see the comment itself.

submitted by /u/Autistic_Lurker
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Virologists- can you please explain why there needs to be a different antibody test for COVID19 when you were vaccinated vs getting the virus from natural infection?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 05:58 PM PST

Is Adenovirus "escape" from the lysosome into the cytosol species specific?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 08:24 PM PST

I am wondering if human adenovirus was endocytosed/phagocytosed, by an amoeba (for example), would it still be capable of escaping the endosome into the cytosol of the amoeba?

I looked into the literature and all I can say is that nothing I read suggested that it isn't a generic process that could work on any endosome... but that is far from a satisfactory answer.

submitted by /u/Natolx
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Any connection between a shift in the earth's magnetic north pole and the southward Artic jet stream?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 05:08 PM PST

Will a shift of the earth's magnetic north pole (from northern Canada to Siberia) affects the polar vortex, if any? Are we going to expect more frequent Artic jet streams pushing southward if so?

submitted by /u/0b53rv3r
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How can light speed up when passing from a dense to a less dense medium?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 10:26 AM PST

I took a microscopy course recently and have a question related to Refraction.

So, I understand that light slows down when passing into a denser medium. This leads to the light being bend at the border of the two media. (Snell's Law of Refraction) This still makes sense in my head.

But apparently it can also "speed up" when passing from a dense to a less dense medium? How is this possible? Where does the energy for acceleration come from?

I'm studying molecular biology so I don't understand too much about physics ;)

submitted by /u/geneKnockDown-101
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If a hose is against more pressure than what it produces, what happens?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 11:20 AM PST

For example, if a hose spews water at a certain pressure, and it is facing upwards in a relatively deep water body, which creates more pressure than what the hose is exerting, what happens? Does the water go backwards through the hose? Or does it simply stop?

submitted by /u/Diegootmz
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New flu strains evolve and successfully spread every year. Does this mean flu is getting more infectious every year?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 07:49 AM PST

When new strains evolve and spread, this is them evolutionarily out-competing the old strains, right? That is, they're better able to spread their numbers than the old strains are. Isn't this equivalent to saying the new strains are more infectious than the old ones? If so, and this process happens year on year, doesn't that mean the flu virus is evolving to be ever more infectious as time passes?

Or am I misunderstand the way new strains work?

submitted by /u/Wootery
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Could there be a magnet so powerful that it attracts human beings like an ordinary magnet attracts screws/nails?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 02:25 AM PST

I ask because humans contain many metals (iron, calcium, etc.) and also we're like 70% water and I've read that water is lowkey magnetic

submitted by /u/ChadMojito
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Wednesday, February 24, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We are rare disease experts and directors with the NIH, ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are rare disease experts and directors with the NIH, ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are rare disease experts and directors with the NIH, ask us anything!

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

Rare diseases and genetics: Rare diseases affect more than 300 million people globally, but few have approved treatments. Because the majority of rare diseases are genetic, gene-based approaches offer promise for developing new therapies. In observance of Rare Disease Day coming up on February 28, we're a team of experts here raising awareness of rare diseases, advancing clinical research on them and providing resources to the rare diseases community. We'll be here at 1 p.m. (ET, 18 UT), ask us anything!

Username: /u/NIHGov

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How has the flu been affected by the lack of people getting it?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 09:27 AM PST

I've heard about how only around 1k people got the flu in 2020, and I'm curious if this has had any effects on it as far as we know?

submitted by /u/Mrkoolman
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AskScience AMA Series: Hello Reddit! For Medscape Education, we are Dr. Fatima Cody Stanford, Dr. Rachel M. Bond, Dr. John Whyte, and Michael Sapienza ready to answer your questions about Health Equity in the Time of COVID. Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

We will be answering your questions related to health equity from 12:00-3:00p ET (17-20 UT), especially those that have been brought to light during the pandemic. Here's a little bit about each of our backgrounds and how to find us online.

  • Dr. Fatima Cody Stanford is a fellowship trained obesity medicine physician scientist at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School (HMS). She is the Director of Diversity for the Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard and the Director of Anti-Racism Initiatives for the Neuroendocrine Unit at MGH. Twitter @askdrfatima
  • Dr. John Whyte is a physician, author, and Chief Medical Officer @WebMD. He's passionate about changing how we think about health. Twitter @drjohnwhyte
  • Michael Sapienza, CEO of the Colorectal Cancer Alliance. Twitter @coloncancermike
  • Medscape is the leading online global destination for physicians and healthcare professionals worldwide, offering the latest medical news, expert perspectives, and relevant professional education and CME. Twitter @Medscape @MedscapeCME

In the new Clinical Advances in Elevating Health Equity learning center, we take a deeper look into the current state of health care, from structural inequalities to individual patient care. This resource will share interviews, expert commentaries, CME opportunities, and new insights that aim to improve health outcomes for all patients. Check it out: https://www.medscape.org/sites/advances/elevating-health-equity

Ask Us Anything!

Username: /u/Medscape

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What's the latency of the Mars rover Perseverance regarding communications to earth / commands from earth?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 12:59 AM PST

I've read, that the 2012 rover had a latency around 20-40 minutes, depending on the position of the planets. Did the communication become faster?

submitted by /u/dr3am_f1xxx3r
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

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Why do viruses have different ways on affecting the human body instead of having the same impact altogether?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 01:32 AM PST

What I observed on the viruses is that they have unique ways on affecting the human body like for example the COVID-19 virus affects the lungs, kidneys, liver and many more while Rabies affects the brain. What gives them the ability to affect the organs in their own style just like the other pathogens like bacteria?

submitted by /u/TheRealWredge2518
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The Mars Perseverance Rover's Parachute has an asymmetrical pattern to it. Why is that? Why was this pattern chosen?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 11:22 AM PST

Why can't we have contagious vaccines?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 09:13 AM PST

Unless I'm misunderstanding, vaccines are viruses themselves that trigger an immune response which is intended to protect against a specific strain of a closely related virus.

Why can the target be highly contagious, but we can't have a vaccine that is too? Is mutation too much of a risk?

submitted by /u/Lookitsmyvideo
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How do two metals in space bond together?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 09:13 AM PST

How do two metals in space bond together when they touch? I had a friend tell me this and it just blew my mind

submitted by /u/Hotwife_Hannah666
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I am considering using electrolysis to remove rust from a pair of antique Wiss Tailors Shears that have a brass shear bolt that is better left in place. Will the presence of brass on the cathode affect the electrolysis process and vice versa?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 10:37 AM PST

I am debating whether or not to use Evaporust or electrolysis. My concern is that the brass might split into its component elements or in some other way be harmed during electrolysis. Or would this only occur if the brass was on the anode?

Removing the shear bolt is very difficult and replacements are not available in case it is damaged.

Thanks in advance. My last chem class was in the 1970s

submitted by /u/Smith-Corona
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COVID-19 vaccines should not be administered within 14 days of receipt of another vaccine. But why? Especially if they are not live vaccines such as the flu shot or Tdap vaccine? Can vaccines interfere with each other?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 06:28 PM PST

I am a teacher in Ohio and the only way I can get the covid vaccine is through my school. I have to get the first dose on Friday but I'm pregnant (35 weeks) and just got the Tdap vaccine last Wednesday. It will be day 10 when I'm scheduled for the covid vaccine. Will they prevent me from being allowed to get my vaccine?

submitted by /u/kbrown28
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Does ice sublimate in freezers?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 09:40 AM PST

I was looking at the phase diagram of water and I don't understand how ice can sublimate in a freezer. At 1 atmosphere and say, -10 to -15C, it looks like the ice would have to melt before reaching the gas phase. Or the pressure would have to drastically drop. Does ice really sublimate in a freezer and if so, how?

submitted by /u/Enferno82
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How do Computers Use Electricity to Complete Computational Tasks?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 08:42 AM PST

Whenever my computer or Playstation is "working hard" to complete a computationally intensive task, the fan starts whirring to cool the circuitry inside it. I'm guessing that has to do with the amount of electricity being used to complete the task, which is what's generating the heat, but I don't understand how that electricity is used to fulfill the computing task or why more is required for more difficult tasks.

submitted by /u/dyohann3396
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How does the mutation in the DNA lead to a mutation in the CFTR protein resulting in Cystic Fibrosis and the accumulation of thick mucus in the epithelial cells of the lungs?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 05:58 AM PST

I understand WHAT Cystic Fibrosis is, but not HOW it happens.

submitted by /u/Lawad24
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Can an enzyme become a different enzyme after getting denatured?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 02:51 AM PST

Are the biological children of gay people more likely to be gay than the biological children of straight people?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 07:24 PM PST

When I try searching for an answer, I get a bunch of results about whether gay couples can be good adoptive parents, or the affect of fraternal birth order on sexual orientation. This isn't what I'm looking for. Surely in societies where being gay is taboo, a significant number of gay men end up having biological children due to social pressure. I am curious if these children are more likely to be gay. If so, would this lead to a larger percentage of people being gay in societies where homosexuality is oppressed? That would be ironic. Any sources you could point me to would be awesome.

submitted by /u/JamesonLKJ
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The outer planets in our solar system understandably take longer to orbit the sun than the inner planets. Is it possible to have an outer planet that moves so quickly that it completes revolutions more quickly than the inner planets? Or conversely, an inner planet that moves so slowly?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 08:20 PM PST

I'm interested in whether something like this would be possible and what conditions would have to be met (for the planet in question, the star, the other planets, etc.) if so.

submitted by /u/Stormin_the_Castle
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Is there any studies on how Covid has spread in North Korea? Has the country's isolation protected it? In what ways has it managed to spread?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 08:53 AM PST

The Indian subcontinent was an isolated landmass for millions of years. Did unique dinosaurs or wildlife evolve during that time?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 04:28 PM PST

Does your mood affect biochemical processes within your body?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 06:25 PM PST

Is there anything else scientist could learn or gain from a modern day nuclear bomb test?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 08:29 PM PST

The title pretty much says it all. I'm asking because it's been years since the last test and I don't know if there's anything else that could be discovered from doing them for scientific reasons and not military reasons, like discovering elements 119 and 120?

submitted by /u/errornamenotallowed
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Are the vaccine test groups diverse?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 12:03 PM PST

Title pretty much says it.

Are women/people of diverse ages/BIPoC represented in the test groups conducted by pfizer/moderna etc?

On a related note, can I look up the test groups and statistics somewhere? Google yields no results.

submitted by /u/Juranur
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How much of the recent news about magnetic poles flipping is legitimate?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 02:58 PM PST

Not sure if this is flaired appropriately, if not let me know.

I've been seeing a lot of articles lately about the magnetic poles flipping 42,000 years ago and causing extinctions and such. My prior understanding was that the connection between poles flipping and any sort of catastrophic changes was tenuous and heavily disputed, but it seems like the consensus has changed somewhat. All of this seems to follow a relatively recent study based on fossilized and very long-lived trees in New Zealand IIRC. However, I'm not sure how much of what I'm seeing is legitimate and well supported vs. media doing its thing and my feed reacting to my activity and showing me more of the same.

Any insight is appreciated, thanks y'all.

submitted by /u/k3kat_aljabn
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Does taking vitamin-D supplements, influence our own process of making these vitamins?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 01:24 PM PST

Monday, February 22, 2021

Do COVID-19 vaccines prevent Long COVID?

Do COVID-19 vaccines prevent Long COVID?


Do COVID-19 vaccines prevent Long COVID?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 06:04 PM PST

There have been reports that COVID-19 can for some leave lasting damage to organs (heart, lungs, brain), even among people who only had minor symptoms during the infection.

[Q1] Is there any data about prevalence of these problems among those who have been vaccinated?

Since some of the vaccines, notably the one developed by Oxford-AstraZeneca, report ok-ish efficacy in preventing symptomatic COVID-19, but very high efficacy in preventing severe COVID-19, I'm also interested in how does this vaccine fare in comparison to the ones that have higher reported efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19. So, to phrase that as a question: [Q2] should we expect to see higher rates of Long COVID among people vaccinated with vaccine by Oxford-AstraZeneca than among those vaccinated with vaccine by Pfizer-Biontech or Moderna?

submitted by /u/am9qb3JlZmVyZW5jZQ
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What protocol(s) does NASA use to communicate long distances?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 09:32 AM PST

I am looking at https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/rover/communications/ which talks about how the rover communicated with Earth, which is through the orbiter.

I am trying to figure what protocol does the orbiter use? Is it TCP/UDP, or something else? Naively I'd assume TCP since the orbiter would need to resend packets that were lost in space and never made it to Earth.

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What kind of distances would you need in order to show that on a sphere, three 90 deg turns make a triangle?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 04:09 AM PST

First, yes I know the earth isn't a perfect sphere but it should be close enough for this.

So on a "close-enough" sphere, someone should be able to travel some distance, x, make a 90 degree turn and travel x again, make another 90 degree turn, travel x again and return to their point of origin. My question is: what ballpark distance would x need to be in order to demonstrate this?

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Are there more frequently occuring faces? biology/neuroscience

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 07:11 PM PST

What I mean is, are there more common strings of DNA/genetics to determine facial features than others? Or is it related to how I perceive faces?

There have been many times when I see someone and in my head I think they have a "common" face, as in, they share a lot of features and/or a similar composition of those features to a lot of other people I've seen. I don't recognise the person, or think they look average. It's that they just have 'one of those faces' that I see a lot.

I'm wondering if this is actually a thing that has been studied on a genetic level, whether certain sequences of dna are more typical than others, or if it may be more or a neurological thing related to how I process faces and interpret/recognise them.

If it helps, I also don't see identical twins as being fully identical. I think they look VERY similar but they always look different to me. This could be related if its neurological rather than an actual biological phenomenon.

P.S. I don't study science in anyway so apologies if anything I've said sounds dumb haha

submitted by /u/abscissioninbloom546
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is there any real science behind "calming colors"?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 06:59 PM PST

Can painting my walls a pastel blue actually do anything? It sounds fake. Like something a paint brand would come up with to sell more paint.

submitted by /u/Scarlettthereddit
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If you had a hypothetical indestructible submarine that was pressurized and could drill thru solid rock and you drilled right to the exact center of the earth, how would gravity act on you at that center?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 10:05 PM PST

Or would this theoretical submarine break so many physical laws that the outcome is unfathomable? Would you float at that center point? Would you implode into yourself as gravity acts on you from every direction at once?

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How is it determined if a vaccine reduces transmission of the virus?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 05:36 PM PST

Reports are saying that data coming out of Israel shows that the Pfizer / Bio-Tech vaccine is slowing the spread but all I'm seeing in the articles is that it is reducing infection by 89%. How does this relate to the transmission rate? If you are vaccinated and not as likely to get infected, does that automatically mean you are also less likely to spread it?

Article for reference

submitted by /u/reualcda
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What happens to the robots on Mars when they’re done using them? Can we fly them back or do we leave them there?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 07:45 PM PST

Why does the theory of general relativity suggest celestial objects operate on a two dimensional plane?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 09:08 PM PST

Models, which represent the mass of objects, show that as mass increases, the depression in this theoretical two-dimensional plane increases. I wonder, why does this represention of mass rely on the idea of a this plane? Obviously, the universe is three dimensional, so I can not comprehend the idea of massive objects creating a depression in a two dimensional plane, whch contributes to certain properties of gravity. Unless, this is looked at on a smaller scale, such as a solar system, in which most bodies could be coplanar. For the record, I am not familiar with spacetime curvature, or in depth analyses of Einstein's theories of relativity.

TLDR: how do two dimensional representations of three dimensional space time curvature work? How do you break down what exactly the model is showing?

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Besides primates, are there animals that smile?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 08:06 AM PST

Sometimes people think dogs smile when they are panting but do animals actually express happiness with expressions?

submitted by /u/basementdweller123
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Why do we need to take antibiotics at the exact same hour every day?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 05:44 PM PST

Which galaxies could we send probes to?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 11:54 AM PST

Trying to research this. Usually journalists point out that spatial expansion will make other galaxies unreachable through normal transit (disregarding wormholes or similar possibilities). But that's not true because at least one galaxy, Andromedia, is going to merge with our Milky Way galaxy. Obviously at least one galaxy is accessible. Is Andromeda the only one we could send a probe to? How does expansion figure into this? It would be a one-way trip, but is a window of opportunity to send probes or even spread life to other galaxies closing?

submitted by /u/NippleSuckingAsshole
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Are there specific physical or chemical properties that make a material a good conductor (or insulator) of both heat and electricity?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 10:18 PM PST