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Saturday, February 13, 2021

Why do Scientists Bombard Specific Elements to Create New Ones?

Why do Scientists Bombard Specific Elements to Create New Ones?

Why do Scientists Bombard Specific Elements to Create New Ones?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 08:23 PM PST

For Oganesson, it was Calcium and Californium: 20 + 98 = 118. But why not just Praseodymium and Praseodymium? If you bombard element 59 with element 59, shouldn't it also give you element 118?

submitted by /u/PopplioUser3674
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How strong does a container have to be to prevent water from freezing inside it?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 12:48 PM PST

Is it possible to fill a container with water and prevent it from freezing by preventing the ice from expanding?

submitted by /u/Alarming-Wolverine
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how are planetary rings stable ?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 03:02 PM PST

Something just occurred to me, if all extraplanetary masses formed from from gravitational forces acting on small bits of debris pulling them together, and planetary rings are just that except in a stable orbit around a larger mass, how hasn't the same process happened there ?

submitted by /u/somethings_off8817
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Why don't we get blood clots from lying still while we sleep for 8+ hours?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 12:02 PM PST

I watched a video about venous stasis and deep vein thrombosis. I followed the logic and thought that if we lie still for a long period of time while we sleep, what's keeping us from developing blood clots?

submitted by /u/Lord_of_the_Box_Fort
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Is there a theoretical limit to the energy density of lithium ion batteries?

Posted: 13 Feb 2021 08:32 AM PST

Title basically says it. Is there a known physical limit to how energy dense lithium ion batteries could possibly become? If so, how do modern batteries compare to that limit?

submitted by /u/spacemonkeyzoos
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Are there viruses that are benign but highly infectious that we don’t know about until after it’s spread?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 08:31 AM PST

Is it possible to keep creating new elements by just smashing more protons together with enough energy?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 10:00 AM PST

As we "discover" more and more elements with half-lives of picoseconds, will they still be considered actual elements? Can you keep adding energy to hold hold a nucleus together long enough to measure to create a new element?

EDIT: yeah, I know there's neutrons in the nucleus. That doesn't really change the question

submitted by /u/SouthPawXIX
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Why are vaccines in small bottles?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 05:50 PM PST

I always thought that its just the way it is, but during this time I wonder why vaccines are always in such small bottles? Wouldn't big gallon jugs be more efficient?

submitted by /u/mwcotton
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Has there ever been a theory of gravity as an absence of a repulsive force?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 01:13 PM PST

Say, something along the lines of, "mass serves as a shield from xxx particles."

You fall to the ground not because gravity attracts you, but because you are "pushed down" more than you are "pushed up".

submitted by /u/Lodestone123
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Can a tree uprooted in an avalanche or landslide reestablish itself further downhill?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 01:11 PM PST

I was watching a video and several small pine trees were swept away in an avalanche. If they were to settle upright and in a suitable area, would they establish new roots and survive?

submitted by /u/LymphaticFilariasis
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Can we use the blood from someone with O- blood who has built up a tolerance to say rattlesnake venom as a universal antivenom for rattlesnake bites via a simple transfusion?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 10:46 AM PST

Do any other animals give birth to another offspring while still caring for a current offspring, like humans do?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 07:42 AM PST

I saw a photo of a family with a new born when they had 3 other young children and it got me thinking. I wasn't sure if some apes or elephants have another baby when they are currently caring for a baby.

submitted by /u/earthquade
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Do bugs swallow? I’m wondering how do bugs ingest food. Help me out here!

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 10:02 AM PST

Is baking something any different from drying or removing water from it?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 06:22 AM PST

I've recently encountered a few individuals who claim that baking is essentially nothing more than controlled drying. It is my understanding that drying is involved but I was under the impression that there were a wide variety of chemical reactions that occurred that wouldn't exactly be "drying" per se. I've looked at a few of the other related reactions like carmelization and Maillard reactions but I'm not able to say for sure if those aren't also complicated removals of water or caused the removal of water.

submitted by /u/knightfallx66
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What is the composition o the Martian soil?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 04:15 AM PST

Is it similar to Earth's soil? Or the planet chemical composition is too different from our home?

submitted by /u/Gmpao
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What properties should a plant have to be viable for vertical farming?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 06:12 AM PST

Is there any sort of limitation on what plants can be farmed in vertical farms? If so, what would these be?

Additionally, what properties would help a plant in being grown in vertical farms?

submitted by /u/darude11
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If someone had learned a foreign language as a kid( 4 yo), but then stopped using it and therefore forgot it, could he relearn it in his adult life with significant lower effort than others?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 03:20 AM PST

Why do lupus and fibromyalgia mainly affect women?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 02:01 AM PST

I was reading up on both this morning (mother has fibro) and found out that in both about 90% of patients with either condition are women mainly in the childbearing age range. Is there any reason for this?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/white_butterfly1
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What is the most common microorganism you would find in the average water sample?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 02:00 AM PST

Google seems to not be able to understand that sentence, so I'm just hoping someone in the world can give me an answer for this. Every search result says "bacteria" like that isn't literally billions of different species. I mean what is the most common species that you would find inside the average microscope sample? If I pull water out of a random lake near me, what species am I most likely to see?

submitted by /u/AustinQ
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Friday, February 12, 2021

Why are people with poultry at home barred from working in the vaccines industry?

Why are people with poultry at home barred from working in the vaccines industry?

Why are people with poultry at home barred from working in the vaccines industry?

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 02:28 AM PST

AskScience AMA Series: We're Women in STEM. We use ecological data to fight climate change. Ask us anything!

Posted: 12 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

We are scientists working in the Crowther Lab at ETH Zurich:

  • Lalasia Bialic-Murphy, Senior Scientist - /u/LalasiaM I am Lalasia Bialic-Murphy, a Senior Scientist in the Crowther Lab at ETH Zurich and an Adjunct Research Assistant Professor at the University of Tennessee Knoxville. I study the importance of species interactions and abiotic resources (e.g., soil nutrient and water) in shaping the local abundance and geographical distribution of plant populations. I am particularly interested in understanding the mechanisms that drive species rarity and extinction in a changing world. I was also a field biologist for over 12 years, doing rare species management and critical habitat monitoring in Hawai'i. Understanding how on-going environmental change is affecting native ecosystems is critical for developing informed conservation efforts, and this is my passion. Ask me anything. I would also love to hear your experiences and perspectives on these topics. Let's talk!
  • Iris Hordijk, Doctoral Candidate - /u/IrisHordijk I am a third year doctoral student in the Crowther lab, ETH Zürich. My research focusses mainly on global tree species diversity and the relationship with forest functioning. I am interested in the patterns of tree species abundance, what drives species dominance and rarity, and how do dominant species influence forest productivity. Besides, I am passionate about tropical forest ecology and I am involved in a pan-tropical project on forest regeneration with fieldwork in Mexico. Ask me anything you would like to know related to academic life or my research!
  • Niamh Robmann, Data Scientist - /u/nima-rob After my bachelor's degree in Biology where I was mainly interested in anthropology and ecology, I decided to study bioinformatics & computational biology for my master's degree. I ended up doing my master's thesis in the Crowther lab where I was able to combine my interest in ecology and the newly learned tools and knowledge from my master's study program. Now I am working as a Data Scientist in the lab trying to support the group by adding my more data focused perspective.
  • Kenza Amara, Doctoral Candidate - /u/k-amara I am majored in Computer Science and applied mathematics, and chose to apply my technical skills to environmental issues. So, I decided to pursue a Master 2 in Environmental sciences, because I feel very concerned by climate change. I did my Master Thesis at Crowther Lab, which enabled me to work closely with the department of Computer Science at ETH. I will start my PhD in Computer Science in September but I hope to keep close contact with Crowther Lab and its amazing members!
  • Nina Van Tiel, Data Scientist - /u/mountain_goat_11 With a background in bioinformatics and a strong infatuation for coding, I wanted to use my skills to contribute to fighting climate change. Although there is not much fighting in my daily routine, I support projects that strive to understand global ecology and inform responsible ecosystem restoration, for example, by writing efficient code and running machine learning models. I am a feminist with a particular interest in intersectional, eco-, and trans-feminism.

We'll be answering your questions at 14:00-20:00 CET/8:00-14:00 EST (13-19 UT), ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Will the first influenza season after all corona restrictions are lifted be worse than before?

Posted: 11 Feb 2021 02:45 PM PST

It is my understanding that our immune system needs, to some extend, "training" or rather some exposure to germs in everyday life to keep us healthy. To my knowledge, this is also why overuse of desinfectants (e.g. every time you touch something in public spaces) is actually a bad thing.

So, I was wondering whether the next influenza season or some other disease could become worse (meaning more people suffer from it or show more severe symptoms) than before because our immune systems won't be up for the task when the corona restrictions are lifted.

submitted by /u/Krustenkaesee
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Since the Milky Way and Andromeda will eventually merge and grow in size, is it possible for 2 galaxies to snowball until there are no other galaxies?

Posted: 11 Feb 2021 03:30 PM PST

What I mean by snowball is say once the Milky Way and Andromeda collide, since they've grown in mass, they start attracting another galaxy onto a collision course. And then after this that repeats, until it forms one large "super-galaxy" of sorts. This of course most likely wouldn't happen with our 2 galaxies, but out there in the huge universe, there are most likely 2 galaxies that will collide with each other and have good enough conditions to repeat that collision at least a few times, and grow to be a massive galaxy.

But, just as a hypothetical, throwing out the expansion of the universe, and the amount of time it would take for all the galaxies to collide and merge, is this possible?

submitted by /u/Destructuctor
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Is there a relationship between the concept of high entropy and guage symmetry?

Posted: 11 Feb 2021 02:22 PM PST

I'm finishing up "Qbism" by Hans Christian von Baeyer and "The Fabric of the Cosmos" by Brian Greene. I was struck by the similarity of the explanations about the microstates involved in quantifying entropy and the concept of gauge invariance. I can't find much online about the relationship, if there is one. I have a feeling that I may be misunderstanding guage symmetry/invariance so I'll give my best understanding of both. Please correct me on anything that's off!

One concept of entropy would be the number of "microstates" (molecular/atomic structures) that could create a given "macrostate" (observable system). A glass of water has high entropy because the H2O molecules could be organized any-which way and you'd still have the same glass of water.

My understanding of guage symmetry (same as invariance?) its that a field or variable is said to have this property if fiddling with it doesn't change the measurable result.

This makes it seem to me like "high entropy" is a synonym for "guage symmetry", or that there may be some tight connection between the two ideas.

Can someone sort me out please?

submitted by /u/Pvh1103
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Why cant elements with atomic numbers above 94 be found in nature?

Posted: 11 Feb 2021 09:14 AM PST

I thought it had to do with the half life of those elements but Curium 248 has a relatively long half life. Longer than Neptunium isotopes which can be found in trace amounts so why?

submitted by /u/Anubis253
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Due to gravitational time dilation, do I weigh more when standing up vs laying down?

Posted: 11 Feb 2021 02:48 PM PST

Are you able to use computers to be able to tell if somebody has a positive or negative opinion using only sounds?

Posted: 11 Feb 2021 07:03 PM PST

So, I have been thinking to myself that there's a lot of emotions that people have and some experiments have even used that, like the plant experiment where they make people say either nice things or mean things to each specific plant, so that makes me think, is there a way for a computer to be able to tell?

submitted by /u/Ok_Owl6966
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Would organisms that live closer to extreme heat have weaker immune systems?

Posted: 11 Feb 2021 10:28 AM PST

Crustaceans like Lava snails, or the animals that live around heat vents near the bottom of the ocean are what I'm curious about.

submitted by /u/su-5
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vào lúc No comments:

Thursday, February 11, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Jason Schwartz, an expert on vaccine policy and COVID vaccination rollout, and a professor at the Yale School of Public Health. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Jason Schwartz, an expert on vaccine policy and COVID vaccination rollout, and a professor at the Yale School of Public Health. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Jason Schwartz, an expert on vaccine policy and COVID vaccination rollout, and a professor at the Yale School of Public Health. AMA!

Posted: 11 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

I'm a professor of health policy at the Yale School of Public Health. I focus on vaccines and vaccination programs, and since last summer, I've been working exclusively on supporting efforts to accelerate the development, authorization, and distribution of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines. I serve on Connecticut's COVID-19 Vaccine Advisory Group, I testified before Congress on the FDA regulation of these vaccines, and I've published my research and perspectives on COVID vaccination policy in the New England Journal of Medicine and elsewhere.

Last fall, my colleagues and I - including Dr. Rochelle Walensky, now the director of the CDC - published a modeling study that demonstrated the importance of rapid, wide-reaching vaccine implementation and rollout activities to the success of vaccination programs and the eventual end of the pandemic, even more so than the precise efficacy of a particular vaccine. We also wrote an op-ed summarizing our findings and key messages.

Ask me about how the vaccines have been tested and evaluated, what we know about them and what we're still learning, how guidelines for vaccine prioritization have been developed and implemented, how the U.S. federal government and state governments are working to administer vaccines quickly and equitably, and anything else about COVID vaccines and vaccination programs.

More info about me here, and I'm on Twitter at @jasonlschwartz. I'll be on at 1 pm ET (18 UT), AMA!

Proof: link
Username: /u/jasonlschwartz

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why do some people experience more side-effects from vaccines than others?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 11:51 PM PST

A number of people in my life have had the COVID vaccine now and I've noticed some have been quite unwell for a few days and others have had no side effects at all, despite being overall similar in terms of age, sex and health status. Do we know much about why people have different responses?

submitted by /u/emily131
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What will happen when the center of the Milky Way galaxy ceases to exist?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 11:28 PM PST

The earth rotates around the sun, and the sun rotates around the center of the Milky Way galaxy. The center of the Milky Way galaxy is a giant black hole that serves as the acceleration force for our solar system.

What will it feel like for humans on earth when that black hole dies?

submitted by /u/Psychkickk
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In late Spring 2020 several researchers around the world found traces of COVID in samples of things like sewage that were taken before the outbreak. Have any studies followed up on this?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 09:35 AM PST

I remember seeing several articles about scientists finding COVID-19 in sewage samples taken well before the pandemic. If this is true it seems really significant. But I have never read anything further about it. Have these studies been subsequently discredited? If not... what does that mean?

According to this article in The Week, French scientist re-tested samples from pneumonia patients at a hospital and got a positive match as early as December 27, 2019.

Italian scientists found COVID samples in sewage from as far back as Dec 18, 2019 in Milan and Turin according to this abstract on medrxiv.

In another medrxiv abstract Brazillian researches report detecting COVID in two sewage samples in Santa Catalina/Florianopolis as early as November 2019.

According to this Reuters article, scientist from the University of Barcelona testing old sewage samples got a match for COVID-19 as early as March 2019.

Many of these dates far pre-date when the virus was identified in these countries. Some of them pre-date when the first discovery of the virus in China! It seems like these results turn the whole theory of how COVID-19 spread on its head. Has there been any further research to clarify how this is possible? Or that might identify some issue that might have caused these studies to find false positives that predate the pandemic?

submitted by /u/pookie_wocket
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Why are AA and AAA batteries in remotes and other electronic devices typically placed alternately/in opposite directions of each other? Why isn't the standard for them to always be facing nipple up (as In the case of the apple magic mouse)?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 07:29 PM PST

Might be a dumb question, but since the planets are affected by the Sun’s gravity (orbit), does that mean we are slowly moving toward the Sun since gravity pulls objects closer together?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 01:40 PM PST

Why do we use FeCl3 in the production of Egyptian Blue and Prussian Blue?

Posted: 11 Feb 2021 05:27 AM PST

After I saw the production of Egyptian Blue, I started to wonder, "Why do we use FeCl3?" It isn't part of the reaction itself, as the reaction itself is:
CaCO3 + CuO + 4SiO2 → CaCu[Si4O10] + CO2
This lead me to try and search for the answer online, but I haven't been able to find the answer.

submitted by /u/fmarquez1
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How do we know the "stable" isotopes don't just have absurdly long half-lives (as in several magnitutes times the age of the universe)?

Posted: 11 Feb 2021 06:41 AM PST

I know bismuth was formely considered stable until it just had an extremely long half-life.

submitted by /u/hlewagastizholtijaz
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If it is impossible to go the speed of light, couldn't we figure out that "stopped" is in our universe?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 06:50 PM PST

If we somehow, theoretically, went fast enough that we started to see noticeable, recordable effects from approaching the speed of light, then went the other way and did the same, couldn't we figure out what the speed of light is relative to?

I've always wondered this because while we can't go the speed of light, it probably wouldn't be relative to our own star, or the center of our galaxy, so what would it be relative to?

submitted by /u/Unoriginal_Nickname7
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What percent of tap water/ bottled water is actually H2O?

Posted: 11 Feb 2021 05:05 AM PST

I've found lots of articles stating the fact that water contains lots of other dissolved substances, but I can't see exact percentages.

submitted by /u/urimessdoodious
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Is modern infrastructure heat dissipation a concern for global warming?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 07:44 PM PST

A genuine after-thought that's now on my mind, figured this would be the right place to ask something like this (not some anti-global warming thing, because I feel like this has that vibe just asking it).

With all the technological advancements in the last 20-150 years, many household appliances and automobiles generate a ton of waste heat. We counteract this with re-search into heat dissipation tools like radiators/ heat pumps (and more) to transfer waste heat. In some cases appliances that require heat and then output it as waste etc.

I know the earth has ways or methods to radiate heat away, but with the C02 issues in the atmosphere. It has me wondering if nature can't counterbalance these things by natural processes anymore.

Is it possible that we're at a scale (with how big the population & the sheer amount of appliances/ products of the modern era being actively used around the globe) where this could be a possible factor of concern for global warming? or is this just a bogus afterthought?

submitted by /u/Laidan22
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Causes of watershed growth in connection with the position of a river?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 07:05 PM PST

Why do watersheds grow in size as you go downstream of a river?

submitted by /u/ciwi_27
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Why do cameras have focal lengths of, say, 18 to 135mm when the focal length can technically extend to infinity?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 10:29 AM PST

If I take an image of a distance mountain, should the focal length not be ~infinity? How does 135mm make sense, then?

submitted by /u/Akainu18448
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Since when are we capable of analyzing water to find out its mineral content ?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 01:15 PM PST

How are drugs (medicine) invented?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 10:53 AM PST

I am aware of accidental discoveries or side effects that can be used to treat diseases. However, I am courious about what drives a scientist to think: Patient has xxx disease: yyy molecule should cure it.

submitted by /u/patico_cr
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If the cosmic microwave background redshifted to its current frequency since its formation, does this mean that the photons were once visible to the naked eye, since the wavelength must have passed from very short wavelength to visible light to microwave wavelength?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 12:24 PM PST

What is the difference between xylem vessels and tracheids in plants?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 11:51 AM PST

I am currently studying for a second year university midterm for plant biology (intro course for the topic) and there is only a short section in a lecture going over the vasculature of xylem. I am still unclear on what exactly tracheids are (structure and function) so any information would be helpful! Thank you!

submitted by /u/kea2001
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Do brains deteriorate like other organs when people are dying "of old age"?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 09:08 AM PST

Like, if we kept someone's brain in a jar, fed it with oxygen and blood, would the brain stay alive indefinitely? Or would it eventually fail like the other body's organs?

submitted by /u/IamMyles
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vào lúc No comments:

Wednesday, February 10, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: I'm David Pogue, tech and science writer, and host of NOVA PBS' new series Beyond the Elements. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm David Pogue, tech and science writer, and host of NOVA PBS' new series Beyond the Elements. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm David Pogue, tech and science writer, and host of NOVA PBS' new series Beyond the Elements. AMA!

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

A former New York Times weekly tech columnist from 2000 to 2013, I'm a five-time Emmy winner for my stories on CBS News Sunday Morning, a New York Times bestselling author, a five-time TED speaker, and host of 20 NOVA science specials on PBS.

My most recent NOVA special is a mini-series called "Beyond the Elements," a sequel to my 2012 documentary "Hunting the Elements," which has become a staple in science classrooms worldwide. The new show's three one-hour episodes take me on a worldwide quest for the key molecules and chemical reactions that make up human civilization, including concrete and fertilizer, plastic and rubber, fire and venom, explosives and hot peppers.

I've written or cowritten more than 120 books, including dozens in the Missing Manual tech series, which I created in 1999; six books in the For Dummies line (including Macs, Magic, Opera, and Classical Music); two novels (one for middle-schoolers); my three bestselling Pogue's Basics books of tips and shortcuts (on Tech, Money, and Life); my how-to guides iPhone Unlocked and Mac Unlocked; and my 620-page magnum opus, How to Prepare for Climate Change.

After graduating summa cum laude from Yale in 1985 with a distinction in music, I spent 10 years conducting and arranging Broadway musicals in New York. I won a Loeb Award for journalism, two Webby awards, and an honorary doctorate in music. I live in Connecticut and San Francisco with my wife Nicki and our blended brood of five spectacular children.

For a complete list of my columns and videos, and to sign up to get them by email, visit https://authory.com/davidpogue. On Twitter, I'm @pogue; on the web, I'm at www.davidpogue.com. I welcome civil email exchanges at david@pogueman.com, and of course, AMA!

I'll be on at noon (ET; 16 UT), AMA! Username: /u/novapbs

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Would it be possible to cultivate crops in Lunar regolith?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 04:18 AM PST

Space agencies, like NASA, who have done research on growing crops on the moon usually say hydroponics and other similar systems would be ideal for growing crops to be consumed by lunar colonists but as far as I am aware this method is only applicable to crops with shallow roots. This got me wondering if it would be possible to grow root crops, e.g potatoes, carrots and other similar things, using lunar regolith as a growth medium.

So if the colonists were able to set up an area with adequate external needs for the plants such as optimal light, carbon dioxide concentration and enough room to grow would it be possible for plants to properly grow in these conditions if they were to be rooted in Lunar regolith?

If this is possible would these crops be safe for human consumption or would there be issues regarding radiation and the jaggedness of regolith that would make these crops unsafe for consumption? And if so would there be feasible ways to "convert" the regolith so the crops grown in it would be healthy and safe for human consumption?

submitted by /u/dementatron21
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What does the measurement stand for when measuring antibodies?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 03:40 PM PST

I was donating plasma (that is used to treat severely ill Covid-19 patients) again today and she said my antibodies count/level/measurements was at 108, and that it's a lot, since they can only measure up to 120. I just said, oh, cool and didn't ask for more info for some reason. So... what does it mean? What is it that they are measuring, and why is the max at 120?

submitted by /u/Iampepeu
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What is causing the clearly defined line of bubbles part of the way up my glass of Coke?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 04:38 AM PST

Quite a simple question this one, but I couldn't find the answer with a quick bit of googling.

I poured a glass of coke straight from a bottle in the fridge yesterday, and as soon as I finished the pour, there was a very defined line of bubbles about a quarter of the way up the glass. There were just no bubbles in that part of the drink from the start which struck me as odd. The glass only water in it before this.

Here's a photo a few minutes after- the line of bubbles isn't quite as clear as it was, but you get the idea!

Thanks.

submitted by /u/nemesis464
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Why did new, seemingly more dangerous, variants of SARS-CoV-2 take 6+ months to arise?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 06:08 AM PST

It seems like the first 6-9 months of COVID there weren't any new strains reported that were more deadly, contagious, etc, then three popped up all in late 2020. Why is this? Were we just not testing for different variants before? Or just recording and reporting this information?

submitted by /u/Farmfarm17
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Do mRNA vaccines actually get translated into proteins inside human cells or is the RNA sequence itself detected as foreign?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 11:48 AM PST

Sorry for yet another COVID vaccine question, but I haven't seen the mechanism of the vaccine explained anywhere. I assume the shot will basically be a bunch of massively replicated strands of coronavirus spike mRNA... but what are the mechanisms for immunity to occur? I assume if it were just the RNA itself creating a response, we might be able to use cDNA. Thanks!

submitted by /u/the_ship_post
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Assuming we had limitless space and materials; could we build something tall enough that if tipped over, the top would fall at light speed?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 03:51 AM PST

Using earth's gravity.

submitted by /u/UMDickhead
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How did south-western Europe form?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 03:57 AM PST

Many videos of plate tectonics I've seen show Iberia, France, Italy, and the eastern Balkans suddenly appearing at 600 Ma with the colliding of West Africa and the Sahara and the closure of the Pharusian Ocean. How did they just appear? Can accretion form so much land in one go? Were they already accreting, and just were fully formed at that point?

submitted by /u/The_Saurian
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Why do these droplets spread out into star-like patterns as they freeze?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 08:15 AM PST

https://imgur.com/a/DPLP9Ln

We're currently in a cold stretch - roughly 0°F, swinging a little above during the day and a little below at night. Every day, the sun hits these ice crystals on our window and melts them into round water droplets, but it's too cold for them to evaporate. So every night, they refreeze in these sort of star patterns.

Why do they change shape as they freeze, rather than freeze as droplets? I've been thinking about it myself - I assume they start freezing on the outer surface, and water of course expands as it freezes. I'm tempted to think that the glass might be slightly warm under the droplet since it's close to the house, but this phenomenon happens on a screen as well, and in that case both sides are exposed to the cold air.

I've tagged this as physics, but I suspect that a materials scientist could help as well. The pattern reminds me of dendritic crystals that I've seen in additive manufacturing papers.

submitted by /u/ZarnoLite
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Is there any truth to the “everyone’s friends at waterholes” scenes you see in things like The Lion King and The Jungle Book?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 07:21 PM PST

Does what it says on the tin. I'm curious if that actually happens or if it's a free for all.

submitted by /u/made-of-bees
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What does the geological (ice...ological?) structure of the north pole look like?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 10:22 PM PST

So obviously I know that there is no actual land in the north pole, but what does the ice look like? Is it just a big slab of ice flattened by storms or does it have ice versions of regular geological features like mountains, cliffs, etc? Has the melting ice carved out things like caves and valleys? Is it frozen all the way down to the ocean floor in any substantial amount or is it effectively floating? Is there any kind of equivalent to tectonic activity with large sheets of ice?

submitted by /u/ItsReallyJustAHorse
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If the polar ice caps are sitting in the ocean and displacing water, and ice is less dense than water, if the ice caps melt would not ocean levels drop?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 11:39 AM PST

Is it possible to tenderize meat using enzymes (collagenase?)

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 03:57 AM PST

Would it be possible to tenderize meat using some enzyme?

As i understand it collagen is what makes meat tough so could you use an enzyme to break it down to some degree, and is this why people use pinapples to tenderize meat?

submitted by /u/L04ading
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