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Wednesday, February 10, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: I'm David Pogue, tech and science writer, and host of NOVA PBS' new series Beyond the Elements. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm David Pogue, tech and science writer, and host of NOVA PBS' new series Beyond the Elements. AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm David Pogue, tech and science writer, and host of NOVA PBS' new series Beyond the Elements. AMA!

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

A former New York Times weekly tech columnist from 2000 to 2013, I'm a five-time Emmy winner for my stories on CBS News Sunday Morning, a New York Times bestselling author, a five-time TED speaker, and host of 20 NOVA science specials on PBS.

My most recent NOVA special is a mini-series called "Beyond the Elements," a sequel to my 2012 documentary "Hunting the Elements," which has become a staple in science classrooms worldwide. The new show's three one-hour episodes take me on a worldwide quest for the key molecules and chemical reactions that make up human civilization, including concrete and fertilizer, plastic and rubber, fire and venom, explosives and hot peppers.

I've written or cowritten more than 120 books, including dozens in the Missing Manual tech series, which I created in 1999; six books in the For Dummies line (including Macs, Magic, Opera, and Classical Music); two novels (one for middle-schoolers); my three bestselling Pogue's Basics books of tips and shortcuts (on Tech, Money, and Life); my how-to guides iPhone Unlocked and Mac Unlocked; and my 620-page magnum opus, How to Prepare for Climate Change.

After graduating summa cum laude from Yale in 1985 with a distinction in music, I spent 10 years conducting and arranging Broadway musicals in New York. I won a Loeb Award for journalism, two Webby awards, and an honorary doctorate in music. I live in Connecticut and San Francisco with my wife Nicki and our blended brood of five spectacular children.

For a complete list of my columns and videos, and to sign up to get them by email, visit https://authory.com/davidpogue. On Twitter, I'm @pogue; on the web, I'm at www.davidpogue.com. I welcome civil email exchanges at david@pogueman.com, and of course, AMA!

I'll be on at noon (ET; 16 UT), AMA! Username: /u/novapbs

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Would it be possible to cultivate crops in Lunar regolith?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 04:18 AM PST

Space agencies, like NASA, who have done research on growing crops on the moon usually say hydroponics and other similar systems would be ideal for growing crops to be consumed by lunar colonists but as far as I am aware this method is only applicable to crops with shallow roots. This got me wondering if it would be possible to grow root crops, e.g potatoes, carrots and other similar things, using lunar regolith as a growth medium.

So if the colonists were able to set up an area with adequate external needs for the plants such as optimal light, carbon dioxide concentration and enough room to grow would it be possible for plants to properly grow in these conditions if they were to be rooted in Lunar regolith?

If this is possible would these crops be safe for human consumption or would there be issues regarding radiation and the jaggedness of regolith that would make these crops unsafe for consumption? And if so would there be feasible ways to "convert" the regolith so the crops grown in it would be healthy and safe for human consumption?

submitted by /u/dementatron21
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What does the measurement stand for when measuring antibodies?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 03:40 PM PST

I was donating plasma (that is used to treat severely ill Covid-19 patients) again today and she said my antibodies count/level/measurements was at 108, and that it's a lot, since they can only measure up to 120. I just said, oh, cool and didn't ask for more info for some reason. So... what does it mean? What is it that they are measuring, and why is the max at 120?

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What is causing the clearly defined line of bubbles part of the way up my glass of Coke?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 04:38 AM PST

Quite a simple question this one, but I couldn't find the answer with a quick bit of googling.

I poured a glass of coke straight from a bottle in the fridge yesterday, and as soon as I finished the pour, there was a very defined line of bubbles about a quarter of the way up the glass. There were just no bubbles in that part of the drink from the start which struck me as odd. The glass only water in it before this.

Here's a photo a few minutes after- the line of bubbles isn't quite as clear as it was, but you get the idea!

Thanks.

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Why did new, seemingly more dangerous, variants of SARS-CoV-2 take 6+ months to arise?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 06:08 AM PST

It seems like the first 6-9 months of COVID there weren't any new strains reported that were more deadly, contagious, etc, then three popped up all in late 2020. Why is this? Were we just not testing for different variants before? Or just recording and reporting this information?

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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

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Do mRNA vaccines actually get translated into proteins inside human cells or is the RNA sequence itself detected as foreign?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 11:48 AM PST

Sorry for yet another COVID vaccine question, but I haven't seen the mechanism of the vaccine explained anywhere. I assume the shot will basically be a bunch of massively replicated strands of coronavirus spike mRNA... but what are the mechanisms for immunity to occur? I assume if it were just the RNA itself creating a response, we might be able to use cDNA. Thanks!

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Assuming we had limitless space and materials; could we build something tall enough that if tipped over, the top would fall at light speed?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 03:51 AM PST

Using earth's gravity.

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How did south-western Europe form?

Posted: 10 Feb 2021 03:57 AM PST

Many videos of plate tectonics I've seen show Iberia, France, Italy, and the eastern Balkans suddenly appearing at 600 Ma with the colliding of West Africa and the Sahara and the closure of the Pharusian Ocean. How did they just appear? Can accretion form so much land in one go? Were they already accreting, and just were fully formed at that point?

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Why do these droplets spread out into star-like patterns as they freeze?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 08:15 AM PST

https://imgur.com/a/DPLP9Ln

We're currently in a cold stretch - roughly 0°F, swinging a little above during the day and a little below at night. Every day, the sun hits these ice crystals on our window and melts them into round water droplets, but it's too cold for them to evaporate. So every night, they refreeze in these sort of star patterns.

Why do they change shape as they freeze, rather than freeze as droplets? I've been thinking about it myself - I assume they start freezing on the outer surface, and water of course expands as it freezes. I'm tempted to think that the glass might be slightly warm under the droplet since it's close to the house, but this phenomenon happens on a screen as well, and in that case both sides are exposed to the cold air.

I've tagged this as physics, but I suspect that a materials scientist could help as well. The pattern reminds me of dendritic crystals that I've seen in additive manufacturing papers.

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Is there any truth to the “everyone’s friends at waterholes” scenes you see in things like The Lion King and The Jungle Book?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 07:21 PM PST

Does what it says on the tin. I'm curious if that actually happens or if it's a free for all.

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What does the geological (ice...ological?) structure of the north pole look like?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 10:22 PM PST

So obviously I know that there is no actual land in the north pole, but what does the ice look like? Is it just a big slab of ice flattened by storms or does it have ice versions of regular geological features like mountains, cliffs, etc? Has the melting ice carved out things like caves and valleys? Is it frozen all the way down to the ocean floor in any substantial amount or is it effectively floating? Is there any kind of equivalent to tectonic activity with large sheets of ice?

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If the polar ice caps are sitting in the ocean and displacing water, and ice is less dense than water, if the ice caps melt would not ocean levels drop?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 11:39 AM PST

Is it possible to tenderize meat using enzymes (collagenase?)

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 03:57 AM PST

Would it be possible to tenderize meat using some enzyme?

As i understand it collagen is what makes meat tough so could you use an enzyme to break it down to some degree, and is this why people use pinapples to tenderize meat?

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Tuesday, February 9, 2021

Which planet has the best "moonlight"?

Which planet has the best "moonlight"?


Which planet has the best "moonlight"?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 11:46 PM PST

Now I know most planets with satellites (in our solar system) are gas giants with no real atmosphere. So they are unlikely to have any "night sky" at all. But I just want to confirm this

submitted by /u/catonawheel
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What happens to noise energy once you can no longer hear the noise?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 01:46 AM PST

Does it just become very spread out noise that we can't hear, or does it turn into something else like heat?

submitted by /u/ClamJamFree
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What is the difference of de Broglie's wavelength as opposed to the regular formula?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 01:48 AM PST

So I get that de Broglie came up with the idea of λ = h/p

One thing I can't get into my mind is how does this differ from the regular formula λ = v/f?

Obviously the formulas differ since the first one relates momentum and the wavelength. But if I had a ball, and were asked to measure the wavelength (which it does have since everything behaves like a wave and a particle), will I get the same result if I used either?

I tried solving this for photons (measuring their wavelength), and I got 2 totally different answers. I tried to measure the wavelength of a ball by using both too, but since h is so small, I get 2 totally different answers.

Why is this? When should I use which formula?

submitted by /u/Peterwifebeater69
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How can an electron have a positive and negative spin?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 06:23 AM PST

I am in eleventh grade and we are just introduced to the concept of quantum numbers so my question may sound very stupid as I don't fully understand quantum numbers and I am still very new to it🙏🙏

If I have my facts right, spin quantum numbers are used to calculate the spin of an electron and if the electron spins clockwise it is given a certain positive value and if it spins anticlockwise it is given a negative value But If you look at a electron (spinning clockwise) from the opposite side it rotates anticlockwise. So does it not have a negative value from one side and a positive value from the other side?

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How far in a body of water can soap break surface tension? What's happening in-between no surface tension and where it reforms?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 05:17 AM PST

So if you're to put some soap in a sink, the whole surface tension of the water is gone. But if you were to theoretically put the same amount in a body of water the size of the ocean, surely it couldn't break the entire surface tension of the ocean. How far does the broken surface tension reach, and how could it reform while having a hole in the middle of it? My question is assuming no turbulence in the water, not the actual ocean, but a huge still body of water

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How do flu epidemics start? Is there a "Patient 0"? Is it some other mechanism?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 03:40 AM PST

As per the title.

I've wondered whether flu pandemics just start from a mutation of the existing flu, or is it something that's introduced from outside the species and finds humans an amenable host.

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Does electrical current have something similar to a water hammer?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 08:07 PM PST

I understand that electrical current is the flow of electrons through a conductor. It is often compared the water flowing through a pipe. When water is rapidly shut off it can cause a water hammer. Does something similar happen when electrical current is rapidly stopped?

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Is there a link between Acute Hemopericardium and a high level of Potassium in a deceased person?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 02:06 PM PST

My father died 4 years ago and the toxicologist couldn't figure out how there was a high level of Potassium in his body, I was wondering if anyone knows?

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I've noticed when I observe a gorilla, or monkey, they walk on their knuckles and feet, but they're classified as bipedal. Why is this the case?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 07:34 PM PST

If you put multiple wind turbines one behind the other pointed the same direction and the air was hitting them perfectly would each successive turbine produce less energy than the previous?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 07:10 PM PST

I understand that some of the wind would be deflected slightly where the blade is at, but for the most part I feel like the wind column would go straight through the blades, so if another one was behind it how would it affect its energy output?

Any insight is appreciated, I've been curious about this for a really long time.

Thanks!

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Timescale of Nebula formation?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 05:22 PM PST

Basically title; for instance we're due to see the supernova of Betelgeuse in around the next million years, and we will be able to see that happen and watch whatever happens afterwards. If that's a nebula forming , what sort of timescale does it happen over ? Like how long does it take for the supernova to end and the nebula to be fully formed ? I'm unsure of the timescale of the end of a stars life and what happens afterwards if anyone could tell me that would be epic thanks.

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What was special about Polio that allowed its vaccine to be taken orally instead of by injection?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 03:59 PM PST

I assume if it were possible for say, the flu, we would be doing that by now. But I've heard that the polio vaccine was commonly administered by sugar cube to my parents' generation.

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Why is it difficult to make very dense liquid?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 01:59 PM PST

I was reading this article, article in question , today about energy storage using a very dense liquid instead of water as the fluid that is used. In this case it's 2.5x more dense than water and there for the supposed benefit is that your facility can be smaller and not as high.

I looked up more about heavy liquids and was surprised on how few there were and how they didn't really get much about 3x the density of water. wiki list of them

I appreciate that there is a saturation point that's reached with water but was surprised there were not other liquids that could achieve more.

So Q's

what's stopping there being readily available heavy liquids that are 4,5,6 x as dense as water

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Have humans influenced bird whistling with music?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 11:30 AM PST

Is there any evidence of music being an influence on bird calls where the patterns would mimic the music of their surrounding area?

I remember reading an article years ago about how birds from different areas have had their call patterns influenced by the music surrounding them. An example was how birds living in urban setting followed something that resembled a sort of hip-hop beat. I could not remember if it was an actual article or something from a website which is the main reason I am asking.

submitted by /u/Theworstmaker
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What causes the phospholipids that make up the plasma membranes to bond together?

Posted: 09 Feb 2021 12:12 AM PST

Are the phospholipids even chemically bonded? Is it the cytoskeleton that holds the membrane together? I put chemistry as the flair because I assume it's a chemical force hold the phospholipids of the plasma membrane of a cell together, but I have no idea.

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How do black holes lose mass?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 06:36 PM PST

I saw something about Hawking Radiation and it's effects on black holes. It describes a scenario by which black holes can decrease in mass by the spontaneous formation of pairs of particles; one of these particle has mass and the other has negative mass. Usually these particles annihilate each other shortly after their formation but when this event occurs near the event horizon of a black hole it is possible for the particle with mass to escape and be observed as radiation, and the negative mass (anti-mass?) particle can "fall" in to the black hole and decrement the black hole's mass.

My question. If events beyond the event horizon can not be said to ever actually occur in the timeline of an outside observer, then how can any of this activity ever take place? And how could we observe a black hole losing mass by some mechanism taking place beyond the event horizon?

Perhaps I'm misunderstanding this and this action is actually taking place "outside" the black hole in the mass that I assume we would see smeared around the cusp of the event horizon (matter that has been "captured" by the black hole after it's formation). But if that is the case, is it true that all of a black hole's mass actually resides in some sort of sphere just outside the event horizon? That doesn't sound correct either. I assumed this Hawking Radiation effect was taking place on the "singularity's" mass, "inside" the black hole. Again though, perhaps I am fundamentally misunderstanding something.

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Why do plane contrails create 'smoke rings'?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 04:27 PM PST

Was reading this article from Scientific American that tries to explain the rare phenomenon of vortex rings appearing in plane contrails:

Crow Instability causes the vortices to develop symmetric sinusoidal oscillations and eventually to merge and form vortex rings behind the jet. This instability can be triggered by turbulence in the surrounding air or by local variation in air temperature or density, which may itself be the result of the stratification of the atmosphere.

After skimming through a wikipedia article on vortices (the 'Crow Instability' one is a stub), I gathered that 'rings' or vortices are formed when a fast moving fluid meets resistance against a slower moving one, so that the friction in the interface between the two creates the vortex. I do not understand what symmetrical sinusoidal oscillations have to do with the formation of vortex rings. And if turbulence is all that is required, why doesn't one see 'ring contrails' more often?

submitted by /u/nickoskal024
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How is it possible that a vaccine has x% efficacy preventing severe illness, but less than x% efficacy when preventing mild illness?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 09:50 PM PST

Is being able to prevent mild not a prerequisite to preventing severe?

submitted by /u/Betapig
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What is the difference between gravitational waves and (hypothetical) gravitons?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 09:24 AM PST

When gravitational waves were first detected, I had the intuition to compare them to gravitions in the same sense that electromagnetic waves are photons. Are gravitational waves a large amount of gravitons, of which we are unable to detect the single quanta, or are they fundamentally different?

submitted by /u/quincium
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Why does the pressure need to be low in fluorescent tubes and cathodic tubes?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 01:53 PM PST

Basically the title.

submitted by /u/sneakycheetos
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Why is PSI used as a measurement of for liquid form fluids?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 08:27 AM PST

My understanding of gasses and liquids are this: gasses are inherently compressible. I can take 2 cubic feet of air and stuff it into 1 cubic foot of volume. Liquids are, from what I've gathered and been taught, not compressible, or at least not very compressible. However, in my time in the Navy, we had fireman loops that ran at designated pressures that didn't discharge. If only 1 cubic foot of volume can house 1 cubic foot of water, how is it that the water can exert a force on housing its in?

Does this make sense? I can try and elaborate it it doesn't.

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Monday, February 8, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We are Bechara Choucair, Carole Johnson, and Tim Manning, the vaccine, testing, and supply coordinators for the White House COVID-19 Response Team. AUA!

AskScience AMA Series: We are Bechara Choucair, Carole Johnson, and Tim Manning, the vaccine, testing, and supply coordinators for the White House COVID-19 Response Team. AUA!


AskScience AMA Series: We are Bechara Choucair, Carole Johnson, and Tim Manning, the vaccine, testing, and supply coordinators for the White House COVID-19 Response Team. AUA!

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

I'm Dr. Bechara Choucair and I'm the national vaccinations coordinator for the COVID-19 Response Team, focusing on coordinating the timely, safe, and equitable delivery of COVID-19 vaccinations for the U.S. population, in close partnership with relevant federal departments and agencies, as well as state and local authorities. I also leads our effort to administer 100 million vaccinations in the first 100 days. Before this, I was SVP and chief health officer at Kaiser Permanente and commissioner of the Chicago Department of Public Health before that.

I'm Carole Johnson and I'm the national testing coordinator for the COVID-19 Response Team. I previously served as the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Human Services, managing the state's largest agency including Medicaid, child care, food assistance, aging services, and mental health and substance use disorder treatment. For more than five years, I served in the Obama White House as senior health policy advisor and a member of the Domestic Policy Council health team working on Affordable Care Act implementation issues and public health challenges like Ebola and Zika. I also worked on Capitol Hill for members of three key health committees - Senate Finance, House Ways and Means, and Senate Aging - and in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Health Resources and Services Administration, the Alliance of Community Health Plans, the Pew Charitable Trusts, and the American Heart Association.

I'm Tim Manning and I'm the national supply chain coordinator for the COVID-19 Response Team. I'm an emergency manager, doing disaster and emergency response for the past 25 years; I've worked at the local and state level, and served in FEMA for eight years as a Deputy Administrator. I've been a firefighter and EMT, and I know first-hand the importance of having the equipment and supplies you need, when you need it on the front lines of a crisis. Right now, I work with teams across the government - from the Department of Defense to the Department of Health and Human Services - to ensure our country has the supplies we need, not just now but into the future too.

We will be joining you all at 5 PM ET (22 UT), AUA!

Username: /u/thewhitehouse
Proof: twitter (this is a verified AMA)

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Are huge Saharan features caused by erosion?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 06:07 AM PST

When looking at a detailed globe, there are some huge structures that look like the remnants of ancient water or ice erosion, but could also be an illusion of rock formation. A very clear example of this is a 700km by 500km "fan" straddling the Chad-Libya border. Most of Mauritania looks like it is "flowing" west to the Atlantic, and there is a large parenthesis shape ")" covering most of Saudi Arabia.

What are these structures? Do they have a name?

submitted by /u/bohoky
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Other than the Inuit sled dogs and Carolina dogs, are there any pre-Columbian domestic dog lineages left in the Americas? Additionally, is there much in a way of dog landrace formation in current Native American reservations?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 07:53 PM PST

Looking at wikipedia, there's been a number of extint breeds due to European contact, in North American neck of the woods...kind of curious as to whether there's much information available on existing dog populations.

submitted by /u/WaxyWingie
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Can liquid oxygen occur naturally?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 07:15 PM PST

I was just wondering if liquid oxygen could occur naturally, on this or any other planet? We've found asteroids full of metals and minerals and such floating around in space, and it just occurred to me that it may be possible to find other things as well.

submitted by /u/constructofamind
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What is propylene glycol in the Covid vaccines derived from?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 08:20 AM PST

As the vaccines have propylene glycol in them, do both the vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna derive the propylene glycol from vegetable sources or petroleum?

submitted by /u/artgreendog
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Could previous exposure to an Adenovirus virus based Covid vaccine, such as the Oxford-Astrazeneca vaccine result in higher side effects or lower immunogenicity in the event of a re-administration with such a vaccine updated to account for variants of concern?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 03:40 AM PST

AIUI there's an issue with the immune system beginning to recognize the vector (the adenovirus in this case) itself as foreign with repeated dosages & that leading to a more pronounced immune response (& more pronounced side effects) after the second shot. So I'm wondering what the picture looks like if people need a 3rd & 4th shot of a tweaked adenovirus vaccine in say 6 months.

submitted by /u/bnndforfatantagonism
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Moderna indicated it’s booster shot in development is likely to work at a lower dosage than the existing vaccine, allowing for manufacture of a far greater number of doses. Why is that?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 08:10 AM PST

Moderna indicated it could "potentially make as many as eight times as many doses with its existing manufacturing footprint" due to the need for a lower dose. Is this common for all vaccines that booster shots only need a much smaller dose, and if so how come?

For reference, the Moderna comment came from this article: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-04/pfizer-pfe-moderna-mrna-race-to-make-vaccines-for-covid-variants

submitted by /u/dch222
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Why is the Oxford vaccine affected by the SA variant but not the Pfizer vaccine?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 08:04 AM PST

Aren't essentially *all* novel viruses zoonotic in origin?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 10:41 PM PST

It's been widely reported that SARS-CoV-2 is zoonotic in origin, and it likely crossed over from bats, etc.

A virus that is zoonotic is one that has jumped from an animal to a human.

So by extension, a virus that is not zoonotic is one that started solely in humans.

I find this a bit odd. Given the sheer magnitude of various other species on Earth, wouldn't essentially all viruses start off as zoonotic in nature? Are there actually novel viruses in which their genesis is solely, 100%, in humans?

My thinking is that pretty much all the human viruses we have today were initially zoonotic in nature - it's just that over time they've adapted to infecting humans very well, and perhaps over time they've evolved to no longer be able to actively infect other animals.

submitted by /u/cartographer00
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Is it possible to get the corona virus after getting two doses of the vaccine? If so why?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 11:17 PM PST

If the coronavirus keeps mutating to evade our vaccines, like the South African mutation, and we keep on updating vaccines to protect against the new variants, would the virus ever “run out” of new mutations to try?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 05:24 AM PST

Just thinking of the worst case scenario where every time we create a new vaccine the coronavirus mutates again to get around it. Is the number of possible mutations that could affect vaccine response limited in any way?

submitted by /u/username-alrdy-takn
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What determines if a celestial body will have an atmosphere?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 02:50 PM PST

I know the sun and all planets except mercury are known to have an atmosphere, alongside Saturn's moon Titan, but I haven't heard of a satellite like Triton or the Galilean moons having an atmosphere? Is there more to it besides size?

submitted by /u/LawMurphy
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Why hasn't the US FDA authorized the use of Sinopharm vaccine yet? And when is it expected to be authorized?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 07:56 AM PST

Why is the CDC Vaccine Daily Count different from the Daily Change?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 07:50 AM PST

I have been watching the counts of Covid-19 vaccinations on the CDC web site, at: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccination-trends . It's generally up, so that's good!

But, there are several different graphs that you can show: Daily Count, Cumulative, and Daily Change. I don't understand what the difference is between Daily Count and Daily Change; I would think that they would be the same, since the change in the number of cumulative shots (the Daily Change) should be the number of shots given (the Daily Count). The graphs are significantly different. Which one is right? How do they reconcile?

submitted by /u/beezlebub33
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How does the influenza antigen maintain an ability to bind to human cell receptors even as it constantly mutates?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 07:52 PM PST

It seems that influenza can keep mutating so that the immune system cannot recognize it, but somehow it still can gain entry to the cell. How do so many different influenza antigens bind to the same receptor?

submitted by /u/ayyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
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Is there a metric for adhesive strength?

Posted: 06 Feb 2021 10:36 PM PST

And what is the level of difference between a band aid and duct tape?

submitted by /u/Terran_Dominion
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Why does the speed increase in a divergent nozzle, when the air flow is supersonic ?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 12:13 AM PST

Can bacteria orbit a bowling ball ?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 10:01 PM PST

Can somthing really small but still not in the subatomical scale like say bacteria orbit around somthing big like a bowling ball or a 10 meter diameter steel ball ?

submitted by /u/menzelianoo
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Why does the CFTR (cystic fibrosis conductance regulator) protein allow for passive diffusion of chloride out of the cell?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 11:48 PM PST

i thought chloride's concentration gradient is down into the cell (due to a larger concentration of chloride outside of the cell compared to the inside) but cftr allows for passive diffusion of chloride out of the cell. how is it that chloride flows passively out of the cell?

submitted by /u/AstrologicalFit
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How do babies acquire their gut bacteria?

Posted: 08 Feb 2021 03:21 AM PST

I heard that a significant amount of human weight and waste is made up of gut bacteria. But how do we, especially babies, get it when everyone is sterilizing everything all the time? Do breast fed babies have different bacteria to formula fed babies?

submitted by /u/Highteaatmidnight
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How do we know a substance is toxic without poisoning someone with it?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 12:10 PM PST

What do non-human primates do with their dead? How do they mourn them? What do they do with their bodies?

Posted: 06 Feb 2021 12:52 PM PST

The asteroid that killed the dinosaurs is believed to have hit the Earth in the relatively shallow waters of what is now the Gulf of Mexico. If the same asteroid had instead landed in, say, the Mariana Trench of the Pacific Ocean, would the impact have been as devastating for the Earth's climate?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 11:23 AM PST

How does your brain keep rhythm in music? And is it the same part that controls your ability to keep track of longer durations?

Posted: 07 Feb 2021 10:19 PM PST