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Monday, February 1, 2021

If you dug a hole straight down to the other side of the earth, what would happen if you dropped something through it?

If you dug a hole straight down to the other side of the earth, what would happen if you dropped something through it?


If you dug a hole straight down to the other side of the earth, what would happen if you dropped something through it?

Posted: 01 Feb 2021 03:44 AM PST

This is pretending there's no core or anything of that matter that would effect it. How would gravity effect it? What would happen? Would it get stuck in the middle, would it gain enough velocity to shoot out the other side?

submitted by /u/Tight-Start1795
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How do we know if sound cames from behind or from front?

Posted: 01 Feb 2021 04:32 AM PST

We have two ears, so sound going from left or right is slightly delayed in one ear. I believe this is how we can recognize if sound comes from right or left side. But how can one say if sound comes from front or behind?

submitted by /u/uniqiq
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What gives a steel cable so much more tensile strength than a steel rod?

Posted: 31 Jan 2021 09:31 AM PST

How did people find out about the Earth’s core and if other planets have a core?

Posted: 31 Jan 2021 01:23 PM PST

I'm just wondering because the Earth's core is really deep down that nobody can get to it so I'm wondering how people found out there's a core. Also I know some planets have one and other planets don't but how did scientists find out about them? Also what would happen if the Earth's core somehow got put out? I'm just really curious about it and it was a topic my friends were talking about and it was interesting! I'd love any answers/explanations thank you! 💕

submitted by /u/Virgo_moons
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Is the extra 1 mg in a dose of aspirin really necessary?

Posted: 01 Feb 2021 02:39 AM PST

I'm an EMT. Part of our protocol for chest pain is 324mg baby aspirin PO, which is broken down into four 81 mg tablets.

Does that extra milligram make a substantial difference? Why not just make it an even 80/320 mg? I've asked my paramedic partner, who has thirty years experience, and he couldn't really tell me anything, and neither could google. This is something I've been wondering for a while now. TYIA

submitted by /u/white_mage_dot_exe
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How did Avogadro find his number/constant?

Posted: 31 Jan 2021 10:15 PM PST

It greatly baffles me. Also how does that number apply to all atoms/ions/molecules? Or does it even?

submitted by /u/candyflora
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Why are Covid tests least accurate when you’re most contagious?

Posted: 31 Jan 2021 11:28 AM PST

According to Harvard Health, "the rate of false negatives... varies depending on how long infection has been present: in one study, the false-negative rate was 20% when testing was performed five days after symptoms began, but much higher (up to 100%) earlier in infection" (source 1). So molecular tests are least effective when you first show symptoms, however other studies find people are most contagious during the first five days. "A study published yesterday in The Lancet Microbe shows that COVID-19 is most contagious in the first 5 days after symptom onset" (Source 2). How is this possible? Source 1: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/which-test-is-best-for-covid-19-2020081020734 Source 2: https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/11/covid-19-most-contagious-first-5-days-illness-study-finds

submitted by /u/jonas4sberg
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How does the asymptomatic rate of coronavirus compare to other illnesses?

Posted: 31 Jan 2021 04:24 PM PST

How does the asymptomatic rate of coronavirus compare to other illnesses ?

submitted by /u/Sheepherder_Nearby
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Do Microbiologists build immunity to laboratory organisms?

Posted: 31 Jan 2021 02:24 PM PST

Do microbiologists that work in close proximity to harmful organisms build immunity to them?

submitted by /u/OptimisticLosers
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How is the time energy uncertainty principal related to calculating energies?

Posted: 31 Jan 2021 10:29 PM PST

Say a particle is "created" somehow. Does that mean that the time energy uncertainty principle states that the variance in E decreases? Also, does that mean that if this created particle is put into an infinite square well that it will not have definite energy in a particular eigenstate, but that the variance of the energy will tend to zero as time goes on?

submitted by /u/CheekyCheetah1
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How concerned should we be about potential ADE with future mutations of SARS-CoV-2?

Posted: 31 Jan 2021 09:20 AM PST

Should we be concerned that future mutations might completely evade the current vaccines, or worse that antibodies from vaccines (or natural infection) might trigger antibody-dependent enhancement with future variants?

Should we be concerned that vaccines and antibody treatments might actually pressure the virus to evolve that way?

There is some suspicion that the UK variant was "brewed" in a patient who received antibody treatment (virological.org link below)

https://virological.org/.../preliminary-genomic.../563

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00149-1

https://www.biorxiv.org/.../10.1101/2020.12.18.423358v1.full

https://www.medrxiv.org/.../2020.10.08.20209114v1.full-text

submitted by /u/daviddem
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Before the discovery of surgery to sepaetae them, how did conjoined twins coexist?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 09:46 PM PST

Sunday, January 31, 2021

A chicken egg is 40% calcium. How do chickens source enough calcium to make 1-2 eggs per day?

A chicken egg is 40% calcium. How do chickens source enough calcium to make 1-2 eggs per day?


A chicken egg is 40% calcium. How do chickens source enough calcium to make 1-2 eggs per day?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 02:24 PM PST

The lowest temperature ever recorded was -89C in Antarctica. Was CO2 sublimating on the ground? If so, are there layers of solid CO2 at the south pole?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 02:26 PM PST

According to wikipedia, the lowest temperature on earth was recorded to -89 C at Vostok Station

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowest_temperature_recorded_on_Earth

CO2 sublimates at -78 C. Was there CO2 sublimating as solid onto the ground, or even snowing down, at Vostok Station when that happened, and if so, it is plausible that layers of solid CO2 are present at the south pole. Is there any research on this?

submitted by /u/_Gen_Xer_
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What are the Criteria for a Virus Strain Graduate into a New Virus?

Posted: 31 Jan 2021 12:57 AM PST

I know that SARS and COVID19 are related, but why are they regarded as separate viruses and Influenza isn't?

submitted by /u/VladimirTheDonald
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If you damage receptors in your brain do they return?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 07:13 AM PST

Specifically serotonin receptors (MDMA, hallucinogens)

Dopamine receptors (Meth, other stimulants)

GABA (benzos, alcohol)

It seems neurotransmitter levels can rebalance pretty reliably, but I wonder if damage to the receptors themselves from drugs can cause a sort of permanent state of feeling terrible

submitted by /u/blondicon
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How is genetic variation within and between human populations calculated?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 11:23 PM PST

The fact that there is much more genetic variation within a population, which would previously be referred to as 'race', than between such populations is commonly used to argue against existence of races in humans. What procedure is used to evaluate genetic variation within and between populations, when used in this sense? What proportion of within group and between groups variation would be required to conclude that races exist and why?

submitted by /u/Oldanko
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If heart attacks are due to rupture of stable atherosclerotic plaques, shouldn’t we be stenting all coronary arteries with plaques rather than just the ones that are “70% blocked” or so on an angiogram?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 02:55 PM PST

Won't a 20% blocked coronary artery still get occluded if the plaque ruptured and was followed by a thrombotic reaction to obstruct blood flow?

submitted by /u/Octangle94
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Will the Philippines actually sink?

Posted: 31 Jan 2021 12:26 AM PST

I don't know if this article is real or a hoax https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/the-philippines-will-be-underwater-in-30-years-inquirer and it really triggers me if I should save enough money and move to a place where I can't be submerged in water and 'the end of the story' or not worry at all and its just a hoax.

submitted by /u/DTAKOP
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How does dehydration cause edema?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 12:37 PM PST

so, as far as i know, dehydration means lower blood volume, which means lower blood pressure, while edema is mostly caused by high blood pressure in the veins.

submitted by /u/HelloMortalss
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How would orbits work if gravity wasn't inversely proportional to the distance squared?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 08:53 AM PST

I just watched a video where someone tried and failed to achieve an orbit in the game Space Engineers, and a commenter said that the gravity decreases linearly in the game, resulting in "a non conservative field of force", so only a perfectly circular orbit would be stable. Another person responded to that by saying that "there are orbits in systems with linear falloff, it uses distance in a higher power".

I got curious as to how would these orbits work, but i couldn't find information about them, so, what do the things in quotations mean, and how do different types of strength falloff affect orbits and trajectories?

submitted by /u/yopassthesalt
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How is Earth’s rotation slowing down overtime?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 12:35 PM PST

I understand it has to do with the Moon pulling away, so there are a bunch of follow up questions... please bear with me 😂

  • Why is the Moon pulling away from Earth?

  • What exactly does the Moon do to Earth's rotation in the first place?

  • Will there eventually be a time, billions and billions of years away, where the Earth will completely stop spinning as a result of this?

submitted by /u/josiegfk
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How is Insulin consumed in the body after its creation ?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 12:14 PM PST

I understand the pancreas creates insulin when we eat. What consumes it? What is the chemical process that removes it from the bloodstream (whether it simply decays into certain molecules, or gets transformed when it does its work with cells, or something else).

Insulin's by-product, C-Peptides, are created whenever Insulin is created. Similarly, what consumes the C-Peptides?

submitted by /u/jjolla888
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How are the calories of foods determined?

Posted: 29 Jan 2021 05:45 PM PST

What do they do to find the calories of packaged food? Is it something someone can do with meals they cook themselves?

submitted by /u/BirbActivist
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Does genetic makeup affect vaccine effectivity?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 02:51 AM PST

Just a simple question on whether genes can affect the effectivity of a vaccine.

submitted by /u/Prejudged_Seeker
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Saturday, January 30, 2021

Why don't we see more places like Pompeii (Vesuvius tragedy)? Why is that not a concern today for those living near volcanoes?

Why don't we see more places like Pompeii (Vesuvius tragedy)? Why is that not a concern today for those living near volcanoes?


Why don't we see more places like Pompeii (Vesuvius tragedy)? Why is that not a concern today for those living near volcanoes?

Posted: 29 Jan 2021 05:54 PM PST

I get that volcanoes typically aren't super scary, because of warnings and evacuation and all that - but the heat flash that came out of nowhere and killed everybody within seconds - has that only happened once that we know of? Couldn't it happen again in Hawaii or Japan or anywhere else with a city near a volcano?

submitted by /u/heyimjason
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Now that we have multiple vaccines approved for preventing covid, what's keeping laboratories around the world of pooling together their resources and producing doses for 100% of the world population in weeks instead of years?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 03:49 AM PST

I'm focusing on possible technical limitations rather than political ones. Is there a maximum theoretical rate at which you can produce a given vaccine? Is it raw materials, equipment, work force? At a sale price of 2 or 5 USD a dose, it's relatively cheap to produce and easily payable by the world's countries combined.

submitted by /u/rlemmie
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Why is it that a vaccine like J&J can reduce severity of Covid-19 even in cases where it doesn’t provide full immunity?

Posted: 29 Jan 2021 12:08 PM PST

The trials indicated that full immunity varied by country, probably due to the different strains. But it was effective at reducing severity across the board at similar rates, regardless of strain. Why does that happen?

submitted by /u/dch222
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How are Flu Vaccines created and tested each year in time?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 04:38 AM PST

If there are multiple strains of flu that keep mutating each year and the determination of which flu strains to vaccinate against are decided in the February prior to each flu season, how are manufacturers able to create and test the efficacy of the vaccine in time? How does that process compare with the COVID vaccines development and testing, particularly with regard to the COVID vaccines that are being produced using the standard method of using eggs?

submitted by /u/Crayola_Chomper
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How do lie detectors work? How accurate are they?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 06:06 AM PST

(in theory) Could you create a fission reaction with any element if its brought to an near unstable state or isotope?, and what would you need to use to create this reaction for different elements?

Posted: 30 Jan 2021 05:57 AM PST

How does long term, childhood trauma physically change the body? And are the effects reversible?

Posted: 29 Jan 2021 06:56 AM PST

How efficient is modern lighting technology (e.g. LED lighting) at converting energy to visible light? What are the factors limiting higher efficiency? Are they likely to ever be overcome?

Posted: 29 Jan 2021 10:43 AM PST

I tagged the question as Engineering since I'm asking about the current practical applications, but it seems to also fit Physics just as well.

As a follow-up question that was too long to fit the title, what major breakthroughs are we likely to see (if any)? Anything new "just around the corner"?

submitted by /u/twowheels
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Why do scientists listen for radio waves when looking for intelligent life?

Posted: 29 Jan 2021 07:26 AM PST

Wouldn't it stand to reason a species that has invented intergalactic travel would have something more advanced than radio waves?

submitted by /u/DietSnapple9
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Are the seemingly chaotic curves of the small intestine the same in almost everybody, like the shape of the hand, or do they follow different paths in different people?

Posted: 29 Jan 2021 01:12 AM PST

About Newton’s third law... if I push a toy car and an equal and opposite reaction is exerted on my hand as I do so by the point of application of the force, wouldn’t the two forces cancel each other out and the car would remain in equilibrium?

Posted: 29 Jan 2021 10:15 AM PST

Has the impact of contracting COVID when vaccinated be studied? Until that, what are the expectaitons?

Posted: 29 Jan 2021 01:56 PM PST

Current COVID vaccines are not 100% efficacious—not claiming any vaccine ought to. While Pfizer/BionTech and Moderna near it with, respectively, 95% and 94.1% efficacy, other vaccines such as Astrazeneca's and JNJ get a lower efficacy, respectively, of 60-70% and 66%.

The efficacy of all vaccines could be lower to COVID variants (UK variant, South Africa variant, Brazil variant), for instance Novavax which has 89% as overall efficacy, but downs to 49.4% to South African variant.

The vaccines though have proved nonetheless to reduce the severity of disease, such as no vaccinated volunteer being hospitalized from COVID in Moderna's and AZ's Phase 3 trials (which may mean 100% efficacy against hospitalization).

The question is, if you're in the unlucky percentage, what is expected to happen in your body if you turn positive some way to Sars-cov2? People normally affected from COVID can have mild or none symptoms to moderate/severe conditions such as pneumonia, organ's damage, low O2, blood clots, or death. Can you still develop pneumonia even if your immunity is at its best? Can you become a Covid long hauler?

The impact of reducing (or eliminating) hospitalizations by the vaccines is reassuring, but more would be (for me and many other people, I suppose) knowing more about it. If for example, a different variant (like SA or Brazilian) will become dominant, mining even the best vaccines' efficacy. Or just if you're unlucky enough in your country to get able only to take a lower efficacy vaccine.

submitted by /u/R0gerBlack
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How is a flat phone battery activated wirelessly to charge up again?

Posted: 29 Jan 2021 04:50 AM PST

i.e. your phone is completely dead and you place it on the wireless charging pad

How does the phone 'know' the charging field is present, enough to be able to start charging?

submitted by /u/turbo_dude
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Friday, January 29, 2021

Is contagious yawning a cultural/learned thing or is it hardwired into us?

Is contagious yawning a cultural/learned thing or is it hardwired into us?


Is contagious yawning a cultural/learned thing or is it hardwired into us?

Posted: 28 Jan 2021 10:14 PM PST

When I see someone else yawn it's almost automatic that I will yawn. Even just writing this made me yawn.

But I've noticed that my young children don't do this.

So is my instinct to yawn because there is some innate connection in human brains or is this something I do because grew up around would do it and I learned it from them?

Maybe another way to ask this would be are there cultures that don't have this? (I've seen pop psychology stuff taking about psychopaths and sociopaths but doing it. That's not what I'm referring to, I mean a large majority of a group not doing it)

submitted by /u/AlbinoBeefalo
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Are there flying arthropods that aren't insects?

Posted: 28 Jan 2021 08:59 PM PST

Would the USA accept European approvals for Novavax (and other vaccines), or does it still require US trials?

Posted: 29 Jan 2021 05:15 AM PST

Are there scientific differences in how EU vs US trials are performed?

Does the FDA allow this in exceptional times (like the current pandemic?)

submitted by /u/crimson117
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Can heavy rain cause the sea level to rise temporarily in that area?

Posted: 28 Jan 2021 07:54 PM PST

What is the fate of lipid nanoparticles in certain COVID-19 vaccines?

Posted: 29 Jan 2021 05:24 AM PST

Relatively little attention seems to be given to the lipid nanoparticle formulations when discussing the safety and efficacy of the new mRNA vaccines.

It would seem the lipid nanoparticles are needed to make an efficacious vaccine, but what do we know about the short and long-term fate of these lipid nanoparticles inside the human body?

submitted by /u/a_sesquipedalian
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What is the difference between Pathology, Pathogenicity and Pathogenesis of a virus?

Posted: 29 Jan 2021 03:50 AM PST

Why did Earth's rotational velocity recently increase?

Posted: 28 Jan 2021 07:47 PM PST

I keep reading that we're thinking of taking away the "Leap Second" this year because Earth's velocity increased in 2020, but I'm seeing little explanation for why that might occur. Some super large rock formation moving around in the lower mantle? Some weird phenomenon in the core? What are the most plausible explanations?

submitted by /u/HybridVigor
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Are the new Coronavirus strains popping up meaningfully different from the original variant that saw mass infection?

Posted: 28 Jan 2021 06:34 PM PST

Afaik it's commonly accepted in the scientific community that over time pathogens typically become more and more mild. The idea being that you want to still infect your host, as that is essential for survival, but the more you disrupt their ability to survive the less likely you are able to spread and thus survive yourself. In humans there is also the added pressure to evolve this way because we actively combat severe pathogens but don't to nearly the same extent with the more mild ones. A good example of this effect would be something like a common cold.

Beyond just being physically different from their ancestor, how are the new strains popping up around the world different? Are they less/more lethal? Less/more infectious? Cause more/less long-term damage?

I'm quite curious to see if the phenomenon I described is occuring within the COVID-19 virus, essentially, and if this rule-of-thumb in Pathology is observable in this specific instance.

submitted by /u/Mdrogun
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At the beginning of the vaccin trials it was said that the change for those trials to fail was very large, did any of those trials actually fail, and how much did so?

Posted: 29 Jan 2021 02:03 AM PST

At the start of the vaccin trails I read many times on reddit that the chance for the trials to fail is larger than success. But since then I haven't heard of any failed trials and cancelled vaccin research. Were there any vaccine researches that were cancelled? And how is it possible that the most talked about vaccin researches all succeeded? Were the numbers people gave at the beginning regarding the chance of such trials to fail false?

(Sorry for bad formulation, English is not my first language)

submitted by /u/Sophie_333
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Why do photons get absorbed and quickly expelled in the radiation zone but get absorbed and held in the convection zone?

Posted: 28 Jan 2021 07:24 PM PST

I am talking about stars here. Photons are generated in the core and then get emitted and then get absorbed and expelled by nuclei and protons in the radiation zone, however once it reaches the convection zone then it gets absorbed and the energy stays with the particle until it hits the surface.

I am wondering why this happens.

submitted by /u/Broooooo12345
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Are carbon dating methods reliable?

Posted: 28 Jan 2021 07:42 PM PST

Hello everyone. I'm new to this subreddit, but I have a question. Is carbon dating reliable? I have heard many rebuttals from young earthers who claim things such as: *water (a flood) tampers with carbon dating methods *rocks where we know the age (i.e formed in an eruption or lab made) date millions of years old *carbon levels were not always the same I am not a scientist, so this video has me stumped. Any and all answers are appreciated. Thanks!

https://youtu.be/fg6MfnmxPB4

submitted by /u/klauver
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Why do viruses make you sick ?

Posted: 28 Jan 2021 09:33 AM PST

The only goal of a virus is to multiply. Making you sick does not help that goal. Killing the host will kill all the virus in it also. So why have most viruses not evolved to harmlessly enter their hosts?

submitted by /u/muffireddit2
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What is the relationship between vomiting and brain injuries?

Posted: 28 Jan 2021 08:45 PM PST

Traumatic brain injuries have vomiting as one of their possible symptoms. What is it about brain injuries that trigger vomiting?

submitted by /u/Benjips
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Why do ion thrusters produce so little thrust?

Posted: 28 Jan 2021 08:51 PM PST

What law of physics forbid it from having higher thrust?

submitted by /u/Gabriel38
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How is a magnetar formed compared to a neutron star?

Posted: 28 Jan 2021 01:26 AM PST

So I think understand that a magnetar is a form of neutron star and both are created by the collapse of a larger type of star, but what causes one to be a magnetar specifically? Is it related to the entropy of that specific star car similar to what I was reading in a previous post? Or is there something I'm completely misunderstanding?

submitted by /u/karbon91
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