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Saturday, January 23, 2021

Could an electric car have only regenerative brakes and no conventional friction brakes?

Could an electric car have only regenerative brakes and no conventional friction brakes?


Could an electric car have only regenerative brakes and no conventional friction brakes?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 10:10 AM PST

My understanding is that combustion cars have brakes that turn the car's kinetic energy into heat energy, and electric cars have both these conventional brakes and can also do regenerative braking that turns some of the car's kinetic energy into electricity instead of heat. The reason they have both is that regenerative brakes can't apply nearly as much braking force as normal brakes. My question is, would it be possible for regenerative braking to be engineered to be capable of stopping a car just as quickly/effectively as conventional friction brakes can?

submitted by /u/vrama628
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Can an object ever get hotter than the thing that’s heating it?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 10:42 AM PST

I had the hot water running on my kitchen sponge fit a couple minutes and it got really hot and got me thinking - is it possible?

Object A is a heat source heating up Object B. Under constant heat can Object B ever end up hotter than object A?

submitted by /u/PM_ME_UR_RECIPEZ
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Can a virus ever be truly airborne?

Posted: 23 Jan 2021 06:04 AM PST

With all the talks about covid being airborne, I was thinking: can there ever be a deadly virus that would survive and multiply in atmosphere like it does in a human body?

submitted by /u/Vaxis
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How do laser measuring devices have such high precision?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 12:06 PM PST

So I just bought a laser measuring device for around $25. It seems to read down to 1/16 inch precision. Now I got curious and did the math to figure out what the round trip time for light to travel 1/16 inch and its around 1.0E-11 second. So what I am wondering is, how is that even possible to have a micro processor time something that fast. The fastest processor speed that I can find has a clock speed of around 8Ghz. Even if the cheapo components in my $25 laser measure is actually hitting those kind of speeds, the light would travel about 2 inches in one clock cycle, which would mean it could count in inches, not sixteenths. The math says it would need to be counting up around 1800Ghz to count with 1/16" precision. (a 1/16" distance equates to a 1/8" round trip, and a 900Ghz clock will have a 1/8" round trip per tick, but your precision is half your sampling speed, so you need at least double that, right? so 1800Ghz)

Is there some other principle going on than simply timing the return trip of the light? The fastest transistors that I can find are in the 300Ghz range.

submitted by /u/nathanjshaffer
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Has any research been done about the effects of the vaccine on women attempting to get pregnant?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 12:02 PM PST

I've seen it recommended that if you are pregnant, that you do not get the vaccine during that time. As stated in the comments of this previous post: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/k6ixqj/has_there_been_any_research_on_covid19_vaccines/

But, has there been any research about receiving the vaccine when you're attempting to get pregnant or plan to be in the near future?

The CDC's site says "Women who are trying to become pregnant do not need to avoid pregnancy after receiving an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine." with no other information. But this leads me to believe there have at least been considerations about this, but I can't seem to find any other information.

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/TanBurn
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If Mars needs an atmosphere to be terraformed and carbon dioxide can contribute to thickening the atmosphere, why can’t we kill two birds with one stone and ship the excess carbon dioxide from Earth to Mars?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 10:15 PM PST

Probably a very stupid question, but it doesn't seem like we'll be making any major jumps in cleaning our atmosphere, so why not outsource it? The costs to ship the CO2 would obviously be pretty extraordinary, but we'd be preventing global warming on Earth while building another planet to one day sustain life. It can't be that easy, right?

submitted by /u/VladdyTheDaddyPutin
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How does drain unblocker gel work?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 07:38 AM PST

How does it remove hair etc without any need for me to physically do anything?

submitted by /u/pleasant-thoughts
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Vinyl records; how can one needle pick up the vibrations of an entire orchestra?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 01:02 PM PST

Why does it not take one groove for each instrument? I have googled it, but left-right side of the groove equals left-right channel which gives stereo does not explain to me how 2 or 10 or 50 instruments can be represented in just one groove.

submitted by /u/SnuteB
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Why would the vaccine becoming less effective be all the more reason to get the vaccine?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 11:47 PM PST

A dip in the vaccines' effectiveness would be "all the more reason why we should be vaccinating as many people as you possibly can," Fauci added.

"Fauci: New data shows Covid vaccines may be less effective against some strains" https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2021/01/21/dr-fauci-says-covid-vaccines-appear-to-be-less-effective-against-some-new-strains.html

submitted by /u/KratomDrinker727
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will antibodies from natural infection work against the new mutations?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 07:35 PM PST

i am aware that the vaccines work on the UK variant and maybe the others as well. i am wondering if when you originally get covid and develop antibodies will you get protected from the variants or do you 100% get reinfected?

submitted by /u/alex_gaming_9987
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Any way to tell whether a vaccinated person was previously an asymptomatic COVID-19 carrier?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 06:29 PM PST

Prior to the vaccine, I could have done antibody testing to see if I had been an asymptomatic carrier. Since there are so many long term effects (lung ds, brain ts changes), I can see it being useful knowledge down the road.

I've now received one dose of vaccine; will we ever know if I was an asymptomatic carrier of COVID-19? Or has that ship sailed?

submitted by /u/ut_pictura
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Is associative memory the same as episodic memory? Or is there a difference?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 03:07 PM PST

Wikipedia says it's a declarative memory and episodically based. So I was just wondering if the two names are interchangeable, or they're distinct.

submitted by /u/Dahaaaa
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Why is it that alkanes have higher enthalpies of combustion?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 12:59 PM PST

For pentane vs pentanol, for example, this is the complete combustion (balanced to have equal number of moles of pentanol and pentane):

Pentanol: 2 C2H11OH (l) +15 O2 (g) → 10 CO2 (g)+ 12 H2O (g)+ energy

Pentane: 2 C5H12 (l) + 16 O2 (g)→ 10 CO2 (g)+ 12 H2O (g)+ energy

(Formula for enthalpy of combustion: bonds broken - bonds formed) (I think)

So since the products are the same (bond formed), then the change is at the bonds broken. From my understanding, pentane (higher enthalpy of combustion) should have less energy "wasted" in breaking bonds, as pentane's reactants should have weaker (or less) bonds.

However pentane's combustion has one extra O2 bond, so does that mean that pentanol's bonds are so much stronger (because of the OH) than pentane's to the point where even with the extra O2 molecule it takes more energy to break the bonds of pentanol's combustion rather than the bonds of pentanol's reaction?

I know that there are also incomplete combustions, but my teacher told me that just by looking at the complete combustion I should see why pentane has a higher enthalpy.

At least from my little understanding of chemistry that's the conclusion I reached but I'm not sure.

Sorry for bad English, its not my first language and sometimes I express myself unclearly.

submitted by /u/ILikeTurrttless
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How does the upward force decide if an object floats or not?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 11:12 AM PST

So if there's a box in let's say water, there is an upward force working up on it (archimedes principle).

What my book doesn't explain, are the other pressures acting on the box. I know there's the atmoshperic pressure which is distributed through the water/liquid, but it's the same in all directions so we don't have to count it.

Does the gravitational force also have an affect on if the box floats or not on the water? What happens if the gravitational force is greater than the upwards pressure and the other way around?

submitted by /u/Peterwifebeater69
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How much soil does a tree actually consume?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 05:36 PM PST

My sister was complaining that she can gain a couple of pounds from eating a few ounces of fudge. I told her it's not just the fudge; food combines with water when stored as fat. I then thought a good example would be a tree that consumes very little soil, but still ends up weighing many tons from the air and water it consumes.

So I would like to quantify that, but all my google searches about how much soil a tree consumes point me to articles about how much soil a tree needs to be planted in, but not how much it actually consumes.

My question is, what percentage of its weight is from air and water? Does it use anything from the soil other than trace minerals dissolved in water, that amount to only a few pounds in a mature tree?

submitted by /u/noclue2k
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Friday, January 22, 2021

How much energy is spent on fighting air resistance vs other effects when driving on a highway?

How much energy is spent on fighting air resistance vs other effects when driving on a highway?


How much energy is spent on fighting air resistance vs other effects when driving on a highway?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 05:21 PM PST

I'm thinking about how mass affects range in electric vehicles. While energy spent during city driving that includes starting and stopping obviously is affected by mass (as braking doesn't give 100% back), keeping a constant speed on a highway should be possible to split into different forms of friction. Driving in e.g. 100 km/hr with a Tesla model 3, how much of the energy consumption is from air resistance vs friction with the road etc?

I can work with the square formula for air resistance, but other forms of friction is harder, so would love to see what people know about this!

submitted by /u/andershaf
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What insects/arthropods have the highest neuron counts?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 07:16 PM PST

Tarantulas? Portia spiders? Mantis shrimp? Praying Mantises? Goliath beetles? Social insects? Social spiders?

submitted by /u/inquilinekea
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Are all stables isotopes naturally occurring?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 02:32 PM PST

I was wondering if there are any entirely synthetic stable(i.e. non-radioactive isotopes). For instance, a stable isotope of iron that does not occur naturally but has been synthetically produced?

Edit: just noticed the title has a typo. "Stables"🤦

submitted by /u/ChaoticAnu_start
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How did the continental crust originally form?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 03:43 AM PST

Is a crust with such extreme variation in thickness unique to Earth in the solar system? I know we have found vulcanism on other planets, but do any have continents like ours, or something analogous?

I've been wondering about this for a few days and the only thing I've come up with is that it could somehow be a result of the collision which formed the moon, but since the whole planet would have been molten I can't really see how that would work. My best guess is that the fast-spinning Earth concentrated more mass in a band around the equator which ended up going on to form the original continental crust. Obviously things would have moved around a lot since then.

Does this make any sense?

submitted by /u/Fluglichkeiten
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What causes Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle to be true?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 08:39 PM PST

I've seen three explanations for the reason Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle occurs. I'm not going to iterate them because I don't want to unduly influence responses, so I'll keep it simple: why is ΔxΔp ≥ h/4π ?

Edit: why did I think momentum was rho?

submitted by /u/Downer_Guy
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Why is there doppler beaming with light when an object moves at a substantial fraction of the speed of light?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 05:00 AM PST

Light always travels at a constant rate, so why would the rate at which at which an object approaches an observer change the brightness? Is the light more directional when an object approaches the observer at a substantial portion of the speed of light?

submitted by /u/theessentialnexus
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If quantum physics breaks down at relativistic speeds and relativity theory breaks down at the quantum level, how do high energy physicists get anything done?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 12:44 AM PST

What is the biggest possible yield for a nuclear bomb?

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 02:02 AM PST

The biggest ever nuclear bomb, the Tzar bomba had a yield of 50 megatons. Would it be possible to build nukes in the Gigaton or even Terraton range?

submitted by /u/Adept-Matter
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Does the body naturally produce ethanol ?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 10:20 PM PST

Does the body naturally produce ethanol in a normal setting ? And if it does what would happen if the production stopped ? Would it go unnoticed to the body ? Just asking to know if there's a secret opposite to drunkenness.

submitted by /u/Fantadialo
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Aside from Covid, are there other viruses that cause you to lose your sense of smell / taste?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 03:00 PM PST

Adenovirus vaccines: If someone gets an Ad26 COVID-19 vaccine, does that mean any other Ad26-based vaccine will be less effective on me in the future, due to immunity?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 02:36 PM PST

Text says most of it. I was reading that Ad26 is being used for the J&J COVID-19 vaccine because a lot of people are already partially immune to Ad5.

Will receiving an Ad26-based vaccine (for COVID-19, for example) mean that a future Ad26-based vaccine will not work as well on that same person, due to partial or full immunity to Ad26? If so, to what degree?

submitted by /u/lannister80
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What is the timeline of mRNA vaccine response?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 09:36 AM PST

Hey! Just got my second dose so my sore arm is making me think a lot about what's going on in my body 😂 I've been doing quite a bit of reading but the one thing I can't find anywhere is the time ranges/onset of the mRNA vaccine process. For example how quickly does the cell start producing the antigen? When does it peak? When is the mRNA degraded? When is the immune response nonspecific? When does the specific kick in? Why did 2 weeks seem to be important for immunity after dose 1- is this when the memory cells are actually formed? Basically I'd love if someone could walk me through the timeline of the process!

Thanks!

submitted by /u/forgotmyact
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Do geostationary objects have no time dilation due to relative velocity differences from the perspective of the ground under them?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 06:13 PM PST

Objects in geostationary orbit maintain a fixed distance from a point on the ground (correct me if I'm wrong). In my mind this seems to mean there is no relative velocity difference between them. Does this mean there is no time dilation due to relative velocity differences for geostationary objects from the perspective of the ground under them?

submitted by /u/jeremy210k314
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Does the edge of a galaxy have most of the young stars compared to it's core?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 11:10 AM PST

Thursday, January 21, 2021

What percentage of a human fart is produced by bacteria, and what percentage is actually produced by *you* ?

What percentage of a human fart is produced by bacteria, and what percentage is actually produced by *you* ?


What percentage of a human fart is produced by bacteria, and what percentage is actually produced by *you* ?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 10:40 PM PST

A lot of the gas in farts is produced by bacteria, but how much? When I fart, am I mostly just farting out some other organism's farts? Or is the majority of the gas in my farts gas that I made myself?

submitted by /u/flabby_kat
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How did humans figure out that the ocean tides had anything to do with the moon?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 09:31 PM PST

Early humans certainly realized that tides occurs with predictable regularity. And they knew that the moon had a predictable, regular cycle.

But it's not nearly as obvious to the naked eye that there is a causal relationship between the tides and the celestial body hanging out in the sky.

When did we figure out that the moon causes the tides, and what proved it?

submitted by /u/nekochanwich
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What is the meaning and scope of yesterday's (20/01) notice by the WHO about the reliability of PCR COVID-19 tests?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 05:49 AM PST

https://www.who.int/news/item/20-01-2021-who-information-notice-for-ivd-users-2020-05

[this] means that the probability that a person who has a positive result is truly infected with SARS-CoV-2 decreases as prevalence decreases

submitted by /u/gooblefrump
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Is it rare that planet earth has such a wide variety of elements in its crust and atmosphere?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 03:02 AM PST

This might seem like an odd question, or even a stupid one, but after searching online for a more concrete answer I couldn't find anything. So I hope you don't mind me turning to here.

I'll start by explaining my question slightly better. We know that 74% ish of all mater in the universe is Hydrogen or Helium, and that the higher the atomic number the less there tends to be in the universe, (generally speaking). So compared to Hydrogen and Helium, you would expect to find a lot less iron, copper, gold, etc if you took a random area of space.

My question is if these elements are only created by the collapse of stars, and that they are quite infrequent, how is it that we have at least 90 different elements found naturally in and around the earth?

An offshoot of this question is, are we lucky to be seemingly rich in a diverse amount of elements? Would it have been possible that our earth was comprised mostly of copper, with tiny amounts of other useful elements? If so, then why were we so lucky? Is it a result of us being here, that to do so we needed these conditions, even if relatively speaking these conditions are very unlikely - like the Goldilocks zone of element variety. Or is my prior statement not the case, do we actually have a disproportionate amount of some elements, but an individual can't really gauge that? Any insight would be much appreciated! It's been bugging me, and google showed no answers

submitted by /u/Rosslefrancais
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How do supercomputers work with many CPU's and GPU's?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 05:20 AM PST

Normal computers have problems making SLI run and I think its actually becoming less of a thing lately, yet supercomputers have truck loads of GPU's and CPU's all working together to render some massive weather data or something else?

Why cant I have multiple GPU's and CPU's in a normal PC? Specially the CPU's, since I know SLI for GPU's is at least somewhat a thing.

submitted by /u/KaktitsM
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Are there any cases of animals caring for disabled offspring?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 08:56 PM PST

What is the science behind blacklights (color, visible spectrum, chemical makeup, etc.)?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 09:12 PM PST

Okay so the title may be a bit deceiving for what I'm asking... I've done my Googling, but there's just some things I would really like to learn about blacklights.

  1. Why can't I photograph a blacklight CFL bulb the way it appears to my eyes? When I power one, I see sort of like a deep plum, but also a blue/white? I'm not sure how to explain it. When I try to photograph it, it comes out pink and kind of teal. I was thinking maybe it was because cameras and see a greater spectrum than our eyes, but I'm not sure.

  2. What exactly is so "special" about the phosphor coating in a blacklight flourescent tube or CFL that makes it different than a regular flourescent light?

My bulb has a dark glass, and it looks like a purple film inside... I'm assuming it's a blacklight blue bulb, for reference. I find this stuff so interesting, I just need answers!!!

I'm into photography and 3D rendering in tools like blender and recreating what I'm seeing with my eyes is so difficult. I feel like if I had a better understanding how blacklights and the spectrum of light worked, then it would all come together. :)

Thanks guys!

submitted by /u/I-dont-get-it-21
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Prevent sea level rise by removing boats?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 03:14 AM PST

Could we potentially prevent (or for a better word postpone) sea level rise for places like Kiribati, etc. if we removed all boats, ships and other man-made floating devices from the ocean? Would this have a large impact?

submitted by /u/saschavino
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Are there non-von Neumann computers? If not, why did the architecture need a name? It's not as though there's a dearth of things named after von Neumann.

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 05:22 PM PST

What would happen if we installed artificial poles on the moon to protect astronauts from solar flares?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 01:22 PM PST

Would creating an artificial electro-magnetic field around the moon cause any adverse effects? Would it be useful for protecting astronauts from solar flares or would lunar regolith radiation shields be more effective and economical.

submitted by /u/Farrt1
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Fur is believed to have evolved at least 200 million years ago, before the divergence of monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. Why are depictions of mammalian ancestors so often shown without fur?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 08:24 PM PST

(especially stem mammals from the early triassic and even late permian)

submitted by /u/catras_new_haircut
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How does the immune system not clear cells carrying the mRNA vaccine?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 02:31 PM PST

Hello /r/askscience!

My colleagues and I (all bio-lab people) are a bit stumped on this bit. We understand that the Covid vaccine carries mRNA in a lipid membrane, that is then carried into cells and translated into protein. Then this protein is presented to the immune system (How though? On the cellular membrane, or through MHC?)

We also understand that the immune system recognizes this as foreign and thus will develop antibodies. What we don't quite get is why the immune system (Through for instance CD8 Tcells) doesn't start wiping out all the "infected" human cells. To my knowledge, none of the vaccines noted any cell death as a result of jab. I had some suggestions, but I don't really got a solid answer for this either.
- Is the mRNA degraded by the time the CD8 cells are active, so that the "infected" cells are cured again?
- Are there perhaps cytokines or other markers absent in an "infection" caused by a RNA vaccine that prevent T-cell killing?
- Is it something else entirely?

Hope to hear your thoughts!

submitted by /u/Thedutchjelle
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How can both [Cu(H2O)4]2+ and [Cu(H2O)6]2+ exist?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 08:32 PM PST

When I search for Complex Cu-ions I keep finding [Cu(H2O)6]2+, however I know that [Cu(H2O)4]2+ is also possible.

What determines if it's [Cu(H2O)4]2+ or [Cu(H2O)6]2+?

And in the case of [Cu(H2O)6]2+, how does that work cause I can't figure out the hybridization that's going on here?

submitted by /u/mitoma33333
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What are the statistics for the means through which HIV is spread?

Posted: 21 Jan 2021 01:53 AM PST

For example, what percentage of infections are due to mother-child, anal sex, vaginal sex etc?

submitted by /u/eno4evva
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Purpose of tracrRNA in CRISPR?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 04:15 PM PST

What is the role of tracrRNA in Type II CRISPR? It's to my understanding that it binds to the repeated sequence mRNA, but what exactly does it do?

One more thing, how does the CRISPR system deal with RNA viruses? What sort of process would make that piece of RNA from the virus that the bacteria wants to incorporate into its CRISPR locus into DNA? Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/biogenesisforest
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How much UV or IR sunlight reflect a white wall or tile with the window open? And with the window closed? Enough to decolorate / damage books, PVC / ABS and video games in few years?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 04:40 PM PST

Besides Uranium-Lead decay, is there another method for measuring the age of the Earth?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 04:42 PM PST

Uranium-Lead decay has been used for a long time and gives Earth an estimated age of 4.5 to 4.6 billion years. But is there another method that can be used to confirm or even refine this estimate?

submitted by /u/Morzo_Voidmaster
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If storage and loss modulus relate to thickness and thinness, why does modulus crossover show storage modulus increasing and vice versa when a material is being shear-thinned?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 11:31 AM PST

The title pretty much covers it. When a material in melt phase is being shear thinned with oscillatory motion in a rotational rheometer, you see some materials shear thin as the angular frequency increases.

However, when you see modulus crossover happen on the same material, it's actually the storage modulus rising above the loss modulus, which to me seems like that would mean it's getting thicker.

submitted by /u/UndercoverProphet
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Do two objects of different masses exert the same amount of forcer on EACH OTHER?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 01:16 PM PST

Lets say object A is 10 is units of Mass, while object B is 20 units of Mass. Will both objects exert the same amount (strength) of gravitational force on each other? Assume they are 5 units of distance away from each other. I'm having a hard time wrapping my head around this concept. I know the force of gravity between the two objects changes as they get larger/smaller/closer/further, but is the amount of force they exert on each other the same?

submitted by /u/codly68
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Is there any way to research, or research that exists, to see if coral reefs have bleached in the distant past during global climate warmings?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 04:44 PM PST

From my reading, corals bleach due to ocean acidification which is primarily due to excess CO2, this leads to poor reef health if not complete death. Given the fragility of reef structures, I assume that bleached reefs would eventually fall and form into sand which is most likely incredibly hard to date and historically analyze like ice in the polar caps.

Is there a way to specifically look at the acidification of coral over millennia, or maybe the evidence of acidification leading to bleaching?

I ask due to an argument about the validity of human-caused global warming models, especially around natural global warming cycles and human contribution to existing (natural) CO2 levels in the atmosphere. So I'm wondering what kind of information we can draw about acidification.

submitted by /u/boydo579
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Wednesday, January 20, 2021

How rabies virus affect almost every hot-blooded species on Earth while other viruses usually unique for one or few species?

How rabies virus affect almost every hot-blooded species on Earth while other viruses usually unique for one or few species?


How rabies virus affect almost every hot-blooded species on Earth while other viruses usually unique for one or few species?

Posted: 19 Jan 2021 11:52 AM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why do vaccines not make the person infectious?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 05:28 AM PST

I know a couple of healthcare workers who have now had the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine. Each of them has been ill for a couple of days displaying typical flu-like symptoms before returning to full health, which I'm aware is very typical.

Why is it that when having the vaccine, which I've read is a weakened version of a different virus make to "look like" Covid-19, that people do display symptoms but aren't actually "ill" and/or contagious?

submitted by /u/GuyAlmighty
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I get that crack is the free base of cocaine chemically, but why does that make it smokable and more powerful?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 07:15 AM PST

How are gem stones categorised?

Posted: 19 Jan 2021 07:53 AM PST

I'm not entirely sure what science this actually comes under so please correct me if that tag is wrong.

I follow a gem stone sub on reddit who often post various gems and more often than not the colour isn't what you'd traditionally expect from the type of stone, e.g. green garnets and pink sapphires. So, given that colour is not a feature that facilitates categorisation, what does?

submitted by /u/turtletails
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Why is it only possible to diagnose CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy) in an autopsy, even though we have advanced brain imagery like MRI and CAT scans?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 12:30 AM PST

What is the approvals process for a vaccine update?

Posted: 20 Jan 2021 03:47 AM PST

If an update were necessary to the different kinds of covid vaccines, how long would it take before they were approved?

submitted by /u/052934
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Do the two dose vaccines require the second dose to be within 2 weeks to be effective?

Posted: 19 Jan 2021 07:27 PM PST

After reading about Israel's study showing that one dose isn't near as effective as the two, 14-21 days apart, doses that's meant to happen, it got me wondering.

Do people who've been vaccinated just need the second dose EVENTUALLY, or does it need to be within that 3 week window to be the stated 90% effectiveness? I understand the concern being that we're handing out 1 dose and letting people wait weeks for the second, leaving them still almost as vulnerable. BUT, will those people finally be protected properly whenever they get the second dose or does effectiveness dwindle dramatically after 3 weeks?

submitted by /u/SquidsAndInk
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What percentage of your cells are infected when you're infected with a virus?

Posted: 19 Jan 2021 08:01 PM PST

One of those weird 2 am geek conversations about the limits of genetic engineering lead to this question. If you have a really bad flu infection, what percentage of your cells would actually have the flu virus active in them?

submitted by /u/BigNorseWolf
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How can quantum entanglement be applied for some practical use for well being of the human race?

Posted: 19 Jan 2021 11:54 PM PST

Are fast moving 'particles' length-contracted in any way?

Posted: 19 Jan 2021 12:46 PM PST

I know this is, on some levels, a nonsensical question given that these 'particles' are just field peturbations, but this seems to me like an interesting junction between quantum theory and relativity.

Something that is moving at near light speed supposedly sees the universe contracted, and likewise an observer should see this object as contracted in length also.

I'm just wondering if this has been confirmed in experiment, say, within colliders; i.e. that fast moving particles appear smaller than when supercooled..?

submitted by /u/ComputersWantMeDead
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Can household pets contract the virus?

Posted: 19 Jan 2021 07:27 PM PST

Do solar eclipses exhibit Arago spots (aka Poisson/Fresnel spots)?

Posted: 19 Jan 2021 04:18 AM PST

Arago spots are a phenomenon observed when shining light at a spherical object - one can (surprinsingly) see a bright point at the centre of the shadow.

An eclipse seems like a setup that should also generate a Fresnel spot, but I don't remeber there being any talk about bright points in the shadow of an eclipse.

submitted by /u/maest
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