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Sunday, January 17, 2021

How will the flu vaccine composition for 2021/22 be determined with fewer flu cases this season?

How will the flu vaccine composition for 2021/22 be determined with fewer flu cases this season?

How will the flu vaccine composition for 2021/22 be determined with fewer flu cases this season?

Posted: 16 Jan 2021 03:47 PM PST

The CDC says:

Flu viruses are constantly changing, so the vaccine composition is reviewed each year and updated as needed based on which influenza viruses are making people sick, the extent to which those viruses are spreading, and how well the previous season's vaccine protects against those viruses. More than 100 national influenza centers in over 100 countries conduct year-round surveillance for influenza. This involves receiving and testing thousands of influenza virus samples from patients

How will scientists decide on the strain that next season's vaccine will protect against now that flu cases are generally down?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/never_stop_asking
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How does your body know to make a new anti-body?

Posted: 16 Jan 2021 05:23 PM PST

Imagine three new substances enter your body. The first is a harmless bit of nothing. It enters your body, and just floats around for a while doing nothing. Your immune system ignores it. The second is a virus. It invades your cells and causes trouble until the immune system starts producing antibodies and destroys it. These anti-bodies stick around and are encoded into immune memory cells.

The third is an mRNA vaccine for a virus. It doesn't cause trouble or invade cells, because it is actually just a harmless bunch of proteins dressed up in a virus costume. Somehow the immune system recognizes that it is trouble and produces antibodies anyway. How? How does the immune system know what is a novel pathogen that needs destroying and what is harmless?

submitted by /u/BobTheAverage
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How accurate is this testimony by this surgeon? Is everyone who’s getting covid-19 ending up with smoker’s lungs or worse?

Posted: 17 Jan 2021 01:41 AM PST

If the COVID-19 vaccine isn’t a “live vaccine”, why do some people get sick after recieving it?

Posted: 17 Jan 2021 03:03 AM PST

I know several people who work in hospital settings and who have recieved the full vaccine already. On several occasions, they experienced covid-19 related symptoms (body aches, fever, nausea,etc) after the second dose. And while these symptoms clear within 24-48 hours, I have been wondering why it happens at all if the vaccine is not a live vaccine.

Could someone please kindly explain?

submitted by /u/needynikii
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Does COVID spread differently in humid indoor environments? (Like swimming pools?)

Posted: 16 Jan 2021 05:42 PM PST

Why is the measles vaccine so incredibly effective?

Posted: 16 Jan 2021 09:05 PM PST

How does a single core processor schedule work?

Posted: 16 Jan 2021 04:40 PM PST

In the old days when we only had single core processors, how would a processor schedule a task and then know to go back to windows scheduler (or OS of choice) and get another task?

Did it have some small cache of code that told it once it was done doing a task to go back to windows scheduler and compute a new one?

How did a single core know how to jump around so quickly from task to task to give the appearance of "multiple programs running simultaneiously" even though the precessor could only compute one task at a time.

I guess I don't understand how it could know to say, do a math problem for one program, then know what task to do next. If windows scheduler was a program in itself, how does a processor know to do a task and then not just "forget" windows scheduler if technically while it was working on another task, it couldn't be running scheduler at the exact same time to tell it what comes next.

submitted by /u/DieMadAboutIt
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Which type of cells does the Oxford-AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine infects and causes expression of Sars-CoV-2's spike protein from? Is it the muscle cells or some other cells?

Posted: 16 Jan 2021 01:54 PM PST

Does exposure to larger amount of COVID-19 particles increase chance of getting sick in vaccinated people?

Posted: 16 Jan 2021 10:59 PM PST

I read that the severity of COVID-19 is depending by multiple factors, and among others there is the amount of COVID-19 virus particles that entered the body.

If the person got properly vaccinated and develops the proper antibodies, are they equally safe if in the single casual contact with the 1 person with the virus and in the room fill with 50 COVID-19 positive people talking and spreading the virus? What happens with the antibodies if there is like A LOT of virus coming in?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/ach_rus
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How does an atomic nucleus "know" about time?

Posted: 16 Jan 2021 10:52 AM PST

Radioactive atoms have a half life, which I understand is the time that it takes half of a sample of them to decay. I understand this is a random process; but it's also not completely random, since the half life is different for different elements. In other words, a U-238 nucleus "knows" to randomly split on a different time scale (or differently-skewed randomness) than Pu-240. That seems to imply to me that both nuclei have some sort of internal ticker that effectively says, "okay, time to roll the die to see if we should decay" at some level. (Even if the atom is constantly checking to see if it should decay at every moment, it still implies that moments are distinct; so I think it works out to the same question.) So, what's that ticker?

I think this may be the same as wondering why there's a half life at all: why doesn't every nucleus either instantly or never decay? The fact that it takes some time suggests that there's a measure of time within the nucleus.

submitted by /u/yshavit
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I’ve been looking everywhere for this research and it seems no one has any answers. Are there any predicted or assumed negative interactions with the new covid-19 vaccine and illicit drugs?

Posted: 16 Jan 2021 08:30 AM PST

Are there any species of animals that exist today that did not exist 100 or 200 years ago?

Posted: 16 Jan 2021 05:43 AM PST

I know we discover new species all the time. But are there species that exist today that actually did not exist in the recent past (say, 200 years)?

submitted by /u/its_nice_outside
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Will any of the new Covid vaccines cause scarring? What is it about certain vaccines (like the TB vaccine) that cause scarring?

Posted: 16 Jan 2021 08:20 AM PST

Quite curious as to whether any of the new covid vaccines will cause a scar in the part of the arm they were administered? A majority of my generation (millennial) can be identified by the TB Jab scar that they have in the upper middle of their non-dominant arm, something I found out recently that the new version of the TB vaccine does not do.

Will any of the new covid vaccines scar in the same way? What is it that causes certain vaccines, like the old version of the TB jab, to scar in this way? How is it that newer versions of vaccines that used to scar, no longer do?

Thanks for any answers!

(This is NOT some kind of antivax post or me trying to find reasons to avoid jabs. I am genuinely curious and am PRO vaccines)

submitted by /u/cherrycokeking
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What causes some vaccines to hurt more than others?

Posted: 16 Jan 2021 10:15 AM PST

I received several vaccines this week and some I barely felt-just the pinch of the needles- at all while others definitely caused some pain/stinging. What makes some have this effect and others not?

submitted by /u/brielle7599
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When a person is not ovulating (due to amenorrhea or birth control), what happens to those eggs?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 09:06 PM PST

Are the eggs that would normally be released destroyed in some way, or are they retained? If they are retained, does this mean that someone who didn't ovulate for a year would have an additional year of fertility later on?

submitted by /u/amydiddler
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Why do new vaccines have to be tested? Can scientists not just use "template" vaccines and modify the strain?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 10:12 PM PST
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Saturday, January 16, 2021

What does the data for covid show regarding transmittablity outdoors as opposed to indoors?

What does the data for covid show regarding transmittablity outdoors as opposed to indoors?

What does the data for covid show regarding transmittablity outdoors as opposed to indoors?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 04:31 PM PST

How was the first magnet created? How would I create a magnet in absence of electricity or other strong magnets?

Posted: 16 Jan 2021 03:59 AM PST

For example, lets say I've been thrown back in time to 1000 BC. I want to introduce civilization to the wonders of electricity, so the first thing I need is a strong magnet. The only sources of ferromagnetic material I know of are Lodestones, which I understand are only quite weakly magnetic.

So it got me to thinking...once you have a strong magnet, and once you can create electricity, creating more magnets is significantly easier. But how were the first strong magnets created?

There's surprisingly little written about how to make a magnet in lieu of other magnets

Or, put another way, if you got thrown back in time how would you go about generating electricity for your deLorean?

submitted by /u/Exoddity
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Is muscle pain after vaccination, caused by the immune system’s reaction to it, or because the muscle was cut a little with the needle?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 02:09 PM PST

For example if someone got a vaccine in one arm and just stabbed with a needle in the other, would both arms feel the same?

What if the non vaccine arm was injected with saline but no vaccine ?

submitted by /u/gilbertopr16
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Do animals experience epidemics? If so, how do they handle it?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 01:25 PM PST

I understand humans have epidemics and pandemics, and we're in one right now. I would assume animals do experience some sort of similar thing. However, do these disease outbreaks have major effects on the populations? Have there ever been any species wiped out by disease? And do any animals have certain precautions dealing with disease?

submitted by /u/FoughtStatue
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How are the expiration dates for foods determined?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 03:27 PM PST

I've been paying more attention to expiration dates and I've always been curious what the research is behind certain dates.

submitted by /u/triggered_trombone
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How is the flu shot updated? How do scientists know how the flu is mutating for the next year?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 09:21 AM PST

The Flu Jab is a yearly vaccine to stave off Flu from those that are most vulnerable, as well as to others to help reduce the spread. It's a yearly shot as the flu strain changes quite quickly. But how do we know how its mutated in time to get the vaccine approved and distributed?

submitted by /u/Money_on_the_table
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Why are sonogram images that weird wedge shape?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 08:46 AM PST

Can you test for previous COVID-19 exposure?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 04:11 PM PST

Is there a way to test to see if you've previously been COVID positive, but you didn't know at the time because you were asymptomatic?

​

Thanks!

submitted by /u/fellowshrimp
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The CMB has a peak energy of 0.0006626 eV when it reaches us after redshifting for about 14 billion years. What's the initial energy of such a photon, almost 14 billion years ago?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 03:28 PM PST

Early news about the new Covid variants suggested that they have about the same virulence as the original. Is there any new data on the virulence of these variants?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 03:14 PM PST

Why do we get the feeling like we're falling and jolt when we're trying to sleep?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 12:50 AM PST

Are stars that are visible from Earth a lie?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 11:09 AM PST

This question came to my mind while I was looking at the night sky and thinking that the stars are light-years away from us. Don't most stars that we "see" die out before their light can reach Earth?

submitted by /u/termuxuser
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Do everyone have a wisdom teeth? If so what happens to those who can't afford to have a surgery? Is it always necessary to remove a person's wisdom teeth?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 09:22 PM PST
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Friday, January 15, 2021

About how many gallons of water is evaporated on average per day in one square mile of the ocean?

About how many gallons of water is evaporated on average per day in one square mile of the ocean?

About how many gallons of water is evaporated on average per day in one square mile of the ocean?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 02:52 PM PST

Edit: Disregard the imperial units, force of habit. (am in America) Please use metric.

submitted by /u/0gammaray0
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A team from the WHO is currently in China looking for the origins of SARS-CoV-2. How do you look for the source of a virus?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 05:49 PM PST

Where and how is energy stored in the body?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 05:03 AM PST

And an optional follow-up question - we have days when we feel focused and energetic and can take on a variety of different tasks, both physical and mental, throughout the day but we also have days when we feel like we can't get out of bed. What causes this and why do we sometimes "wake up" after a cup of coffee or an energy drink? Is energy something specifically definable and do we expend the same energy capacity for both physical and mental tasks?

submitted by /u/winterchillz
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What determines when a viral infection is no longer contagious?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 05:16 AM PST

Covid-19 patients can test positive for up to months after being infected but the CDC guidelines state that the virus is most likely not contagious after 10 days. How is someone who still has detectable amounts of covid-19 in their nose or saliva no longer able to pass it on to someone else?

submitted by /u/zaroach
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What makes one type of steel mechanically stronger than another?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 04:07 AM PST

Can someone still have negative, long lasting effects from Covid-19 if they were asymptomatic?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 03:13 PM PST

Special relativity from multiple simultaneous perspectives?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 11:44 PM PST

My understanding: Due to special relativity, if one atomic clock is on a space-craft moving very quickly (closer to the speed of light I suppose), and another atomic clock is on the planet standing still, the time on both of them will appear different.

My question: How does this reconcile with multiple points of view of the same phenomenon? For example, if there are three points of perspective, A, B, and C. If each point of perspective watches the space-craft travel from a different vantage point, and then they all compare their notes to the actual data on the atomic clock from the space-craft, what will happen? Assume perspective A is at a fixed point behind the space-craft, perspective B is at a fixed point in front of the space-craft, and perspective C is at a fixed point to the side of the space craft. Once the space-craft is done traveling, wouldn't they all have different experiences due to the space-craft moving in different directions relative to the direction/speed of light? Due to the varied viewing angles, the light should behave differently and have a slightly different perceived speed from each vantage point, shouldn't it? For example, wouldn't the clock on the space-craft be faster than the clock at one vantage point, but slower than another? Yet if all the three vantage points were fixed relative to each other, how could they reconcile their data?

submitted by /u/think_and_chitter
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Are the same type of cells found in humans relatively the same size across all humans, or do they vary in size? Similarly, are the same type of cells the same size across species, and other animals, e.g. is a liver cell in a dog the same size as a liver cell in a cat?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 07:10 PM PST

Could the technology behind mRNA vaccines be used to combat cancer?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 05:49 PM PST

For example, could they put mRNA instructions for apoptotic proteins or other inhibitory/interference proteins to a cancer cell's pathways in order to fight it from the inside out? I'd imagine this could either be injected directly into the tumor or the nanoparticle could be modified to have antibodies or other small molecules with high affinity for cancer specific receptors? This would circumvent some cancer's ability to use efflux pumps to export chemotherapeutics from the cell.

submitted by /u/seanotron_efflux
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What happens to competing virus variants in a given area?

Posted: 15 Jan 2021 03:57 AM PST

So I'm not sure exactly how to word the question, so sorry in advance.

We keep hearing about new variants if the Covid virus (the UK, South Africa and Brazilian variants).

They are all reportedly more transmissible and are becoming the dominant variant in the areas they were discivered.

What happens if there is an equal prevalence of each variant in a given area? Do they mutate further to try and gain dominance? What governs that?

Finally is there any benefits or negatives to the human population in those areas (having a virus compete for dominance)?

submitted by /u/monkfishjoe
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What is the oil our skin makes?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 06:52 PM PST

Not necessarily sebum, pimples/blackheads, or sweat produced from sweat glands. I've heard "if you pop a pimple, your face produces oil to help protect itself". I guess I just mean the lubricant your body makes. What is human oil, and what is it made out of?

submitted by /u/Danny776
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How do axolotles breathe?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 12:14 PM PST

I know that the spikes on their face are like gills, but I was wondering more about how that works in comparison to a mammalian respiratory system?

submitted by /u/irishguacamolethe3rd
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How do scientists know how continents emerged and collided in the pasts Eons and Eras?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 10:08 AM PST

I was watching this video about the the history of the earth and the continental drift and I was wondering "How do scientists know?" I mean, during the Archean Eon there are a bunch of tiny islands floating. What are the clues that they really existed?

Or in Pangea, how do they know that India was part of africa, moved in a specific way to then collide with Asia?

How is this studied?

My guess is that they study mineral core samples and then can see when that place was underwater or above X millions years ago, or if the mineral composition matches another place's it may indicates that those where united in the past. What are other tools used to study this?

submitted by /u/MustardCube
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Is liquid water wet?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 04:49 PM PST

I know it sounds like a stupid question but I've gotten mixed responses on this.

submitted by /u/lefthigh
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How do scientists measure the inclinatiom of a planet?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 05:39 PM PST

I was browsing on reddit and saw a gif of the rotation of the planets. In the gif for every planet every angle of inclination of each planet was written there (for the earth 23° for example). What reference points do scientists use to determine which part is supposed to be on top or to measure how much the planet is lnclined. Does it have to do with the magnetic field each planet has? Or do other planets even have a magnetic field like earth has?

submitted by /u/mussi8
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Can SARS-Cov-2 recombine with other coronaviruses in humans?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 10:10 PM PST

Other coronaviruses are well known for recombination events, how about COVID-19?

submitted by /u/twohammocks
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Do cells that have been hijacked by a virus skip transcription?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 07:28 AM PST

I'm a little confused as I can't find out any information on this - when a cell forms a protein it goes through transcription and translation, in transcription the DNA is converted into RNA - I thought that when all viruses hijack a cell they use reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA into DNA, but this only happens in retroviruses. Do normal viruses remain as RNA when they enter a cell? And if they do, surely they wouldn't need to undergo the transcription stage as their genetic material is already in the correct form for it to go straight onto translation right?

submitted by /u/0YGIZG991
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Do mating animals know that they mate to produce offspring?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 02:32 AM PST

What happens if an electron in an atom's electron shell is measured and it is inside the nucleus? Do they interact with the nucleus in any way?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 03:53 AM PST

Why does sugar solution goes into a plant cell when plant cell is plasmolysed?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 07:21 AM PST

Can lightning strike above the clouds?

Posted: 14 Jan 2021 12:55 AM PST

I'm wondering if I built a pole tall enough to go above the clouds and there was lightning. Would the lightning go above the clouds and reach the top or would it go down mid pole. Also, if it can't strike above can it strike sideways if possible? One of those shower thoughts.

submitted by /u/Pizzachris6
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