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Wednesday, January 13, 2021

Is it possible to have steam hot enough to start a fire?

Is it possible to have steam hot enough to start a fire?

Is it possible to have steam hot enough to start a fire?

Posted: 13 Jan 2021 05:48 AM PST

As in igniting f.ex. paper.

submitted by /u/Majestic-Throat-2249
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AskScience AMA Series: We're a team of scientists and communicators sharing the best of what we know about overcoming COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy - Ask us anything!

Posted: 13 Jan 2021 04:00 AM PST

Soon, the COVID-19 vaccine will be available to everyone. Public health professionals are asking how to build confidence and trust in the vaccine. We're here to answer some of those questions. We're not biomedical scientists, but our team of experts in psychology, behavioral science, public health, and communications can give you a look behind the scenes of building vaccine confidence, vaccine hesitancy and the communications work that goes into addressing it. Our answers today are informed by a guide we built on COVID-19 vaccine communications on behalf of Purpose and the United Nations Verified initiative, as well as years of experience in our fields.

Joining today are Ann Searight Christiano, Director of the University of Florida Center for Public Interest Communications; Jack Barry, Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Florida Center for Public Interest Communications; Lisa Fazio, Assistant Professor of Psychology at Vanderbilt University; Neil Lewis, Jr., a behavioral, intervention, and meta-scientist, as well as Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication at Cornell University and the Division of General Internal Medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine; Kurt Gray, Associate Professor in Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Jonathan Kennedy, Senior Lecturer in Global Public Health at Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London. - Ask us anything.

Our guests will join at 1 PM ET (18 UT), username: /u/VaccineCommsResearch

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why is argon used in dark matter detection experiments?

Posted: 12 Jan 2021 03:56 PM PST

In XENON experiments, why is argon specifically used rather than any other element?

submitted by /u/Direct-Ad8432
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How bright would a single light have to be to be visible from the moon?

Posted: 13 Jan 2021 07:17 AM PST

Specifically lights that shine in a cone such that they could be pointed at the moon and be visible from anywhere facing the earth, as opposed to lasers which would only be visible from a small area Also assuming the area the light is shone from is in night and free from external light pollution

submitted by /u/ibrokemypie
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 13 Jan 2021 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How did they discover the new variants of COVID-19?

Posted: 12 Jan 2021 01:13 PM PST

So obviously the Covid-19 PCR test is being used quite a lot today but how was the new variant discovered. Did the test start giving false negatives more frequently or is the virus constantly being monitored?

If the virus is constantly being studied I have some follow up questions

Where do the samples come from? Would they need the consent of the patient who has given the sample to study it? Is the only reason they're screening the virus to detect variants?

submitted by /u/Low_Celery_5978
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How does scientist determine if the measured vaccine efficacy is statistically significant?

Posted: 13 Jan 2021 12:42 AM PST

I read an article that said Pfizer deduced its covid vaccine efficacy to be 95% because of the 170 participant involved the clinical trial who got sick, only 5% of them were in the vaccine group (the rest is in placebo group), the difference is statistically significant enough to conclude the drug works.

I want to ask how do scientist determine whether the vaccine is statistically significant or not?

submitted by /u/lifesaboxofchoco
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What causes abrubt drops in the ISS altitude?

Posted: 12 Jan 2021 11:28 AM PST

This Link shows a plot of the ISS vss time on the heavens above website. As indicated by the caption, occassional boosts are used to raise the orbit which decays over time. There are however multiples where there are abrupt drops in the ISS altitude, some of them greater in magnitude and just as fast as the boost phase raises. What causes these? This does not seem to be consistent with the cited "solar activity".

submitted by /u/shiningPate
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What is the difference, in terms of the electrons motion, between the valence band and the conduction band?

Posted: 12 Jan 2021 01:39 PM PST

Could somebody clarify this? It's to my understanding that electrons in the valence band are bound to the atom they are paired with, while the electrons in the conduction band aren't associated with any given atom, and are free to roam. Is this true?

submitted by /u/magginator8
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Would the protonation of an alcohol be exothermic or endothermic?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 06:15 PM PST

I'll be basing this off the equilibrium R-OH + H+ <==> R-OH2+ :)

From what I understand, bond making processes are exothermic because energy is released when bonds are formed, and an additional O-H bond is formed in the equilibrium here, thereby making it exothermic. Since -OH alone is a poor leaving group and protonating it makes it a better leaving group therefore making it more reactive, wouldn't that then put R-OH2+ at a higher energy level than R-OH? (If we were drawing an energy diagram)

But if the more reactive R-OH2+ is at a higher energy level then that means it must be endothermic on that diagram?

I'm really confused, hopefully someone can clarify this for me :)

submitted by /u/Zealousideal_Low1200
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Tuesday, January 12, 2021

If the near centre of a record rotates in 1 second (1cm/second) what would happen if the record was 1000's of metres wide?

If the near centre of a record rotates in 1 second (1cm/second) what would happen if the record was 1000's of metres wide?

If the near centre of a record rotates in 1 second (1cm/second) what would happen if the record was 1000's of metres wide?

Posted: 12 Jan 2021 12:09 AM PST

If the record had a big enough diameter, and it was possible to actually turn it, why wouldn't it be going faster than light?

submitted by /u/tinox2
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Will you still feel hungry when nutrients are artificially sent through your bloodstream?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 04:19 PM PST

How is hunger replenished? Does the lack of nutrients of your cells send signals to the brain to tell that your hungry or does it have to do with the stomach, etc.?

submitted by /u/ThrowAway1200221
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How does any photon reach exactly the energy needed to excite a particular atom?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 08:45 AM PST

I know that quantum mechanics states that some things, like bumping an electron to a higher energy level, requires something like a photon to have juuuuust the right energy for the electron to 'accept' that photon and then rise to the higher energy level.

But it is always explained that it has to be exact. Like, EXACT exact. It must be, let's say, 10,854.7952 electron volts, which corresponds to a frequency of 12.795832 GHz (ignore the actual values, I just pulled some numbers out of my head). It is always explained that if it were even slightly higher or lower than that amount of energy, the electron wouldn't be excited by it.

Well, what are the odds that a photon with that very very VERY exact energy level would come passing by in any reasonable amount of time? I know photons are a tiny amount of energy and there are a huge number of them all the time, but still, it seems like such a precise requirement would be very restrictive, and would result in almost no interactions between particles and the EM force.

It seems like all my assumptions can't be right here. What am I missing?

submitted by /u/tazz2500
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Why do flames flicker at a relatively consistent rate?

Posted: 12 Jan 2021 04:39 AM PST

In the following paper, one can see that different flames flicker at 10-12Hz. However, I cannot understand the paper itself. Could anyone simplify why it's the case that seemingly unrelated types of flames flicker at a really specific frequency?

Chen, T., Guo, X., Jia, J. et al. Frequency and Phase Characteristics of Candle Flame Oscillation. Sci Rep 9, 342 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36754-w

submitted by /u/jul3q
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Are the two doses of COVID vaccine exactly the same?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 02:40 PM PST

Two gorillas were just diagnosed with Covid in CA. What does Covid look like in animals and can a disease, like covid, pose a significant risk to a specieces if there is rapid transmission?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 02:03 PM PST

Is there a scientific/mathematical name for the gradient at which a substance such as sand will begin to fall down if collected into a pile?

Posted: 12 Jan 2021 06:34 AM PST

Would an astronaut in a spaceship in geostationary orbit, feel their own weight and be able to stand on the "floor" of the spaceship?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 05:14 PM PST

Follow my line of thought here, and let me know where my understanding breaks down please. As I understand it, astronauts feel weightless in orbit because they are in a free-fall around the Earth, not because there is no gravity. Earth's gravity is still acting upon the astronaut, but to a lesser degree than if the astronaut was on the ground. If someone built a tower from the ground to, say, where the ISS orbits, wouldn't someone be able to stand on the tower and feel their weight because they are not in a free-fall? Less weight than they would feel on the ground, but some weight. If that is true, let's say someone built a tower up to where geostationary orbit is. Someone should still be able to stand on the tower and feel some weight, right? From that observers perspective, being in a spaceship in geostationary orbit and on a tower at the same height should feel the same correct? Neither are moving with respect to the ground, and they are the same distance from Earth so the effect of gravity is the same.

submitted by /u/VVolfLikeMe
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What's the role of washing soda in making of glass?

Posted: 12 Jan 2021 04:14 AM PST

What makes a pathogen highly infectious?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 04:25 PM PST

Does the pathogen replicate like crazy basically oozing out of the body? Is it from the symptoms they cause that they take advantage of? Is it from the amount of viruses or bacteria it takes to infect you?

submitted by /u/817mkd
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What happened to caterpillar's DNA after it methamorposes into butterfly?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 11:34 PM PST

Is it still the same or is it changed/rearranged?

submitted by /u/IEatYourRamen
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Why do rockets and other space probes spin/roll?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 07:30 PM PST

Like for example take the Perseverance rover. In the animation that NASA uses, it shows the entry capsule to be spinning through space, and once they hit the Martian atmosphere, reverse thrusters stabilize it. Is spinning your way through space somehow important or beneficial?

​

PS. First time posting anything on Reddit, please forgive and tell me if I did something wrong XD

submitted by /u/another-moron
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Where do we get stomach flu viruses from?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 01:12 PM PST

We've been in this pandemic for quite some time now. Me and my family have been very precautious by respecting all the measures that were suggested to avoid catching the virus. However, a couple of months ago I caught a bad stomach flu. I had a fever (38.5/39 °C at its peak) and a very violent diarrhea. I got tested for covid through swab test since my doctor said that those can be symptoms for that, but results came back as negative. Also other members of my family got tested a couple of weeks after as a precaution and those also came back as negative. I didn't have any other symptoms other than those and feeling very weak because of all the fluids I lost and poor sleep. My doctor said that it must've been a stomach flu, like I've caught in the past occasionally. A couple of weeks ago the same exact thing happens to my sister's boyfriend. Again, his test's negative, same symptoms, no contact in recent times with other people, everyone else tests negative for covid, etc. Possibly another stomach flu case.

That got me thinking: with no contact outside of my few household members (and they're doing the same, being very careful) and everyone in my neighborhood (thankfully!) wearing masks while buying grocheries, social distancing, washing hands carefully, etc. where the heck do we get viruses from? Specifically, stomach flus in this case?

submitted by /u/-NotFBI
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How are the Black Sea and Caspian Sea not considered lakes in this day and age?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 08:31 AM PST

I'm not sure if this belongs here or not, but this has just been bugging the crap out of me for awhile now. To my knowledge any inland body of water that is not directly connected to an ocean is considered a lake, yet the Black Sea and Caspian Sea are still called seas even though they are completely surrounded by land. Is there a logical explanation to explain this or is it literally as simple as a "can't be bothered" thing to do?

submitted by /u/MrCriminalScum
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Theoretically, is it possible for an mNRA vaccine to contain more than one genetic code?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 03:27 PM PST

Has there been an increase in heart attacks and strokes this year due to COVID?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 06:39 PM PST

I've seen multiple studies that point to strokes and heart attacks maybe about a month later after a person being diagnosed with COVID. Is this something that has been common with COVID, and has there been a spike in heart attacks and strokes due to COVID?

submitted by /u/bhood1992
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What is the equation for elastic potential energy of a rubber ball?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 06:11 PM PST

In physics class, they always talk about the elastic potential energy objects that stretch in one dimension, like springs. In those cases, the elastic potential energy is given by

E = 1/2 k x2

And then the force is the derivative

F = - k x

But if you compress a ball (like if you hold a ball on its sides and push the bottom on the floor), not all parts of the ball are displaced the same amount from their starting point. So is x is that case the greatest displacement? The average displacement? The average displacement weighted by displacement squared? Something else?

submitted by /u/JokdnKjol
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when could a teen get a covid-19 vaccine?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 05:21 PM PST

I've heard from many people that teens will not be able to get a covid-19 vaccine even after it is available to the public. I've heard the vaccines like moderna and Pfizer are only available for use for 18 and up, But I've also heard Johnson & Johnson are studying it? I would be very upset if I'm not able to get it because I wont feel safe going to school

submitted by /u/fvdly_tyler
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where are the stars in the constellation of aries?

Posted: 11 Jan 2021 02:50 PM PST

so for a project of mine i was curious: where exactly are the stars in aries if you where to look topdown on our galaxy? would they be towards the rim or the center? im kinda banking on the rim here for my idea to work.

submitted by /u/KRANOT
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vào lúc No comments:

Monday, January 11, 2021

When we use tools like uranium dating and carbon dating to identify the ages of objects, how are we sure of the starting concentration of those materials such that we can date the objects by measuring the concentration of those materials remaining in the objects?

When we use tools like uranium dating and carbon dating to identify the ages of objects, how are we sure of the starting concentration of those materials such that we can date the objects by measuring the concentration of those materials remaining in the objects?

When we use tools like uranium dating and carbon dating to identify the ages of objects, how are we sure of the starting concentration of those materials such that we can date the objects by measuring the concentration of those materials remaining in the objects?

Posted: 10 Jan 2021 10:57 AM PST

Would donating plasma post vaccination help someone as much as donating post infection? I recently received my second jab, and would like to donate whole blood or plasma after a couple of weeks. Do you think that my blood or plasma could be used to treat a patient with severe covid?

Posted: 10 Jan 2021 01:06 PM PST

Does a Molten Salt Nuclear Reactor require a heat sink such as a large body of water like a river or lake? If a Molten Salt Type does require water as a heat sink, does it use more or less water than other types of fission reactors?

Posted: 10 Jan 2021 09:15 PM PST

Are you allowed to have sex after getting a Covid Vaccine?

Posted: 10 Jan 2021 08:55 PM PST

My boss mentioned that he isn't getting the vaccine because of XYZ. One thing he mentioned, which stuck out to me, was that you aren't allowed to have sex for 29 days. I tried asking him why but wasn't able to give an answer. I googled it for a while and didn't find anything. Is there any truth to this?

submitted by /u/Kwkyo
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What would happen if a positron encountered a negative muon?

Posted: 10 Jan 2021 07:01 PM PST

As is common knowledge among the physics community when positrons encounter electrons they mutually annihilate each other into two high-energy gamma rays. Though what would happen if a positron encountered a negatively charged muon? Seeing as though they have opposite charges you would expect the same result. However, what would be leftover looking at how the muon is 207 times more massive than an electron? Would the new particle only be 206 times "heavier" than an electron? Would it now have a neutral charge? Would the particle still be short-lived and unstable like ordinary muons? If yes, what particle would it decay into? Why?

submitted by /u/Dumbustafa1
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Would it be possible or practical to simulate potential mutations in SARS-CoV-2 in order to discover and anticipate new variants?

Posted: 10 Jan 2021 02:38 PM PST

I've heard of projects simulating protein folding from DNA, and I understand some of a virus' abilities come from the proteins encoded in its RNA. Are we able to compute virus properties and activity from arbitrary RNA?

submitted by /u/anonymous_coward
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Do new viruses ever spread across the world without people noticing?

Posted: 10 Jan 2021 12:56 PM PST

COVID-19 is deadly. But what if it weren't? What if there were a similarly infectious condition that didn't cause serious health effects? How would we even notice it? I read the book Germs years ago and was surprised at how long it took to identify outbreaks of serious disease. So is it possible that there are less deadly novel viruses that spread around the world and aren't noticed?

submitted by /u/TrueBirch
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Is it possible to transfer a vaccine through bodily fluid?

Posted: 10 Jan 2021 09:23 PM PST

I just had a thought. Vaccines are dampened or harmless versions of viruses right? So could those be transmitted through bodily fluids, sexually, sharing needles etc? not saying I'm going to do it, I'm just curious.

submitted by /u/gogetmymoneyclip
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Any evidence on the safety of COVID long-haulers receiving the vaccine?

Posted: 10 Jan 2021 09:13 AM PST

I was wondering if anyone with knowledge of the Pfizer/Moderna vaccine had thoughts on if people who have already had COVID and have long-term symptoms would be safe getting the vaccine? Or if there are any potential downsides? Is it worth taking the chance?

submitted by /u/thewrongrecroom
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Are there corresponding HSV/RGB values to natural pigments? (Carotenoids, chlorophylls)

Posted: 10 Jan 2021 12:30 PM PST

Are there corresponding HSV/RGB values to natural pigments? (Carotenoids, chlorophylls).

submitted by /u/nojobnoproblem
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I’ve always seen these fun videos on YouTube about interesting science experiments and I’ve come across one that shows people making near-unbreakable glass “teardrops,” called, Prince Rupert’s Drops. Why do these drops take so much pressure to break?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 07:58 PM PST

Is there any reliable information as how effective the Chinese Coronavirus Vaccine is?

Posted: 10 Jan 2021 01:57 AM PST
vào lúc No comments:

Sunday, January 10, 2021

What determines the shape of a nebula?

What determines the shape of a nebula?

What determines the shape of a nebula?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 07:33 PM PST

My question is what conditions impact how nebulas form and why they seem to have unique shapes.

submitted by /u/milzz
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Why do lasers have a "grainy texture" on the light that they produce?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 11:36 PM PST

I was shining a laser on the ceiling and the reflections that came down seemed to have a somewhat grainy quality about them, and I'm not sure why. Is it the material that it is reflecting off of, is it the fact that me holding it isn't stable enough to keep the light consistent, or is that a property of laser beams? Thanks!

submitted by /u/Command_Master
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How does iodine purify water?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 04:24 PM PST

Why is radioactive decay a random process? Subsequently, why isn't “random” a euphemism for “we don't understand the cause yet”?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 02:57 PM PST

What prevents us from ever being able to predict the radioactive decay of an atom, regardless of technological progress?

submitted by /u/Priem19
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If no one took flu shot in US, would flu spread rapidly? Or do we have some immunity from first exposure that doesn't wane away?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 01:08 PM PST

Trying to make sense of herd immunity.

submitted by /u/RoundCalligrapher
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What is happening to your brain when you come round from anaesthesia? Those videos seem like it’s the most childlike high of any drug.

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 02:06 PM PST

Is there a boundary between elements that must exist and those that cant? I.e. what happens if you keep adding protons?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 02:24 PM PST

Asking for an 11 year old. We accept of course that these higher elements won't be stable.

submitted by /u/zeugma25
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Is it possible to predict if a reaction is exothermic/endothermic based on the relative stability/energy of the reactant and product?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 02:56 PM PST

i.e If an alcohol is halogenated into a alkyl halide, would it be exothermic or endothermic? (Assuming there's no supporting data) Since the C-Cl bond is weaker than the C-OH bond, I imagine it would be exothermic but I'm not sure if this is the correct reason why or not. But since -Cl is a better leaving group than -OH, which itself needs to be protonated to -OH2+ to leave C, wouldn't the alcohol be at a lower energy level than the alkyl halide, making it endothermic?

Sorry if my wording is confusing, it's been a while since I covered this topic lol

submitted by /u/Zealousideal_Low1200
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Is there a correlation between the reduced pollution from Quarintine/Covid-19 restrictions and the snow in some European countries like Spain? How relevant is this to long term global climate change plans?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 11:19 AM PST

During the distribution of vaccines, is there a point before "herd immunity" levels that would hamper the spread of the virus?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 12:40 PM PST

I suppose to be more specific there are two types of scenarios with an answer like this (that I can think of): The effect of a vaccine reducing the spread of the virus gradually, or is there specific points along that distribution process that would hamper the virus?

submitted by /u/zzing
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When insulating something radiating heat with layers of different material, does it matter the order of the material?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 03:59 PM PST

For example, let's say you have a heat source you want to insulate and you have a layer of aluminum and a layer of cotton. Does it matter which layer you put first or will the result be the same?

submitted by /u/floatable_shark
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What is the smallest ground bird?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 09:13 PM PST

The smallest terrestrial non flying bird is the inaccessible island rail. How about the smallest ground bird that can fly?

submitted by /u/Haplophyrne_Mollis
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How can scientists tell when mass extinction events happened?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 04:51 PM PST

So I'm trying to understand history and science a little bit more, but I definitely know very little as of right now. I've been reading about extinction events, specifically The Big 5, but I can't find an explanation of how scientists know these events happened. Is it just that there are far fewer fossils dating back to these time periods, or is it something much more complex? Thanks!

submitted by /u/wiseclayofficial
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Why is lithium peroxide more stable than cesium peroxide?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 02:26 PM PST

Why do free neutrons decay with a half life of around 10 minutes, while neutrons bound in atomic nuclei are relatively stable?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 04:35 PM PST

How do topical creams affect bacteria etc below the skin after they've dried?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 12:01 PM PST

I read about a chemical in anti-acne cream I use, Benzoyl peroxide, and that it primarily works by killing bacteria under the skin, but I have to ask how does this work after its dried onto my skin? Is it because the skin absorbs a certain amount as it dries? If that's the case, why does it keep working after the ointment has dried, but stops if I remove said dried piece of ointment?

submitted by /u/Empoleon_Master
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Why do some seconds seem to tick faster?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 11:28 AM PST

So I've noticed when I'm running on the treadmil and looking at the time on my digital timer the seconds sometimes jump from 19 to 21 for example, as if my brain doesn't process 20 or goes really really quickly. Is this due to any mechanism of the human eye?

submitted by /u/Restless_Carrot
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Is there concrete evidence to support "first dose first" approach that the UK and some other countries have introduced?

Posted: 09 Jan 2021 06:21 AM PST

As this is not my field and reading the appropriate studies is quite complex, this has been bothering me, is this idea scientifically proven or just speculation and or politics?

submitted by /u/MoreBend
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