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Sunday, December 13, 2020

More general law of cooling?

More general law of cooling?


More general law of cooling?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 05:05 AM PST

Is there a mathematical formulation of a law of cooling that allows both objects in thermal contact to change temperature? The formulation that I learned in high school (Newton's law of cooling) assumes that one of the objects stays at a constant temperature. Assuming that these two bodies are completely isolated, is there a formulation that gives change in temperature as a function of time for two bodies whose temperatures are non static?

submitted by /u/JackofAllTrades30009
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Could a virus be structured in such a way that the antibodies necessary to disable it, are harmful to the body itself?

Posted: 13 Dec 2020 07:42 AM PST

All this talk of viruses and antibodies has me wondering if this scenario could occur. I know that sometimes autoantibodies are produced, but what if the correct antibodies to the virus are destructive to the host? Also, is there some mechanism for the immune system to know not to go down that path if it is self-destructive?

submitted by /u/Throwaway14071972
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Could work on the Covid-19 vaccine end up giving us a vaccine for common colds?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 04:49 PM PST

I mean, if you target a sequence that's common in many corona viruses, would this work?

submitted by /u/GreenThumbKC
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Hello, smart scientists! What’s up with all these -“umab” suffix medicines I’m seeing popping up all over tv?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 02:06 PM PST

I've seen the adalimumab Humira commercials for a couple of years know (I think, or maybe 2020 just really has been the longest five years of my life). But lately I've seen all kinds of other medicines being advertised that end in the -umab suffix. Is it from a particular chemical formula/compound family, or a particular pharmacological lab? Do they all have similar uses or functions?

submitted by /u/noreservationskc
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What are the advantages and downsides of an Ion Propulsion system over conventional spacecraft propulsion systems, like liquid fuel?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 04:00 PM PST

How do human brains detect false irregularities in faces?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 07:45 AM PST

With false irregularities in faces, I mean aspects of for example deepfake faces or photoshopped faces which leave irregularities that are not normal for a human face (for example weird lines around eyebrows in deepfakes or colour irregularities in the face).

submitted by /u/Seriouspineapple6370
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How did Africa survive the pandemic?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 11:56 AM PST

Is anyone able to tell me the main differences between these two family's of virus?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 03:32 PM PST

Coronaviridae: the family to which SARS-CoV-2 belongs, and Orthomyxoviridae: the family to which influenza viruses belong.

Specifically what is it which makes a flu virus being to the latter and not the former, and the COVID causing Virus belong to the former and not the latter; what is it which makes these two families distinguished.

People often try to claim that the current disease COVID-19 is simply just the Flu - we know this is incorrect and they are two distinguished diseases - and in fact they are even caused by viruses that belong to two entirely different families; I'm interested in explaining what makes these families different - given that, granted, the diseases they cause in these cases are indeed remarkably similar.

Any help would be appreciated! :)

submitted by /u/Positive_Progress
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Do a baby's nails grow while it is in the womb? Or is that somehow inhibited?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 05:09 AM PST

Is it possible the COVID vaccine that produced HIV antibodies could be an accidental HIV vaccine?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 03:24 PM PST

I'm referring to this

https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/australian-covid-vaccine-terminated-due-to-hiv-false-positives-20201210-p56mju.html

It produced false positives for HIV antibody screens, and apparently in a significant amount of people, so they abandoned the vaccine. But this leaves me wondering where this could be a potential HIV vaccine.

Why am I wrong? As I assume the researchers would have thought of that and I just know nothing.

submitted by /u/FungiForTheFuture
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Why are seemingly dramatic phenotypic differences not a good indication of plant evolutionary relationships?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 05:14 AM PST

I find that animal and fungal evolutionary relationships are for the most part intuitive. The relationships between plants, on the other hand, seem to me a lot less obvious. I have been surprised to learn that small and seemingly inconsequential morphological features such as the number of petals and pollen furrows says more about evolutionary relationships than whether a plant is a tree or a herb, or the shape of the leaves.

For example... The horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and the sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) are in different orders (Sapindales and Fagales), yet produce very similar nuts. The horse chestnut tree is in the same family as the baloon plant (Cardiospermum halicacabum), which is a climbing plant. Similarly, Hazel nuts are in the same family as the alder tree, but its nuts look more similar to those of the Oak.

I understand that convergent evolution can cause unrelated plants to evolve similar features. But I find these events of convergent and divergent evolution to be much more common and dramatic in plants than in animals and fungi. It appears to be the norm rather than the exception! I am having a hard time understanding why. It is that these phenotypes that I consider to be "dramatic" are actually controlled by surprisingly few genes? Is hybridization is a major driving force in plant evolution (maybe an ancestor of the alder and the oak tree hybridized to form the ancestor of the hazel tree)? Or are there some other important factors at play?

submitted by /u/Tnemirepxe
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Why was the m87 black hole chosen to get a picture of?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 04:16 AM PST

The m87 black hole is 50 million light years away. Why is it still a better candidate for observation than nearer black holes? Why can't we study our own galactic nucleus?

submitted by /u/kooby95
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How does an old school pharmacist turn an active ingredient into medicine?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 06:50 AM PST

Can moisture droplets carrying Covid evaporate, leading to aerosolized Covid?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 08:15 PM PST

Some moisture droplets are small and should evaporate easily. The answer is my head is an obvious yes and I'm assuming there is already literature about it, not just for Covid.

Edit: There is already literature about it specifically. It seems it can be a large part of how it transmits. Makes me think it was kinda short sighted how aerosolization was argued against in the beginning-mid of the pandemic.

Keeping up so others may learn.

submitted by /u/Catcross
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Why did some countries secure Vaccines many times more than there population?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 08:40 AM PST

Saturday, December 12, 2020

How come teeth move back to their original positions if you stop wearing braces?

How come teeth move back to their original positions if you stop wearing braces?


How come teeth move back to their original positions if you stop wearing braces?

Posted: 11 Dec 2020 08:38 PM PST

Is there any evidence that pricing a product at, say, 9.99, results in a higher volume of sales than pricing the same product at 10.00?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 05:22 AM PST

Other than the obvious, "It's a penny cheaper," I was wondering if the received wisdom regarding this aspect of consumer psychology has ever been tested and vindicated.

Or is it simply a truism that has stuck around out of tradition?

submitted by /u/Articulated
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An FDA panel approved the Pfizer vaccine by a 17-4 vote. Why did the four people who voted no, vote no?

Posted: 11 Dec 2020 11:16 AM PST

That's the question.

submitted by /u/incontempt
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when talking about climate change, why do we never talk about the heat that everything produces as a byproduct. Burning coal,nuclear power plants even the electrical grid gives off a ton of heat.Is the heat from the sun trapped in our atmosphere so much worse than the heat we create on earth itself?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 05:36 AM PST

how did scientists decide that proton has a "positive" charge while electron has a "negative" charge?

Posted: 11 Dec 2020 11:55 PM PST

Hello! I am a ninth-grade student. My chemistry teacher was explaining about the balance of positive and negative charge, and I got the question of how did scientists decide that proton has a "positive" charge while electron has a "negative" one.

most of the time my teacher does have answers to my questions; this time, however, she did not have an answer. rather I decided to take help from r/askscience.

my question is: what are the criteria they used to decide if the sub-atomic particles were "positive" or "negative"?

thanking you,

u/Sriya_coder.

submitted by /u/Sriya_coder
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How does a tunnel boring machine work?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 05:50 AM PST

They're huge and flat so I can't imagine them drilling.

submitted by /u/Benjamin-Doverlin
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What's the point in using Klystrons for producing high power microwaves when the Cavity Magnetron is far smaller and can accomplish the same task?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 05:42 AM PST

I know that the Cavity Magnetron uses pulse modulation while the Klystron amplifies a continuous RF signal. but that shouldn't make too much of a difference so why bother?

submitted by /u/flavius_heraclius
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What are the lengths of the moon's lines of latitudes?

Posted: 12 Dec 2020 05:07 AM PST

I've been searching everywhere and can't find out how long the moon's various lines of latitudes are.

Specifically, I want to know the approximate distance from the heart of the Sea of Showers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Imbrium), all around the moon along a straight line, and back again to the heart of the Sea of Showers.

Any help would be appreciated.

submitted by /u/LouisTherox
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SARS-CoV-2: What exactly is the big difference between the so-called mRNA vaccínes of Biontech/Pfizer and Moderna versus the so-called vector vaccines like the one from AstraZeneca?

Posted: 11 Dec 2020 01:48 PM PST

The more I read, the more confused I get. Maybe someone here could help.

All variants of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines use a vehicle to infiltrate cells (a virus shell called vector respective a fat sphere) and in there depose their load (some landmark SARS-CoV-2 proteins respective some SARS-CoV-2 mRNA), thus inducing the body to produce defences against SARS-CoV-2. Apparently there are some differences in detail, but why is there so much fuss about these differences in detail, as if these were entirely different methods?

In particular, why is one variant (mRNA) named after the load and one variant (vector) after the vehicle? And does not Moderna use a vector to transport their mRNA load, so both designations should apply to its vaccine?

submitted by /u/2A1ZA
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There are Covid-19 vaccines with 2 rounds of shots. If a person gets the first shot does it provide any protection until they get the second shot?

Posted: 11 Dec 2020 11:26 AM PST

How devices decide which output(e.g. 5V-3A OR 9V-2A) from chargers to use?

Posted: 11 Dec 2020 12:53 PM PST

I recently bought an android tablet and on the charger output it's written 5V-3A OR 9V-2A. I'm curious which of these two output pairs the tablet's gonna use?

Why do devices have various voltage ratings anyway?Why don't they use same voltage rating, so it would be easier to use chargers?

submitted by /u/p1nk_p4nther
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How do whales and other cetaceans prevent water from entering their blowholes while they breathe?

Posted: 11 Dec 2020 10:50 AM PST

As the holes seem to be typically situated on a small mound, I'm curious to know if there are some systems to allow them to intake air but keep water out, or do they really just stick their blowhole out and avoid the water?

submitted by /u/SharkaBlarg
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How does a resistor work?

Posted: 11 Dec 2020 06:34 AM PST

So when you say touch a copper wire to the two terminals on a car battery there will be a really high flow of current and burn the wire in two pretty quickly. How does a resistor restrict the flow electrons without getting hot and burning out?

submitted by /u/john22544
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Friday, December 11, 2020

How did the Australian coronavirus vaccine produce HIV antibodies?

How did the Australian coronavirus vaccine produce HIV antibodies?


How did the Australian coronavirus vaccine produce HIV antibodies?

Posted: 11 Dec 2020 04:01 AM PST

The Australian vaccine effort has been halted after it produced HIV antibodies, leading to a false positive for HIV. Why did a coronavirus vaccine do this?

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-55269381

submitted by /u/enduroalpha
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Was the 1918 pandemic virus more deadly than Corona? Or do we just have better technology now to keep people alive who would have died back then?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 09:01 AM PST

I heard the Spanish Flu affected people who were healthy harder that those with weaker immune systems because it triggered an higher autoimmune response.

If we had the ventilators we do today, would the deaths have been comparable? Or is it impossible to say?

submitted by /u/rob132
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Will plasma from vaccine recipients be as effective of a therapeutic as plasma from those previously-infected?

Posted: 11 Dec 2020 03:20 AM PST

I've heard (anecdotally) that giving critical patients plasma from someone who has recovered from COVID-19 seems to be a very helpful treatment. Presumably, this plasma is in short supply. Should vaccine-recipients be similarly encouraged to donate plasma? Would the plasma from the vaccinated be as effective or more effective of a treatment?

submitted by /u/jaramini
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How does sleep deprivation cause hallucinations/paranoia/etc.?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 10:21 PM PST

What part of the brain does it affect? How does sleep do anything? How does it work?

submitted by /u/_star_sailor_
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Does Alzheimer's merely hinder access to memories through destroyed pathways, or does it destroy stored memories, or is it a mix of both?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 08:34 PM PST

Does water cool down and warm up at the same rate?

Posted: 11 Dec 2020 04:06 AM PST

Example of what I mean: say the ambient room temperature is 25C, I have a two glasses of water, one at 20C and the other 30C. Will the two glasses reach 25C at the same time?

submitted by /u/r_plantae
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How exactly is limestone (calcium carbonate specifically) formed?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 10:20 PM PST

Is calcium carbonate only formed biotically like in the case of coral and seashell creatures, or is there a way to form it abiotically? How is there so much limestone inland? Was that formed abiotically or was it left there by ancient oceans or uplifting or something?

submitted by /u/newdogc
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If rocks and fossils are millions of years old, how come whenever there is a comet crater there isn't anything there anymore?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 08:51 AM PST

Excuse the non-scientific explanation. I have always wondered why comets aren't still in the ground and there is only a crater there. Does the comet rock matter get broken down quicker in earth's atmosphere? And the minerals in rock produced in the earth's core out live the comet? I'm baffled

submitted by /u/YairleyD
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Are we able to isolate, store and accumulate neutrons?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 10:35 PM PST

Few questions come to mind: what vessel/container could even hold a subatomic particle? And I assume neutrons are stable and inert, but, outside of an atom, are they?

What really drove me to ask this is, what's a pile of (free) neutrons like?

submitted by /u/rancid_oil
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Why does one side of the moon always face Earth?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 11:10 AM PST

What happened in the past to make this occur?

submitted by /u/A_western_story
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What Does Blue and Red Shift mean?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 03:35 PM PST

I searched it up but i guess you could say im not the sharpest tool in the shed so didnt really understand it. so can you geniuses dumb it down for me?

submitted by /u/pw3x
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String can never be fully horizontally in centripetal motion?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 08:54 PM PST

I did a lab in my AP physics class where we spun a rubber stopper on a string in a horizontal circle. However, I was wondering how the fact that the string pulling the stopper isn't fully horizontal creates errors in the experiment. I know the tension force has an upward component to counteract gravity does this affect the radius? What errors does the string not being perfectly horizontal cause? Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/nikki3335
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Why don't magnetic fields expelled by solar flares behave like light?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 03:44 PM PST

I was just reading this news article about how the Northern Lights might be visible in Oregon tonight because of a solar storm: https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/09/us/northern-lights-display-wednesday-night-scn/index.html

The article states that a solar flare already happened on 12/7. Why aren't the magnetic fields created by the solar flare here already--i.e. why didn't they travel at the speed of light? Isn't it all EM radiation?

submitted by /u/Artrw
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Will virus-transmission increase exponentially or just marginally when people are simultaneously co-infected with two infectious diseases?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 06:53 PM PST

Currently we are in the midst of influenza season as well as a global pandemic.

I understand that it is possible that a person can be infected by both COVID and the influenza strain at the same time. That brings us to my question about co-infections.

Covid and the flu, share a lot of the same symptoms that spread infections, with the flu having runny noses as a symptom too. How would this affect transmission ratse when the populace is infected with both the flu and covid?

Would the R0 factor raise dramatically or only marginally? Especially if we take in account that both diseases are mutually spreading each other.

submitted by /u/GetOutOfTheWhey
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Can a self-replicating vaccine run wild in the body?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 07:46 AM PST

After I heard some vaccines are self-replicating, the question hit me. What keeps the mRNA from entering every single cell in the body? Is that even a problem if it does? It only changes the outer shell of the cell?

I have no clue about biology other than what's taught in high school.

submitted by /u/tonivuc
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What is the average number of deaths per day (all causes) in the US and is it clear the pandemic has increased the average deaths per day?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 06:17 PM PST

First I must be clear I am not a denier of the pandemic. It seams that those that believe COVID deaths are fake may be swayed by a chart showing a substantial increase in overall deaths per day over previous years. I have been unable to locate such a magical chart. Thoughts? If this is not the right place to ask this question I would love to get a recommendation for another sub.

submitted by /u/OnceOccupied
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Why does Genetic Anemia effect Asian and African families more?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 04:35 PM PST

Why are genetic anemia conditions more common in Asian and African families?

Thalassemia runs in my family and the internet says that it is most common in Chinese people.

Why does race have an effect on this?

submitted by /u/Hyde1803
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How significant is age-related (not including disease related, e.g. Alzheimer's) cognitive decline and at which ages?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 03:35 PM PST

The combination of current age-related political discussion and watching my own parents' mental progress over the last 15 years or so has me thinking about the statistics of age-related cognitive decline. Obviously there is likely to be a distribution among populations, but I think we can all agree it's unusual for someone in their 80s or 90s to have the same mental acuity they had in their 40s.

How much science is there behind this?

submitted by /u/N8CCRG
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What is the fate of hypoblast?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 11:32 AM PST

I am a little confused about the formation of endoderm and the fate of hypoblast. I understand that epiblast cells migrate through primitive streak to form mesoderm/notochord. I also understand that ectoderm arises from epiblast.

Do mesoderm cells replace hypoblast cells and form endoderm or do hypoblast cells just differentiate into endoderm?

Also an additional question is, do the hypoblast cells line the whole yolk sack? If yes, does hypoblast line the yolk sac even after formation of the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm?

submitted by /u/bbxmiz
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Are things in our peripheral vision distorted?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 03:05 PM PST

I was wondering if there was any impact on our vision due to the curvature of our eyes, similar to how a map is distorted due to the projection of a 3D image on a 2D surface. Am I thinking this out correctly or does the curvature of our eyes contribute to us being able to see in three dimensions?

submitted by /u/LockedLemming90
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Thursday, December 10, 2020

A vaccine is 94% effective. What, exactly does that mean?

A vaccine is 94% effective. What, exactly does that mean?


A vaccine is 94% effective. What, exactly does that mean?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 09:23 PM PST

Does that mean a vaccinated person, exposed 100 times, will be fine 94 times? Or does that mean the severity of the resulting disease is reduced by 94%? or does that mean that 94% of subjects are 100% immune for this disease for a period of time?

submitted by /u/RusticSurgery
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If Quarks are Color Confined and likely stable, how can a proton decay? Am I missing something important?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 03:48 AM PST

So grand unified theories predict proton decay, but how exactly? Aren't the Quarks color confined and stable? Plus, protons are the lightest baryon... I feel I'm missing something important

submitted by /u/Birds_106
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At what age will kids be treated differently in terms of getting the vaccine? Somewhere between adult and newborn should be a “too young for the vaccine” in the first year, but what age is that?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 01:50 AM PST

I read that it might be 16 years and older. In later years maybe we can assume younger ages as more data is available but in the first year what is likely?

submitted by /u/mbergman42
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Epidemiologist, What is the impact of covid 19 on people with tuberculosis especially those with latent TB? like could it cause the diseases to become active or not.

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 08:36 PM PST

Could you sequence the dna of cancer cells and then compare it to the persons healthy cells to locate the genetic mutation and then edit the dna of the cancer cells causing new cells to just be normal again?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 12:51 AM PST

What are the Cellular effects of Spike Proteins binding to the ACE2 receptor?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 08:07 PM PST

With all the news regarding the new mRNA vaccines for covid floating around it has left me with a few questions I can't seem to find answers to online based on my search terms.

  1. Can the Spike Proteins created by the mRNA activate the ACE2 receptor? If it can activate the receptor, what impact would this activation have and how long would the protein stay bound to the receptor?
  2. Can mRNA degrade or become damaged and still be translated by the ribosomes? If damaged mRNA can be transcribed, would this allow for the possibility of an incorrect protein being created?

Disclaimer: Not Anti-vax, Just curious

submitted by /u/entropreneur
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Do we have any info/data on the types of medical conditions that may preclude someone from being able to take any or all of the COVID-19 vaccines currently on the horizon?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 10:36 AM PST

I know that some people with certain medical conditions ultimately rely on herd immunity vs physically getting vaccines, due to increased risk of medical complications. Do the upcoming vaccines pose that same risk to certain patients?

submitted by /u/gingerblz
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What will happen to the frequency and wavelength of the sound wave if we directly change the speed of sound? How will they change?

Posted: 10 Dec 2020 01:01 AM PST

Since v= λ f and we know that f and λ are inversely proportional so changing one of them would not change the velocity but decrease the other. So if we directly change the velocity how will they change?

submitted by /u/Ok_Yam_9154
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Is there any fear among the scientific community that SARs-CoV-2 might mutate into different strains that are either harder to vaccinate against or are more deadly/communicable?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 11:59 PM PST

I had this thought while looking at a world map of infections today and musing on how similar it looked to the "pandemic" game some of you may have played, where the best strategy is often to infect as many people as possible with your virus before mutating and rapidly wiping out humanity.

I don't expect this to happen, but it did raise the question for me above. I found this article from August of this year that provided good information, but I was wondering if there was any other research you guys are aware of, if this is an active topic of discussion, or if it's mostly a non-concern at this point.

Thank you.

submitted by /u/Professional-Ad-2031
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¿How can the CMB be sphere-shaped?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 10:07 PM PST

I know the popular image of the CMB is a Mollweide protection from a sphere... But what does the sphere shape mean? Isn't this radiation supposed to come from everywhere? This implies that there is some kind of "center" or origin? If this is not the case, then why does it form a sphere? Or maybe I am simply misinterpreting the information and there is no sphere at all.

Thanks! Sorry if this question sounds dumb but I'm really curious to understand why the CMB is represented like that. Have a good day and stay safe.

submitted by /u/HombrexGSP
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Are there ways to estimate how many people have coronavirus in a population, given its testing numbers and positive rate?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 01:32 PM PST

Is there something like an equation I can plug and chug numbers into, where for X population size, Y testing rate, Z positive rate, there are probably W undiagnosed covid patients in the population?

submitted by /u/idzero
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Why is it that the circumference of a circle is the derivative of its area and the surface area of a sphere is the derivative of its volume?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 01:21 PM PST

If there’s a limited number of vaccines immediately available, why not test groups set to receive the first doses for antibodies and first vaccinate those without antibodies?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 10:33 AM PST

Why isn't Batrachotoxin an Antitoxin to Tetrodotoxin?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 11:14 AM PST

So, I've heard, that Tetrodotoxin and Batrachotoxin have contrary effects on the body, so therefore Tetrodotoxin is used as an Antitoxin for Batrachotoxin, however I've looked up Antitoxins for Tetrodotoxin and there is none, so why isn't it possible for this to work the other way around, or if it does, why isn't it done?

submitted by /u/BADorni
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Why isn’t there DNA in hair except at the roots?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 04:52 AM PST

If the COVID vaccine teaches our immune system to attack COVID’s spike protein that binds to ACE2, won’t the immune system also attack angiotensin II which was originally meant to bind to ACE2?

Posted: 09 Dec 2020 09:52 AM PST