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Thursday, December 3, 2020

Why is wifi perfectly safe and why is microwave radiation capable of heating food?

Why is wifi perfectly safe and why is microwave radiation capable of heating food?


Why is wifi perfectly safe and why is microwave radiation capable of heating food?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 05:45 AM PST

I get the whole energy of electromagnetic wave fiasco, but why are microwaves capable of heating food while their frequency is so similar to wifi(radio) waves. The energy difference between them isn't huge. Why is it that microwave ovens then heat food so efficiently? Is it because the oven uses a lot of waves?

submitted by /u/AlySalama
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Do we know of covid-19 reservoirs in wild animals yet?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 09:00 AM PST

Knowing that Denmark had to cull their mink population because they contracted covid-19 and knowing the role of wild bird populations with regards to influenza, what do we know of similar wild animal populations that could play an important role as virus reservoirs for covid-19 in the next couple of years? Thank you very much!

submitted by /u/bowlabrown
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NASA is sending a probe to Jupiter's moon, Europa, to measure its magnetic field which allows for determining how deep and salty any oceans are but how does magnetic field measurement allow this calculation?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 07:16 AM PST

Link to mission description below. Relevant sentence: " The mission will also carry a magnetometer to measure the strength and direction of the moon's magnetic field, which will allow scientists to determine the depth and salinity of its ocean"

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/

submitted by /u/momscooking
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Do wind turbines have any measurable impact on local windspeed?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 10:29 AM PST

Is the "Soreness" caused after a vaccine a result of the physical damage caused by the puncture, the "vaccine" itself, or a combination of the two?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 08:59 AM PST

See title. I haven't been able to find a definite answer online from a reputable scientific source. Is the pain in the arm caused by the puncture "wound" and its healing process, or does the introduction of the vaccine and the chemicals involved contribute to the pain?

Additional question: If the answer is "puncture wound" Does the needle gauge make a difference in the amount of localized soreness?

submitted by /u/shadow9494
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Spinosaurus was roughly the same weight as Paraceratherium. However, one was endothermic while the other was exothermic. Did they have different internal temperatures, or does body heat round out at that size?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 09:41 AM PST

Researchers working on the covid vaccine: were the volunteers tested before the vaccine for any previous exposure, the presence of antibodies, or any other signs of immunity? Are volunteers being tested continuously, or are they responsible for self reporting of symptoms?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 07:10 AM PST

The information shared by Pfizer left me wondering.

submitted by /u/rangerwags
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How much ink does an average sized squid squirt at a time?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 09:21 AM PST

I know, very weird question, but I have a genius plan in DnD and need to know the logistics. Thanks so much!

submitted by /u/JustyUekiTylor
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When a vaccine is 70% effective, what does that mean - are 70% of recipients protected 100% or are 100% protected 70%?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 06:14 AM PST

Hopefully the title summarises it well, however incase it isn't - say in COVID-19 the AZ vaccine is 70% effective, what does that actually mean though:

Are 70% of people protected against 100% of exposures - and 30% get no protection, or Do 100% of people have their risk of contracting the virus at each exposure by 70%?

If it's that 30% of people have no protection - is there any way to know those who are still at risk?

This can go for all vaccines, not just COVID-19.

submitted by /u/idontlikeyonge
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How much of a bottleneck is protein folding in the drug development process?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 10:14 AM PST

I'm a total layman but I've been really excited to read about the Alphafold breakthrough. Assuming it does what they claim it does how much time and money would this save? From my understanding starting a drug from scratch and releasing it to the general public takes about 15 years (not sure if this is accurate). How long would it take now?

submitted by /u/hugababoo
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Why can our bodies create an immune response to the rabies vaccine, but not to the virus itself if we've been exposed?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 07:45 AM PST

I hope that phrasing makes sense. I just don't understand how the virus evades our own defenses and is pretty much 100% fatal, unless it's introduced in vaccine form. Bonus question: are there other viruses like this?

submitted by /u/cosmicdogdust
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Was/is mass distributed randomly throughout the universe, or is there some pattern?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 11:08 AM PST

Clearly, there are forces such as gravity that cause mass to accumulate. However, I can create an algorithm that creates patterns in a data set similar to gravity, but the data provided can be random. What I'm asking is if in the big picture, did the mass in the universe (data set) get distributed randomly from the big banger, or was there some sort of order to the distribution of mass?

Also, if the initial distribution was random, did that change? I'm thinking only life can create order, but I'm also not a physics philosopher.

Honestly, I'm could use some help with the question if I'm off track. It's a but confusing to me.

submitted by /u/OverthrowYourMasters
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Can cross-sex hormones affect major histocompatibility complex molecules in humans(HLA)?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 06:56 AM PST

I've been informed that HLA probably isn't sexually dimorphic, but I've only seen tenuous links between HLA and scent-based attraction in the papers I've seen, and it seems like the best explanation for it so far. Yet, I wonder why heterozygous HLA alleles couldn't be picked up strongly by someone if they're the wrong sex?

Also, any research related to trans people and scent would be appreciated, as well as explanations of what can affect HLA if not cross-sex hormones. Last but not least would be the best research that expands upon this: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5006172/

submitted by /u/DryInstance4023
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Hallmarks of cancer - Do cancers need to achieve all (6) of the hallmarks in order to become successful (i.e. deadly to the patient), or do they only need to evolve a few, if so then which ones?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 06:24 AM PST

If not which ones are required/the most necessary in order to be deadly?
Are some of the hallmarks more important than others (i.e. I know metastasis is essentially the death sentence ...but I know you can get cancers without metastasis

submitted by /u/Carlitoris
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Does the spin of a black hole pull objects laterally, in some cases helping them achieve orbital velocity?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 05:08 AM PST

See title. Can the spin of a black hole help objects drawn toward it to achieve orbital velocity? Can the spin of a black hole contribute speed to an object flying by it?

submitted by /u/lunaprey
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Does everything have some level of elasticity?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 01:43 AM PST

I'm not a science major or anything. I'm an idiot art major but last night at 3 am I had a thought. Does everything have a certain level of elasticity? I know sometimes bridges are constructed with concrete blocks with metal bars in it that are stretched so that the "elasticity" of the stretched bar can take some of the load and reduce bending. Does that mean every material can be elastic to at least an atomic level? I'm just curious. Educate me pls

submitted by /u/watermelonboat
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Is there any detectable difference between gravity and acceleration?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 10:02 PM PST

Using only information gatherable inside in a sealed box, would there be any way to tell if one were smoothly accelerating at 1G versus being stationary on an Earth sized planet? Ignoring data originating from outside the box. In other words, is there any detectable difference between the effects of gravity versus of acceleration ("force" for lack of a better word), other than the obvious observational effects?

submitted by /u/marklein
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Will any of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines be able to induce broad-spectrum immunity against coronaviruses?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 09:44 AM PST

We know that SARS-1 is still lurking in the shadows. And of course there are coronaviruses that are as mild as the common cold. But the big one, MERS-CoV, has of course been speculated to be the causative agent of a future pandemic and is far deadlier than both SARS-2 and its ancestral strain. Since the vast majority of these vaccines induce an immune response against the Spike glycoprotein, how effective will they be in reducing illnesses with other coronaviruses?

submitted by /u/the___wzrd
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Could you argue that carbon monoxide (CO) contributes to the greenhouse effect?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 02:32 AM PST

As CO does not affect the greenhouse directly but it reacts with hydroxyl (OH) radicals in the atmosphere, reducing their abundance. As OH radicals help to reduce the lifetimes of strong greenhouse gases, like methane, carbon monoxide indirectly increases the g globalobal warming potential of these gases. And could you therefore say that CO contributes to the greenhouse effect.

submitted by /u/nexxus147
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What if the difference between NK cells and T-killer cells?

Posted: 03 Dec 2020 06:12 AM PST

I am having a hard time understanding exactly what each do and what makes them different so help would be very nice :)

submitted by /u/LittleDupie
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What are the epidemiological reasons for immunizing healthcare workers before at-risk populations?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 10:31 PM PST

"Frontline healthcare workers and elderly residents of long-term care facilities will receive the very first COVID-19 vaccinations, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advisory board recommended Tuesday.

These groups will make up Phase 1A of U.S. vaccine recipients who will receive the first 40 million or so doses that could be available by the end of the year. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is currently reviewing two vaccines, from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, for emergency use authorization." - Time

I am wondering why we're not immunizing older folks or people with pre-existing conditions first, from an epidemiological standpoint (not asking if it's moral to do so). Does the overall amount of deaths actually decrease if you immunize healthcare workers first? What are the epidemiological implications and justifications of this decision and how will it alter the trajectory of the pandemic, as compared to if we immunize the at-risk population first?

submitted by /u/DarkSkyKnight
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What percentage of stars in our night sky are actually galaxies vs actual stars?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 09:10 PM PST

Wednesday, December 2, 2020

How the heck does a laser/infrared thermometer actually work?

How the heck does a laser/infrared thermometer actually work?


How the heck does a laser/infrared thermometer actually work?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 04:57 AM PST

The way a low-tech contact thermometer works is pretty intuitive, but how can some type of light output detect surface temperature and feed it back to the source in a laser/infrared thermometer?

Edit: 🤯 thanks to everyone for the informative comments and helping to demystify this concept!

submitted by /u/Smarticus-
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How did scientists during the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic know what a virus was?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 07:35 AM PST

Medical science had come a long way throughout the latter half of the 19th century, let alone up to WWI. The germ theory was generally accepted, and scientists were mostly on the same page about how disease outbreaks started with microorganisms. They could even observe and describe the shape of certain bacteria with microscopes. But how did they know what viruses were? They're too small to physically observe with early 20th century technology, and you can't culture them in the same manner as bacteria. A lot of work was done during the Influenza Pandemic around finding the causative agent. However, much of this work mistakenly focused on bacteria that colonize the lungs as a consequence of the initial influenza infection. They clearly knew that viruses existed (IIRC scientists had attributed polio to a viral, rather than bacteria, infection at that point) but how did they know this given the limits of scientific methods at the time?

submitted by /u/TheBigApple11
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When projecting data into a subspace, is there a metric which is always minimized? For example, projecting high dimensional data onto the first 2 components of an LDA, what's special about the point that it is projected onto?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 07:52 AM PST

Is fluorine ion stable?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 07:41 AM PST

Hello, my question is, That a fluorine ion has a net charge of -1 but its valence shell is filled. Is the Ion stable? because its shell is full but the net charge is not zero.

submitted by /u/sound_of_da_police1
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How does acid damage the skin?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 04:05 AM PST

From what I learned in chemistry, according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, acids are proton donors.

To me it's baffling that contact with such a substance would cause such chemical burns and damage as it does. Let's say hydrochloric acid, HCl is the example -- I'm assuming it binds with molecules present on the skin and body, however which molecules? And they are just being donated a proton to and it causes burns? Is it possible to write a classical chemical equation for this reaction? What actually happens and why?

submitted by /u/mrFabz
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Why were COVID vaccine trial participants only tested if they showed symptoms?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 05:47 AM PST

My understanding is that for the currently leading vaccines' trials (Moderna/Pfizer), participants were only tested for covid if they showed symptoms, and therefore we don't know if the vaccines prevent non-symptomatic infections. This info seems crucial to me because if they don't protect against this type of infection and people who get vaccinated start acting like they are totally protected, they might spread the disease at much higher rates. Why not just test all participants periodically during the trials?

submitted by /u/falafelsaur
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How does donating a kidney actually work without harming the donor?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 07:11 AM PST

In my mind, if someone is in need of a kidney, doesn't the person who is donating the kidney put themselves equally at risk of health complications because they are giving up a vital health organ?

submitted by /u/ecanem63
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How do smart watches monitor heart rate, and are they accurate?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 06:57 AM PST

Why exactly is it too late to get the rabies vaccine once you get symptoms?

Posted: 01 Dec 2020 09:06 PM PST

Does grouping your numbers in Keno increase your series average winnings due to Poisson clumping?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 06:13 AM PST

Hi,

I was recently told that a scientifically supported strategy in Keno is to 'group' your numbers as this will increase your average winnings over the series due to Poisson clumping.

An example scenario was given that if you equally distributed all 20 of your numbers on the board that you are less likely to win due to the mathematical improbability of no clumping occurring per the Poisson distribution. Meanwhile if you grouped all your guesses in the top left quadrant (for example) it would have a higher chance of coming into actuality over the series of games.

But if every number drawn is random then wouldn't it mean that every combination of numbers is necessarily just as probable? And if this is true for an individual game then it logically follows that the amount of games played is a non-factor? Additionally, isn't the main reason these observed groupings can exist just a result of the visual representation of the game as a board with two axis? If you instead rendered the Keno numbers 1-80 as a single row you would lose the groupings anyway.

Am I correct that there is mathematically no possible way for your choice of numbers to influence your average chance of winning at Keno (either in a single game or a series of games)? That Poisson clumping is relevant only as an observation of the resulting perceived clumping but not to game theory? If not, why?

Thanks!

Here is a snippet with some of the sources provided to me by the person who told me about this:

https://towardsdatascience.com/the-poisson-distribution-and-poisson-process-explained-4e2cb17d459

https://stattrek.com/probability-distributions/poisson.aspx#:~:text=The%20probability%20distribution%20of%20a,Poisson%20Formula.&text=P(x%3B%20%CE%BC)%20%3D,(%CE%BCx)%20%2F%20x

https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~aldous/Book2/book.pdf

https://books.google.com.au/books?id=WDj1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=poisson+clumping+and+gambling&source=bl&ots=WuyIZNoYae&sig=ACfU3U0g32TwDLmXIVCHlecSd3PUp45LmQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSqI-J4q3tAhUKwjgGHWztD_MQ6AEwGnoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=poisson%20clumping%20and%20gambling&f=false

submitted by /u/govjmal
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What effect does “warming up” a car actually have in the cold/snow?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 05:31 AM PST

I understand that there is some benefit to giving cars a bit to start to cycle fluids around, but is there really validation for people who run their cars for 10-20 minutes before driving in the winter when it comes to the performance/durability of the car? It makes sense that you would want to start to melt snow or ice off, but is there any meaningful difference in mechanical performance?

submitted by /u/Njcleri
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What is the inside of marsipual bags made of?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 05:30 AM PST

Is ist bare skin like the belly of a corgi? Or more something like short haired fur?

submitted by /u/MTtheDestroyer
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What mechanism allows the newly created mRNA vaccines to enter the cell but not the nucleus of a cell?

Posted: 01 Dec 2020 07:03 PM PST

How is the mRNA crossing the cell membrane? Is it enclosed in a lipid bilayer? What prevents it from entering the nucleus once it's inside of a cell? Thanks.

submitted by /u/Pavement_ist_rad
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What happens during Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness? Are new cells growing?

Posted: 02 Dec 2020 03:39 AM PST

How is a virus captured in the wild (and copied?) and sent to different labs to research vaccines?

Posted: 01 Dec 2020 08:50 AM PST

What is luciferase? How does it appear in general life, and is it connected to anything in the medical realm?

Posted: 01 Dec 2020 06:14 PM PST

Context: someone mentioned Luciferase is in vaccines as tracking agents, and while I don't believe that, I want to know what it actually does both connected to humans. I did some quick google searches and know it's connected to lighting/fireflies, but that's the base of what I know. Disclaimer, I'm not a scientist. I wish to educate myself for my own sake.

Also, if flair is improper, please tell me.

submitted by /u/throwawaybcofc23843
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Can reindeer breed with whitetail deer?

Posted: 01 Dec 2020 07:11 PM PST

I was asking since I've seen images of elk/caribou (reindeer) hybrids online and I want to know if that would be possible with a whitetail deer and a reindeer since they're both part of the deer family. Please tell me.

submitted by /u/Sayakachan99
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How does the natural immune response differ from being vaccinated against corona?

Posted: 01 Dec 2020 03:10 PM PST

So most vaccines as far as I understand work by triggering an immune response without triggering the symptoms or at least triggering only lesser symptoms.

When talking about the already existing natural immunity of people who had corona it is quite thoroughly mentioned, that their immunity is not reliable, since there can still be another infection.

But the same goes for vaccines apparently given the 90 -95% rating that's mentioned so often.

So how would getting vaccinated differ from already having had corona, especially when symptomatic. Would people who already had corona still have to be vaccinated?

Where I live, being back from corona does not matter at all, while as far as I understand even if there is no 100 % immunity, the likelihood of reinfection should still be way lower for these people.

submitted by /u/Dreilala
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Are there specific parts of the brain responsible for abstract processes like 'creativity' as there are with things like language centres?

Posted: 01 Dec 2020 05:46 PM PST

Or if creativity is more a property of consciousness, do split brain patients show decreased creativity or problem solving ability due to their brains not being able to work in tandem? Or just changed creativity?

submitted by /u/TheSpaghettiEmperor
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Tuesday, December 1, 2020

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXIII

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXIII


AskScience Panel of Scientists XXIII

Posted: 23 Jul 2020 01:31 PM PDT

Please read this entire post carefully and format your application appropriately.

This post is for new panelist recruitment! The previous one is here.

The panel is an informal group of redditors who are either professional scientists or those in training to become so. All panelists have at least a graduate-level familiarity within their declared field of expertise and answer questions from related areas of study. A panelist's expertise is summarized in a color-coded AskScience flair.

Membership in the panel comes with access to a panelist subreddit. It is a place for panelists to interact with each other, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators make announcements to the whole panel. It's a good place to network with people who share your interests!


You are eligible to join the panel if you:

  • Are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences, AND,

  • Are able to communicate your knowledge of your field at a level accessible to various audiences.


Instructions for formatting your panelist application:

  • Choose exactly one general field from the side-bar (Physics, Engineering, Social Sciences, etc.).

  • State your specific field in one word or phrase (Neuropathology, Quantum Chemistry, etc.)

  • Succinctly describe your particular area of research in a few words (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)

  • Give us a brief synopsis of your education: are you a research scientist for three decades, or a first-year Ph.D. student?

  • Provide links to comments you've made in AskScience which you feel are indicative of your scholarship. Applications will not be approved without several comments made in /r/AskScience itself.


Ideally, these comments should clearly indicate your fluency in the fundamentals of your discipline as well as your expertise. We favor comments that contain citations so we can assess its correctness without specific domain knowledge.

Here's an example application:

 Username: /u/foretopsail General field: Anthropology Specific field: Maritime Archaeology Particular areas of research include historical archaeology, archaeometry, and ship construction. Education: MA in archaeology, researcher for several years. Comments: 1, 2, 3, 4. 

Please do not give us personally identifiable information and please follow the template. We're not going to do real-life background checks - we're just asking for reddit's best behavior. However, several moderators are tasked with monitoring panelist activity, and your credentials will be checked against the academic content of your posts on a continuing basis.

You can submit your application by replying to this post.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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I saw on John Oliver that the WHO visited a billion houses in their effort to eradicate Smallpox. Is this possible? I can’t find any sources.

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 01:40 PM PST

A billion houses is such a staggering number, I don't know how that's even logistically or scientifically possible.

submitted by /u/MalachiConstant7
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What's the difference between the Moderna and Pfizer Covid vaccines?

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 06:55 PM PST

They seem to be very similar in how they were created, yet one needs a much lower storage temperature and the other has a 4 week gap between doses instead of 3 weeks. What gives?

submitted by /u/achmedclaus
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With the new protein fold predicting AI in the news; are there 2 proteins with identical amino acid sequences but different structures that have fundamentally different enzymatic activity or function in the cell?

Posted: 01 Dec 2020 07:54 AM PST

With the news of the new DeepMind AI that can accurately predict the 3D-structure of a protein; this got me pondering about environmental factors that influence protein structure (e.g: Salinity, pH, Temperature, etc).

Are there examples of proteins with identical amino acid sequences but have a different 3D-structure and therefore the protein acts entirely differently? i.e: A protein in x-conformation acts as a Kinase in one environment but in y-conformation in another environment it acts as a carboxylase. Are these a result of specialized chaperonins?

I don't necessarily mean a protein that exists in both forms in the same organism, but also 2 different organisms and 2 different functions. Any examples would be amazing.

submitted by /u/arkaryote
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How do we know that Covid-19 vaccines won't teach our immune system to attack our own ACE2 enzymes?

Posted: 01 Dec 2020 07:48 AM PST

Is there a risk here for developing an autoimmune disorder where we teach our bodies to target molecules that fit our ACE2 receptors, and inadvertently, this creates some cascade which leads to a cycle of really high blood pressure/ immune system inflammation? Are the coronavirus spikes different enough from our innate enzymes that this risk is really low?

submitted by /u/willows_illia
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When you hear about a space craft “slingshotting” off of a planet, does that really increase speed? Wouldn’t the craft just slow down again as it moves away from the planet?

Posted: 01 Dec 2020 03:05 AM PST

Does memory optimization contribute to the speed of GPUs?

Posted: 01 Dec 2020 04:23 AM PST

I was just wondering if massively parallel computation was the only contributing factor to the speed of GPU processing, or if better memory optimization (compared to CPUs) also contributes to its speed?

submitted by /u/MilesAtMac
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Can conjoined twins have different blood pressures?

Posted: 01 Dec 2020 12:30 AM PST

If you have conjoined twins and each one has their own heart, can the blood pressures be different? If one twin becomes hypertensive, do they both suffer the symptoms or diseases as a result?

submitted by /u/jimmy__jazz
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Are the oceans full of extracellular exoenzymes/proteins that act outside of the cell?

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 08:54 PM PST

If so, what are the most common exoenzymes/proteins? Can we introduce one that degrades all the microplastics in the oceans?

submitted by /u/inquilinekea
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How do foreign parasites (like tape worms) block the body's immune system from registering it as a foreign object and why can't we mimic it for medical purposes?

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 01:19 PM PST

Are there any insects with a nervous system or something resembling a nervous system?

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 10:55 PM PST

Additionally, does their circuitry resemble our own enough that they might be able to feel sensations or pain similarly to how we do?

submitted by /u/Wearing_human_skin
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Since Covid-19 can cause heart and neurological problems, could other corona viruses (or common cold bugs) cause similar damage?

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 04:15 PM PST

Is Covid-19 that different? Or are we more focused on the affects?

submitted by /u/Dumbstupidhuman
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What would the FDA approval process look like if the SARS-CoV-2 virus mutated and the mRNA vaccine candidates had to be updated with a slightly different genetic sequence?

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 01:51 PM PST

Enigma machines - Without the flaw that a letter would never encode itself, would it have been breakable with the technology of the time?

Posted: 01 Dec 2020 12:33 AM PST

Just as the text says :) They had that very strong flaw - a letter or number would NEVER encode into itself - that allowed easy cribs and tests of solutions.

Without it, was it possible with the technology and knowledge of the time?

Also: What if we stipulate the technology of WW2 but with MODERN knowledge?

Also: how easy it is to break it with say a modern PC, but without that flaw?

Also: with MODERN knowledge and technology of that time, would it be possible to make a sort of enigma that would be unbreakable (or very close to it) even with modern technology? How would that look like?

Note: you may assume the crackers HAD access to one such machine and understood how it worked. Eventually they got one.

But for bonus points: they started by figuring it out from first principles, without having one. You can also comment on how much harder it would be to understand how it worked without that flaw, or if that made much of a difference.

submitted by /u/Tuga_Lissabon
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Will countries have to use the same coronavirus vaccine for it to be effective, or does having more than one vaccine increase their effectiveness?

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 04:48 PM PST

Why are siderophores (and enterobactin in particular) so specific to iron?

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 06:38 PM PST

In biology we learn that iron is a very important metal in biological processes, and bacteria have evolved ways of capturing these molecules through siderophores. However, I have no found any reason as to why siderophores are so great at capturing Fe(III) besides the casual "Fe(III) is a Lewis acid, and it reacts to a strong Lewis base" or something along those lines. So I want to ask, what is the chemistry basis for such a thing, and why do they not bind as strongly to a row II metal like Ru(III) which is also directly underneath iron?

submitted by /u/Superpotatosama
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Is it possible to still get post COVID syndrome even after being vaccinated?

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 11:24 PM PST

Hi, I just saw a news segment, in which a scientist described how the mRNA vaccine protects from getting sick (meaning symptomatic?), but that they don't know, whether it protects from being infected or being infectious, hence the continuous need to wear masks for a while.

Since many people, who had mild or no symptoms, are now experiencing post COVID syndrome, is it possible that one gets infected while being vaccinated and months later the symptoms like lung/ brain/ heart damage appear?

Or do we just have to wait and see?

submitted by /u/so_not_mana
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How does insulation work?

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 09:43 PM PST

Like how does it slow kinetic energy from leaving a room.

submitted by /u/JoeyBobBillie
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In theory, can individual photons, under ideal conditions, get pulled into a stable orbit around a massive object?

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 06:07 PM PST

Why does Rosalind Franklin’s Photograph 51 look the way it does?

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 06:43 PM PST

The image seems so far off from what DNA is actually supposed to look like. I know the St. Andrew's cross in the middle is meant to be the indicator of the double helix, and the dark patches on the top and bottom are the nitrogenous bases, but isn't that the opposite of what DNA is? Wouldn't it make more sense if the bases were on the inside? Or am I missing something about the X-ray crystallography technique?

Thanks so much for your help!

submitted by /u/whatwasimeanttodo
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Why does an oasis in a desert not just evaporate?

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 01:19 PM PST

I don't see how it can flourish so damn well.

submitted by /u/C_BearHill
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Does a stronger immune system transmit a weaker virus ?

Posted: 30 Nov 2020 04:49 PM PST

Is there any difference between the strength of a virus that is transmitted from an individual with a stronger immune system, compared to the strength of "the same" virus that is transmitted from an individual with a weaker immune system ?

And, is there any difference between the strength of a virus that is transmitted from an individual with mild symptoms, compared to the strength of "the same" virus that is transmitted from an individual with severe symptoms ?

submitted by /u/Bottomline511
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