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Thursday, November 5, 2020

Not sure how to quite phrase this but, is there a sort of “default position” for human body parts?

Not sure how to quite phrase this but, is there a sort of “default position” for human body parts?


Not sure how to quite phrase this but, is there a sort of “default position” for human body parts?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 08:50 PM PST

Like the position each joint and limb returns to at complete rest or if like there were no external forces on it? Not sure if this makes question makes complete sense but I think you get the gist but I'm kind of wondering at whether some lounging positions are more harmful or "unnatural" than others despite feeling relaxing at the time.

submitted by /u/109993108
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Why are there no solid objects that aren’t visible to the human eye?

Posted: 05 Nov 2020 05:01 AM PST

If humans are only able to perceive the visible spectrum of light, but we know there are other wavelengths such as UV that we can't see, how come we don't bump into 'invisible' walls or blocks that are only visible in ultraviolet or infrared etc?

submitted by /u/Heliothane
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When a singer expands their vocal range, does it physically affect them?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 08:30 PM PST

Ex: If they practiced to be able to sing lower, do their vocal cords get thicker/longer?

submitted by /u/l1v1ng
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Blood tests are administered during pregnancy to test for immunity to rubella to determine if re-vaccination is needed. What bio markers are these tests looking for?

Posted: 05 Nov 2020 07:14 AM PST

In theory, could a similar test be used to detect COVID immunity or are the processes too different?

submitted by /u/gingerreeb
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What is it that triggers risk-taking behaviours in individuals when aroused or in heightened emotional states (specifically anger)?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 08:04 PM PST

I just read that 15 million minks (or so) in Denmark are going to be killed because they can spread COVID-19. How concerning are mutations from minks and their ability to infect humans and in relation to the vaccine development?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 12:58 PM PST

Does being immunosuppressed raise or lower the risk of death from COVID among pediatric patients?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 09:29 PM PST

One of the early discussion points was that an immune reaction called cytokine storm was one of the big contributors to younger people dying from COVID. Does being immunosuppressed have some kind of protective effect from that, that might lead to better outcomes, in young-ish (peds) people in particular? Do we have data for it?

submitted by /u/tosseriffic
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Does depression has any positive correlation as primary/early symptom of other mental illness?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 03:34 PM PST

What is the shape of hybridised orbitals?

Posted: 05 Nov 2020 04:38 AM PST

So, two sp orbitals have 50% s character and 50% p character, three sp2 orbitals have... you know the drill. Yet I don't understand what this means exactly: I read that one advantage of hybridising is that the shapes of the new orbitals have a larger frontal lobe, which allows for less repulsion between electron pairs (?). So do all hybridised orbitals have this same shape? If so, how do the percentages of p and s character they have affect anything?

submitted by /u/BeautifulGrill
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How does your body push out foreign objects lodged under skin or in muscle?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 01:53 PM PST

I have a small piece of glass stuck under my skin in my finger, it's been there for 10 years with no sign of movement. Then again when I had a prosthetic tooth put in, the dentist used synthetic bone graft. Months later it still felt like granules of bone working its way through the surrounding gum and out - first a bump on the gum the the piece of bone would break surface and pop out. How does your body know what is the shortest path out? What mechanism is used to push it out?

submitted by /u/a_is_for_a
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How exactly do extended release pills work?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 01:24 PM PST

I was reading something today about how ibuprofen is formulated with both its R and S enantiomers and that there is some evidence that the body can slowly convert the R enantiomer to the S which is the useful one.

This got me thinking, do some slow release tablets/pills work by taking advantage of this or are there other mechanisms like slowing down how fast it dissolves, etc?

submitted by /u/Zarithe
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Is immunity backwards compatible?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 07:37 PM PST

If someone develops immunity to virus B which evolved/mutated from virus A, does that person have immunity against virus A or have any advantage against being exposed to virus A that a person who has not been exposed to virus B would not have?

What about the symmetrical question of when one has developed immunity against virus A before being exposed to virus B?

submitted by /u/pstbo
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What happens biologically when your heart skips a beat?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 03:06 PM PST

I tried googling this but just got results on heart palpitations. My question is more so on what happens when for example, you suddenly remember you forgot to do something and your heart skips a beat.

submitted by /u/squawk_
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How do neutron moderators allow for the fission of Uranium-238?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 11:48 AM PST

I understand the premise of neutron moderators and that U-238 is fissionable but not fissile. However, I don't understand how to reconcile these two ideas.

As I understand it, moderators lower the kinetic energy of fast neutrons until they are thermal neutrons and are more likely to fission various nuclides. I also know that moderators such as heavy water and graphite can allow for natural, unenriched uranium (mostly 238) to be used as fuel. However, I've also read that U-238 only tends to fission from fast neutron capture and that its own fission product neutrons are not typically fast enough to sustain a chain reaction. How exactly do moderators help with this?

I've searched so many resources to find an answer to this, but everyone just seems to say "moderators allow natural uranium to be used as fuel" without specifying how when (based on my reading) U-238 requires fast neutrons to fission. Does U-238 actually fission with thermal neutrons as well but only with a very small cross-section and moderators just drastically increase the frequency of collisions? That's the only answer I can come up with, but I'm no nuclear physicist.

submitted by /u/Imagine_Baggins
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Would airport radars not work without complex numbers?

Posted: 05 Nov 2020 12:06 AM PST

What causes nausea after taking certain medications?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 07:14 PM PST

Many drugs such as antibiotics, NSAIDs, etc may cause nausea when taken. What actually happens inside the body that causes nausea from drugs?

submitted by /u/itspickless
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Why are honeycomb cells hexagonal, and is the honeycomb conjecture significantly relevant to this?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 08:23 AM PST

https://www.reddit.com/r/math/duplicates/jnjaz8/cgp_greys_hexagons_are_the_bestagons/

In this thread I ended up in a disagreement about this. There's something called the honeycomb conjecture ( theorem, technically. It was proven in 1999 by Hales) which says that hexagonal cells are the best ( maximum area for minimum perimeter) shape to tile a plane with.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_conjecture

This would imply that bees are using the most efficient shape for their honeycomb cells, because this would get them the most space to store honey using the least amount of wax.

The disagreement here is about whether this is "on purpose"; whether the bees are making the honey comb in a way that "deliberately" makes use of this, or whether it's just the basic physics of the situation that makes cells hexagonal( because I've read that this is because of the effect of the outward pressure of the honey on the wax, rather than any specific thing the bees do). In the latter case, bees could theoretically be trying to make non-optimal circular cells, but the physics at work, the outward pressure of the honey, deforms them into the hexagon shape.

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28341#:~:text=Geometry%20and%20construction%20of%20the,angles%20between%20some%20consecutive%20sides.

The above paper says that bees make their cells circular, not hexagonal, and suggests several mechanisms ( apparently independent of anything the bees do) that would lead to the hexagon shape.

So, why are honeycomb cells hexagonal and is the honeycomb conjecture and the associated claim ( Bees make honey combs with hexagonal cells "because" it's the most efficient ) relevant here?

submitted by /u/VankousFrost
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How do we know that the Atlantic coastlines of South America and Africa maintained their general shape all the way since the separation of the continents?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 09:39 AM PST

Hi, people.

First, the question, and then a bit of an explanation to clarify and pinpoint the real answer I want to get.

Q: How can we assume, by noticing that the eastern coast of South America matches the shape of the western coast of Africa, that South America and Africa were conjoined in the past, if the sea level has drastically varied during the ages and even a few meters up or down could mean very different coastlines?

This question arised when my father stated that it is a mere coincidence that the coastlines are similar.

Don't get him wrong: he doesn't question that the continents were conjoined. He simply says that the coastlines being similar is a fortunate coincidence that helped us first visualize the idea, but that all the simulations that show the two continents drifting apart through the ages and at all times maintaining the same shape is bullshit.

After the debate, I researched a bit and found something about the mid ocean ridge being responsible for creating the new ocean soil, but didn't go farther than that.

I would love for someone to explain if my father is right when he says the simulations are only a visualization or if the coastlines really maintained their shapes since the separation of the continents.

submitted by /u/meaning_searcher
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What is actually happening in muscle spasms?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 02:25 AM PST

In the context of post workout. Take this video for reference: https://youtu.be/i-kN2uofEz0 I get its moving around and all but what does it actually look like without the skin?

submitted by /u/heckin_redditor
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Wednesday, November 4, 2020

What are the difficulties to make digital voting for government from home possible?

What are the difficulties to make digital voting for government from home possible?


What are the difficulties to make digital voting for government from home possible?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 01:44 AM PST

On the surface, you'd think this isn't a hard problem to solve? What are the gaps in technology/computer science, and what research is being done in this field?

submitted by /u/ebas
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What animals are the least genetically related to humans on the planet?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 07:02 AM PST

What animals branched of from the common ancestors of humans the farthest back?

submitted by /u/kuuzo
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 07:08 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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If we didn’t need to devote part of our brain to breath and make our heart beat, etc., could our brain use that new amount of space in our brain to do multiple complex tasks at once?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 05:50 AM PST

The human brain, while strong, cannot do multiple complex tasks at once. I cannot play video games while writing an essay, cannot cook while studying for school, cannot play with my dog while doing complex math in my head, etc. If I hooked my brain up to some sort of computer, where I had the power of my brain, but didn't have the need to breath, or make my heart beat, or any bodily function, would I be able to use that power that my brain usually expends on all those bodily functions, and use it to be able to do multiple complex tasks at once?

TL;DR: If i could ignore all bodily functions, could my brain use that power usually expended on those functions to be able to do multiple complex tasks at once?

submitted by /u/CantAffordManga
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How long can blood cells survive in drying blood?

Posted: 03 Nov 2020 01:28 AM PST

Blood cells can obviously be stored for long periods of time outside the body under controlled conditions. If I were to cut my finger and lose a few drops of blood onto a smooth dry surface, how long would the cells within survive as the blood dried out?

submitted by /u/NoahN____
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Will the Covid vaccine developed in one country work for another country ?

Posted: 03 Nov 2020 08:14 AM PST

I am wondering if the vaccine development itself has anything to do with the demographics and general population characteristics of the country.

Also the testing for the vaccine will be done on the people of the country. Does the company need to test or tweak the vaccine for the demographics pf the country?

submitted by /u/yalogin
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Can we spray some ozone in the atmosphere to 'repair' the hole?

Posted: 03 Nov 2020 03:13 AM PST

Was watching a video on how sulphur dioxide is thought to be useful when sprayed in the stratosphere layer, because it can be converted to sulphuric acid which can reflect more UV radiation from the sun and cool the earth. Have scientists thought of the same with ozone?

submitted by /u/nickoskal024
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Tuesday, November 3, 2020

How do we know what the Milky Way looks like if we are within it?

How do we know what the Milky Way looks like if we are within it?


How do we know what the Milky Way looks like if we are within it?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 03:53 PM PST

From sources I had read and just general knowledge growing up, the Milky Way galaxy has always been described to be as a 2 (sometimes 4) arm spiral galaxy. What I have always wondered is how we can tell that from looking/being within it.

submitted by /u/Boom2215
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I've seen news lately about a new strain of COVID-19, can anyone explain what changed and how it evolved?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 10:06 AM PST

Is it true that COVID can make you lose memories?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 07:28 AM PST

I've heard someone talk about it in the school, a girl might not be able to take the final exam at the end of the year, because she had corona. She lost significant amount of her memory, and doctors don't know if she will recover. Is it true?

submitted by /u/Yallaintnosun
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Were people who test negative for antibodies never sick at all with COVID-19?

Posted: 03 Nov 2020 04:18 AM PST

Which Covid-19 vaccine candidates provided positive data in animal trials? If a vaccine works better in animals, is it more likely to be more effective in humans?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 12:55 PM PST

With many major vaccine candidates in phase 3 trials for safety and efficacy, I looked up results of Oxford/AstraZeneca animal trials, and found out that it couldn't prevent infections in monkeys, however there was no pneumonia in those monkeys compared to unvaccinated monkeys.

Some more questions:

  • Are all vaccines attempting to prevent symptomatic infection, or are there some attempting to outright prevent infection? If a vaccine prevents symptomatic infection but is unable to prevent infection, does it not mean that it won't be able to break the chain of infection through asymptomatic transmission?

  • Are there vaccine candidates that were effective in animals in preventing infection (and not just symptomatic transmission)?

  • Which vaccine candidates appear to be the most promising based on animal trials and up to phase 2 trial results?

I know these are a lot of questions. Just curious.

submitted by /u/tmleafsfan
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What causes the undersea river valleys and rivers that run off the continental shelf?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 11:26 AM PST

I was browsing around on google earth and noticed that some parts of the continental shelf has clearly defined, what looks like, river valleys. Some areas have clearly defined rivers - if you look just south west of Ireland. Are these ancient flows for when this was above water or is this due some undersea process?

submitted by /u/a_is_for_a
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Where does the electricity stay when you turn on the plug but there is no socket in?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 01:32 PM PST

What is the difference between coronavirus and Covid 19?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 12:44 PM PST

Sorry if its a dumb question I'm just curious

submitted by /u/alwaysremeberURloved
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How do animals eat venomous snakes and spiders without being poisoned?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 11:44 AM PST

Monday, November 2, 2020

The Earth has a mass of 6*10^24 kg. How did scientists figure that one out?

The Earth has a mass of 6*10^24 kg. How did scientists figure that one out?


The Earth has a mass of 6*10^24 kg. How did scientists figure that one out?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 08:09 PM PST

Coronaviruses usually just cause the common cold ,why is Covid-19 different? Can covid-19 also just cause mild upper respiratory tract illness like the common cold in some people?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 04:26 AM PST

How do deep space probes communicate with Earth?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 06:58 AM PST

This one has been boggling me for a long time now. Let's say that a distant probe like Voyager 1 tries to communicate with earth. As per this page Voyager 1 is roughly 141 Astronomical Units away from earth which translates to roughly 19 light hours. AFAIK Voyager 1 needs to point it's antenna directly to Earth to communicate, so it locates Earth and sends a message. Since light speed is finite and it takes 19 hours the message to reach our Deep Space Network, the Earth has moved through space roughly 2 Million Kms.

My question is, how is it possible for the radio wave to hit the Earth when it has moved 2 Millions Km?

Is it because as the radio wave moves through space time the area it covers increases so it hits the earth because the message was sent to the general direction the earth was 19 hours before? or something in my previous assessments is flawed?

submitted by /u/elias-sel
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Can someone explain how an Exit Poll can work when there is so much mail-in and early voting?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 06:21 AM PST

Can COVID-19 reproduce using hand cells?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 06:16 AM PST

Hello, I know viruses needs cells to reproduce, but can it reproduce in ANY cell type? Or is there specific cells? So can COVID-19 for example, multiply using skin cells? And if so, can it keep multiplying using your skin cells, then your muscle cells, all the way til it reaches your blood vessels? Thank you for any help!

submitted by /u/Honest-af_account
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How do space probes make it past the astroid belt without crashing into them?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 04:24 PM PST

I am a huge fan of space and learning about it and I have always wondered how we don't hear of probes constantly crashing into the astroid belt. I know space is huge and have heard things like space is too big so we don't have to worry about it, but I was wondering if there was a more direct reason. I am sure the technology we have now helps plot the course but I have always been curious.

submitted by /u/TreKs
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How do octopuses, squid and cuttlefish match their pigment to the surrounding environment?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 02:34 PM PST

I understand that the expansion and contraction of pigment cells is how these animals achieve color change, but is this a passive trait or do these animals consciously control it? For instance, will an octopus see the pattern and color of a specific rock and consciously "match" this pattern? Or do they have predetermined patterns and effects that have evolved to mimic the surrounding environment?

submitted by /u/All_This_Mayhem
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Semiology, Whats the difference between passive articulatory limitation and active articulatory limitation ?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 04:37 AM PST

What exactly about electron degeneracy pressure stops a white dwarf from collapsing?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 06:24 AM PST

So I know that the Pauli exclusion principle stops identical fermions from occupying the same state, but I don't understand intuitively why this stops the collapse. Does it create a real world force, similar to the resistance of "I can't put a peg in this hole because there's already a peg there, so Newton's 3rd law puts sends any force I put in to forcing the peg in back to me", or is it something else entirely? Is there no intuitive analogue and you just have to accept the quantum mechanics for what it is?

submitted by /u/PleasedBlue
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Considering that the earth is a few billion years old, how are elements with a half-life of a few million years naturally found?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 02:30 AM PST

Logically wouldn't they all decay down to their most stable forms considering how long the planet has been around since most of them were created in the early solar system?

submitted by /u/MLofGeorge
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Why do Mushrooms grow when it's humid outside? How Do spores spread though the air? Is "wet" are beneficial?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 06:05 AM PST

Animals camouflage by mimicking their environment, but that’s in our visible spectrum. Does camouflage of certain creatures extend outside of our visible spectrum, and if so, how far?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 06:48 PM PST

Follow up, are there camouflaged creatures that we don't perceive as such, but are fully camouflaged in ultraviolet or infrared or even further?

submitted by /u/ddrddrddrddr
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Does the reversal potential of a voltage gated ion channel change during activation/deactivation?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 04:31 AM PST

As far as I understand it, the reversal potential is the transmembrane potential at which there is no net movement of ions across the cell membrane. It is dependent on the molar concentration of the ion in question inside and outside of the cell membrane (as well as temperature etc.).

The difference between the membrane potential and the reversal potential is the driving force for any ion movement across the membrane.

Here is my question:

When the ion channel (let's say a K+ channel) opens, the K+ ions move out of the cell, thus shifting the relationship of ion concentration outside to concentration inside... doesn't that mean that the reversal potential is now different than it was in the closed state (assuming we only have K+ channels in the cell)?

submitted by /u/anelad_hin
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Can you technically graft any plant together?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 07:30 PM PST

Grafting is the process of combining two plants but it just might not be successful? Or does saying that you grafted two plants imply it was successful?

submitted by /u/ilikepinapples2
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How does artificial light at night impact sleep quality and sleep duration?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 05:11 PM PST

So many people have told me that keeping the lights on (or having a night light on) prevents people getting good sleep and causes people to sleep less than an individual who sleeps with all the lights off. Can someone explain this and also recommend some journal articles to read? I'd appreciate that very much.

submitted by /u/IllustriousAvacado
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Do seeds carry more nutritional value than their flesh/meat?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 04:37 PM PST

Let me clarify that I have no idea what to call the edible parts of a fruit like orange or watermelon therefore I'm referring to it as flesh/meat.

As for the question. I am wondering if seeds in fruits carry more nutritional value than their flesh. Someone I know told me that grape seeds carry more vitamins and phytonutrients, therefore it was better to get grapes with seeds and eat the whole thing rather than get seedless grapes.

So is this true. And if it is, does this also happens in others fruits/berries ?

submitted by /u/manu5514
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Why do some elements have to be in pairs amd some don't?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 04:28 PM PST

I know that the 7 elements of Br, I, N, Cl, H, O and F alsways have to be in pairs, and I also know that it is because they do not have 8 elektrons in the outer layer making them unstable if they don't have a shared electron with another atom. My is question is why do all the other elements (with the exception of He, Ne, Xe, Kr, Ar, Ra) not have the same problem seeing as how they do not have 8 in the outer layer either. (Please tell me if something is unclear about my question)

submitted by /u/Christ12347
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Does this water descaler really work?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 07:01 AM PST

I see this thing on tv in my country all the damn time. But does the chemistry/physics behind this product really work?

submitted by /u/ocelot_96
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