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Wednesday, November 4, 2020

What are the difficulties to make digital voting for government from home possible?

What are the difficulties to make digital voting for government from home possible?


What are the difficulties to make digital voting for government from home possible?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 01:44 AM PST

On the surface, you'd think this isn't a hard problem to solve? What are the gaps in technology/computer science, and what research is being done in this field?

submitted by /u/ebas
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What animals are the least genetically related to humans on the planet?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 07:02 AM PST

What animals branched of from the common ancestors of humans the farthest back?

submitted by /u/kuuzo
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 07:08 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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If we didn’t need to devote part of our brain to breath and make our heart beat, etc., could our brain use that new amount of space in our brain to do multiple complex tasks at once?

Posted: 04 Nov 2020 05:50 AM PST

The human brain, while strong, cannot do multiple complex tasks at once. I cannot play video games while writing an essay, cannot cook while studying for school, cannot play with my dog while doing complex math in my head, etc. If I hooked my brain up to some sort of computer, where I had the power of my brain, but didn't have the need to breath, or make my heart beat, or any bodily function, would I be able to use that power that my brain usually expends on all those bodily functions, and use it to be able to do multiple complex tasks at once?

TL;DR: If i could ignore all bodily functions, could my brain use that power usually expended on those functions to be able to do multiple complex tasks at once?

submitted by /u/CantAffordManga
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How long can blood cells survive in drying blood?

Posted: 03 Nov 2020 01:28 AM PST

Blood cells can obviously be stored for long periods of time outside the body under controlled conditions. If I were to cut my finger and lose a few drops of blood onto a smooth dry surface, how long would the cells within survive as the blood dried out?

submitted by /u/NoahN____
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Will the Covid vaccine developed in one country work for another country ?

Posted: 03 Nov 2020 08:14 AM PST

I am wondering if the vaccine development itself has anything to do with the demographics and general population characteristics of the country.

Also the testing for the vaccine will be done on the people of the country. Does the company need to test or tweak the vaccine for the demographics pf the country?

submitted by /u/yalogin
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Can we spray some ozone in the atmosphere to 'repair' the hole?

Posted: 03 Nov 2020 03:13 AM PST

Was watching a video on how sulphur dioxide is thought to be useful when sprayed in the stratosphere layer, because it can be converted to sulphuric acid which can reflect more UV radiation from the sun and cool the earth. Have scientists thought of the same with ozone?

submitted by /u/nickoskal024
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Tuesday, November 3, 2020

How do we know what the Milky Way looks like if we are within it?

How do we know what the Milky Way looks like if we are within it?


How do we know what the Milky Way looks like if we are within it?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 03:53 PM PST

From sources I had read and just general knowledge growing up, the Milky Way galaxy has always been described to be as a 2 (sometimes 4) arm spiral galaxy. What I have always wondered is how we can tell that from looking/being within it.

submitted by /u/Boom2215
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I've seen news lately about a new strain of COVID-19, can anyone explain what changed and how it evolved?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 10:06 AM PST

Is it true that COVID can make you lose memories?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 07:28 AM PST

I've heard someone talk about it in the school, a girl might not be able to take the final exam at the end of the year, because she had corona. She lost significant amount of her memory, and doctors don't know if she will recover. Is it true?

submitted by /u/Yallaintnosun
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Were people who test negative for antibodies never sick at all with COVID-19?

Posted: 03 Nov 2020 04:18 AM PST

Which Covid-19 vaccine candidates provided positive data in animal trials? If a vaccine works better in animals, is it more likely to be more effective in humans?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 12:55 PM PST

With many major vaccine candidates in phase 3 trials for safety and efficacy, I looked up results of Oxford/AstraZeneca animal trials, and found out that it couldn't prevent infections in monkeys, however there was no pneumonia in those monkeys compared to unvaccinated monkeys.

Some more questions:

  • Are all vaccines attempting to prevent symptomatic infection, or are there some attempting to outright prevent infection? If a vaccine prevents symptomatic infection but is unable to prevent infection, does it not mean that it won't be able to break the chain of infection through asymptomatic transmission?

  • Are there vaccine candidates that were effective in animals in preventing infection (and not just symptomatic transmission)?

  • Which vaccine candidates appear to be the most promising based on animal trials and up to phase 2 trial results?

I know these are a lot of questions. Just curious.

submitted by /u/tmleafsfan
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What causes the undersea river valleys and rivers that run off the continental shelf?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 11:26 AM PST

I was browsing around on google earth and noticed that some parts of the continental shelf has clearly defined, what looks like, river valleys. Some areas have clearly defined rivers - if you look just south west of Ireland. Are these ancient flows for when this was above water or is this due some undersea process?

submitted by /u/a_is_for_a
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Where does the electricity stay when you turn on the plug but there is no socket in?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 01:32 PM PST

What is the difference between coronavirus and Covid 19?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 12:44 PM PST

Sorry if its a dumb question I'm just curious

submitted by /u/alwaysremeberURloved
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How do animals eat venomous snakes and spiders without being poisoned?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 11:44 AM PST

Monday, November 2, 2020

The Earth has a mass of 6*10^24 kg. How did scientists figure that one out?

The Earth has a mass of 6*10^24 kg. How did scientists figure that one out?


The Earth has a mass of 6*10^24 kg. How did scientists figure that one out?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 08:09 PM PST

Coronaviruses usually just cause the common cold ,why is Covid-19 different? Can covid-19 also just cause mild upper respiratory tract illness like the common cold in some people?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 04:26 AM PST

How do deep space probes communicate with Earth?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 06:58 AM PST

This one has been boggling me for a long time now. Let's say that a distant probe like Voyager 1 tries to communicate with earth. As per this page Voyager 1 is roughly 141 Astronomical Units away from earth which translates to roughly 19 light hours. AFAIK Voyager 1 needs to point it's antenna directly to Earth to communicate, so it locates Earth and sends a message. Since light speed is finite and it takes 19 hours the message to reach our Deep Space Network, the Earth has moved through space roughly 2 Million Kms.

My question is, how is it possible for the radio wave to hit the Earth when it has moved 2 Millions Km?

Is it because as the radio wave moves through space time the area it covers increases so it hits the earth because the message was sent to the general direction the earth was 19 hours before? or something in my previous assessments is flawed?

submitted by /u/elias-sel
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Can someone explain how an Exit Poll can work when there is so much mail-in and early voting?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 06:21 AM PST

Can COVID-19 reproduce using hand cells?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 06:16 AM PST

Hello, I know viruses needs cells to reproduce, but can it reproduce in ANY cell type? Or is there specific cells? So can COVID-19 for example, multiply using skin cells? And if so, can it keep multiplying using your skin cells, then your muscle cells, all the way til it reaches your blood vessels? Thank you for any help!

submitted by /u/Honest-af_account
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How do space probes make it past the astroid belt without crashing into them?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 04:24 PM PST

I am a huge fan of space and learning about it and I have always wondered how we don't hear of probes constantly crashing into the astroid belt. I know space is huge and have heard things like space is too big so we don't have to worry about it, but I was wondering if there was a more direct reason. I am sure the technology we have now helps plot the course but I have always been curious.

submitted by /u/TreKs
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How do octopuses, squid and cuttlefish match their pigment to the surrounding environment?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 02:34 PM PST

I understand that the expansion and contraction of pigment cells is how these animals achieve color change, but is this a passive trait or do these animals consciously control it? For instance, will an octopus see the pattern and color of a specific rock and consciously "match" this pattern? Or do they have predetermined patterns and effects that have evolved to mimic the surrounding environment?

submitted by /u/All_This_Mayhem
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Semiology, Whats the difference between passive articulatory limitation and active articulatory limitation ?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 04:37 AM PST

What exactly about electron degeneracy pressure stops a white dwarf from collapsing?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 06:24 AM PST

So I know that the Pauli exclusion principle stops identical fermions from occupying the same state, but I don't understand intuitively why this stops the collapse. Does it create a real world force, similar to the resistance of "I can't put a peg in this hole because there's already a peg there, so Newton's 3rd law puts sends any force I put in to forcing the peg in back to me", or is it something else entirely? Is there no intuitive analogue and you just have to accept the quantum mechanics for what it is?

submitted by /u/PleasedBlue
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Considering that the earth is a few billion years old, how are elements with a half-life of a few million years naturally found?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 02:30 AM PST

Logically wouldn't they all decay down to their most stable forms considering how long the planet has been around since most of them were created in the early solar system?

submitted by /u/MLofGeorge
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Why do Mushrooms grow when it's humid outside? How Do spores spread though the air? Is "wet" are beneficial?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 06:05 AM PST

Animals camouflage by mimicking their environment, but that’s in our visible spectrum. Does camouflage of certain creatures extend outside of our visible spectrum, and if so, how far?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 06:48 PM PST

Follow up, are there camouflaged creatures that we don't perceive as such, but are fully camouflaged in ultraviolet or infrared or even further?

submitted by /u/ddrddrddrddr
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Does the reversal potential of a voltage gated ion channel change during activation/deactivation?

Posted: 02 Nov 2020 04:31 AM PST

As far as I understand it, the reversal potential is the transmembrane potential at which there is no net movement of ions across the cell membrane. It is dependent on the molar concentration of the ion in question inside and outside of the cell membrane (as well as temperature etc.).

The difference between the membrane potential and the reversal potential is the driving force for any ion movement across the membrane.

Here is my question:

When the ion channel (let's say a K+ channel) opens, the K+ ions move out of the cell, thus shifting the relationship of ion concentration outside to concentration inside... doesn't that mean that the reversal potential is now different than it was in the closed state (assuming we only have K+ channels in the cell)?

submitted by /u/anelad_hin
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Can you technically graft any plant together?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 07:30 PM PST

Grafting is the process of combining two plants but it just might not be successful? Or does saying that you grafted two plants imply it was successful?

submitted by /u/ilikepinapples2
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How does artificial light at night impact sleep quality and sleep duration?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 05:11 PM PST

So many people have told me that keeping the lights on (or having a night light on) prevents people getting good sleep and causes people to sleep less than an individual who sleeps with all the lights off. Can someone explain this and also recommend some journal articles to read? I'd appreciate that very much.

submitted by /u/IllustriousAvacado
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Do seeds carry more nutritional value than their flesh/meat?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 04:37 PM PST

Let me clarify that I have no idea what to call the edible parts of a fruit like orange or watermelon therefore I'm referring to it as flesh/meat.

As for the question. I am wondering if seeds in fruits carry more nutritional value than their flesh. Someone I know told me that grape seeds carry more vitamins and phytonutrients, therefore it was better to get grapes with seeds and eat the whole thing rather than get seedless grapes.

So is this true. And if it is, does this also happens in others fruits/berries ?

submitted by /u/manu5514
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Why do some elements have to be in pairs amd some don't?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 04:28 PM PST

I know that the 7 elements of Br, I, N, Cl, H, O and F alsways have to be in pairs, and I also know that it is because they do not have 8 elektrons in the outer layer making them unstable if they don't have a shared electron with another atom. My is question is why do all the other elements (with the exception of He, Ne, Xe, Kr, Ar, Ra) not have the same problem seeing as how they do not have 8 in the outer layer either. (Please tell me if something is unclear about my question)

submitted by /u/Christ12347
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Does this water descaler really work?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 07:01 AM PST

I see this thing on tv in my country all the damn time. But does the chemistry/physics behind this product really work?

submitted by /u/ocelot_96
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Sunday, November 1, 2020

If I would go into my vegetable garden and scoop up a tablespoon of soil, inspected it millimeter by millimeter under a 40x-100x microscope: which and how many visible-sized organisms (insects, arthropods, etc.) would I be able to find?

If I would go into my vegetable garden and scoop up a tablespoon of soil, inspected it millimeter by millimeter under a 40x-100x microscope: which and how many visible-sized organisms (insects, arthropods, etc.) would I be able to find?


If I would go into my vegetable garden and scoop up a tablespoon of soil, inspected it millimeter by millimeter under a 40x-100x microscope: which and how many visible-sized organisms (insects, arthropods, etc.) would I be able to find?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 03:33 AM PST

For context: my backyard is a vegetable garden in coastal Western Europe with dark brown dirt and grows mostly beans and gourds. I'm slightly interested in purchasing my own (cheap) microscope and just having a field day in my backyard, if that'd be viable.

I've been looking at some Wikipedia pages and there's tonnes of pages that list tiny (0.1/0.2mm) insects and other critters whilst stating that they're commonly found in regular top soil everywhere. Some sources that I've found online list incredible numbers of arthropods, insects, nematodes, etc., with numbers up to millions per square feet.

submitted by /u/Straight_Chip
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What makes a virus airborne? Some viruses like chickenpox, smallpox and measles don't need "droplets" like coronavirus does. Does it have something to do with the size or composition of the capsid?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 09:18 AM PDT

In this comment: https://old.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/fjhplb/what_makes_viruses_only_survive_in_water_droplets/fkqxhlu/

he says:

Depending on the composition of the viral capsid, some viruses can be relatively more robust while others can never survive outside of blood.

I'm curious if size is the only factor that makes a virus delicate.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsid this article talks about capsomere and protomere, but doesn't talk about how tough it can be.

Is there any short explanation about capsid thoughness, and how it related to virus survival?

submitted by /u/jokoon
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What are the numbers of Influenza infections yearly? All I can find on the internet is death tool. Doing infographic about comparing Covid to Influenza, and infection rate is really important factor imo.

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 03:54 AM PST

People in my country love to compare influenza to a Covid. Most of them not realizing that Covid death tool is only so low cause of rules, while if the Covid been as common as influenza, numbers would be a lot worse (New York, Italy and frankly my Country)

submitted by /u/LegendCZ
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What happens when I open the window in a warm room?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 03:38 AM PST

When I open the window, cold air comes in and warm air leaves. But how does this happen? I vaguely imagine the the cold air comes in at the bottom of the opening and warm air leaves at the top. Are there vortices somewhere in the middle? If I could dye the air on the inside one colour and the air on the outside another colour would I see anything interesting when I open the window?

submitted by /u/l_lecrup
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When a person donates a kidney, what is filled in that void left by the kidney?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 02:34 AM PST

I know that a human can live with one kidney but when it is donated or removed because it's damaged, what is filled in the void? If nothing is filled, will other organs just move and occupy the space of this kidney?

submitted by /u/jabhiram
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If countries followed NZ and Australia's "strong" lockdown policies, would COVID-19 get eradicated or would it survive and come back somehow?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 01:23 AM PDT

According to Veritasium, there is no way to know if the speed of light is the same in all directions. But isn't the fact that we can see how the universe was billions of years ago (by looking at space objects millions of ly away) a proof that light travels at the same speed in all directions?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 06:02 PM PDT

Video: https://youtu.be/pTn6Ewhb27k

Sorry if it's confusing, english is not my native language

submitted by /u/_outbacksteak_
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Have scientists tried to make a coronavirus vaccine before COVID19? If so, was it successful? If not what went wrong?

Posted: 01 Nov 2020 01:48 AM PST

How does a hard disk create space for new files after deleting old ones but is still capable to recover those deleted files?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 07:34 PM PDT

As soon as I empty my recycle bin my windows PC tells me, I got now more space to put new files in to. I can even limit out this space. Still with apps like Windows File Recovery I can see files which has been deleted months ago and recover like they were never gone. How is this possible?

submitted by /u/bulwix
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Most people are familiar with the asteroid belt. Are there any other particularly interesting regions between planets in the solar system which aren't as well known?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 10:28 AM PDT

What determines if a substance boils in a perfect vacuum?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 03:12 PM PDT

When draining a double sink with unequal water volumes, why does the one with less water not drain until the other one has an equal volume?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 11:47 AM PDT

This is a phenomenon that can be observed in your average kitchen sink at home or the office, provided the one with less water is directly over the t-pipe and both drains are unplugged simultaneously. It has never ceased to puzzle me since I first observed it.

submitted by /u/SupersuMC
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When we drink, why does our urine turn clear? I thought alcohol was supposed to DEhydrate us?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 07:41 PM PDT

So my intuition tells me that urine color is not the best indicator of how hydrated we are. So, what is it that makes our urine dark/clear and why are we always told it is an indicator of how hydrated we are?

submitted by /u/Wzup
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Theoretically, if all currently living aquatic creatures were to suddenly disappear from the ocean, would it cause a significant change in the global sea level? If so, is it possible to estimate how drastic the change would be?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 07:02 PM PDT

This is, of course, assuming no other dire consequences such a extreme change in equilibrium in the planet's ecosystem.

submitted by /u/HailToTheThief225
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How does relativity allow for this to be true?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 02:52 PM PDT

If you are in a lab that is moving near the speed of light in the x direction and you shine two beams of light in the negative x direction and the positive x direction how would they travel at the same speed from the rest frame of the lab? From my intuition it seems that the beam traveling in the negative x direction should reach the other wall in about L/2c while the one in the positive x direction would take super long. How does time dilation change both of these to L/c when one is faster and one is slower?

submitted by /u/walkerspider
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Clean Coal? Are there different types of coal that give off different emissions?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 11:13 AM PDT

Listened to Joe Roegans interview with Tim Dillon and Alex Jones today.... One of many questions I have is the "clean coal" discussed, is it real?

Namely is there a large deposit in America that burns much cleaner than other types of coal irrespective of coal fired plant technology used to "scrubb"

Thanks

submitted by /u/weshtlad
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How comman are comorbities with ADHD and what tend to be the most frequently paired?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 07:03 AM PDT

If ice is less dense than water then why did the water levels go down during the ice ages?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 04:20 PM PDT

What exactly is pseudodementia and how does it affect the brain? What causes it? Is it reversible?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 02:13 PM PDT

How is it different from dementia? What makes it "pseudo"?

submitted by /u/farewellcorvo
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What is actually happening when you get “BrainFreeze” after eating something cold?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 12:39 AM PDT

Is it really your Brain you can feel and why is it so unpleasant?

submitted by /u/CrapTaxidermy
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How did early humans survive during winter?

Posted: 31 Oct 2020 04:21 AM PDT

Obviously fire, but I feel as if that would not be enough to keep them alive?

submitted by /u/pastabandit69
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