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Friday, October 23, 2020

Do asteroids fly into the sun?

Do asteroids fly into the sun?


Do asteroids fly into the sun?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 05:25 PM PDT

Is the age of the universe influenced by time dilation?

Posted: 21 Oct 2020 09:05 PM PDT

In other words, we perceive the universe to be 13+ billion years old but could there be other regions in spacetime that would perceive the age of the universe to be much younger/older?

Also could this influence how likely it is to find intelligent life if, for example, regions that experience time much faster than other regions might be more likely to have advanced intelligent life than regions that experience time much more slowly? Not saying that areas that experience time much more slowly than us cannot be intelligent, but here on earth we see the most evolution occur between generations. If we have had time to go through many generations then we could be more equipped than life that has not gone through as many evolution cycles.

Edit: Even within our own galaxy, is it wrong to think that planetary systems closer to the center of the galaxy would say that the universe is younger than planetary system on the outer edge of the galaxy like ours?

Edit 2: Thanks for the gold and it's crazy to see how many people took interest in this question. I guess it was in part inspired by the saying "It's 5 O'Clock somewhere". The idea being that somewhere out there the universe is probably always celebrating its "first birthday". Sure a lot of very specific, and hard to achieve, conditions need to be met, but it's still cool to think about.

submitted by /u/SidewaysTimeTraveler
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What is happening inside your brain when you're trying to retrieve a very faint memory?

Posted: 23 Oct 2020 06:14 AM PDT

How do vitamins help the immune system?

Posted: 23 Oct 2020 02:19 AM PDT

When I was younger, my mom would always tell me to take vitamin C do I don't get sick. I'm curious as to how exactly vitamins help the immune system. What part does it strengthen? Is it noticable? And how does it strengthen it?

submitted by /u/Frayjais
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Approximately how many skin cells get into kneaded foods, e.g. pizza?

Posted: 23 Oct 2020 06:10 AM PDT

Theoretically shouldn't ace inhibitors like Lisinopril drastically decrease complications from covid?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 11:58 PM PDT

I've had this question for quite some time, and have been too embarrassed to ask. My understanding is that the vast majority of complications occur from ACE receptors being stimulated leading to inflammation, fibrosis etc in the lungs. Wouldn't an ace inhibitor theoretically increase odds of survival in a patient while the immune system fights the virus?

submitted by /u/w3kolil
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Why do nuclear power plants produce unique isotopes?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 07:00 PM PDT

After the Fukushima disaster scientists were able to trace radiation detected in fish off the west coast of the US as originating from the Fukushima plant. I think there was a similar occurrence with Chernobyl

If they are using the same fuel and the same process shouldn't the byproducts be the same?

submitted by /u/0nP0INT
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Why did scientists believe an ice age was coming in the 70's?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 09:54 PM PDT

My parents are heavily against climate change saying that we used to think an ice age was coming, now there's global warming and scientists "have no clue what's going on." The climate is something I take pretty seriously, but I don't know enough to refute this. Can anyone explain why we thought and ice age was coming and what changed our thinking? Any sources would sources would be appreciated, too.

submitted by /u/psycoptipath52
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How did NASA track the Apollo spacecraft?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 06:09 PM PDT

In the movie Apollo 13, Mission Control in Houston makes frequent references to the eponymous spacecraft's orientation in space such as its approach angle to the atmosphere and so forth. It's clear that Houston was able to independently monitor these parameters, not needing to rely on the astronauts themselves for the information.

How did Houston have this information? Some sort of radar system? How did they maintain a fix on the spacecraft throughout the Earth's rotational period, when the spacecraft would presumably periodically "set" on Houston?

submitted by /u/Icarus367
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Is there a point in space where if you look at one half of the night sky you would see the light from stars and the other half would be darkness because there are no stars beyond you in the universe?

Posted: 21 Oct 2020 06:47 PM PDT

Why does U-235 split when hit with a neutron instead of becoming U-236?

Posted: 21 Oct 2020 12:40 PM PDT

What exactly does determine the minimum and maximum number of neutrons a core of an atom may contain?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 11:56 AM PDT

Naturally, I realize the number does not differ too much from the number of protons, but is there some theoretical formula to determine the exact bounds? Or are the lists of all isotopes of an element based merely on successful observations and in principle, any number could be listed but the atom would instantly decay?

submitted by /u/tomas_paulicek
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How do viruses survive freezing?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 12:04 PM PDT

I was reading about the VIABLE Pithovirus, discovered 30m below the surface, frozen in ice, and I was wondering how did it survive the freezing process. From my understanding of biology and psychics, when water transforms from liquid state to solid state, it forms crystals, which penetrante cellular membranes(in our case it's not exactly a cell, but still a membrane). I guess that creating pores in the viral membrane(either from the intraviral water or the extraviral water) distrubts the virus ability to be infectious and thus replicate, resulting in the virus death. I'm sure that there are many people here that understand this better than I do and maybe can help me shed some light on the subject.

Many thanks!

(I apologize for my English)

submitted by /u/bladewcw
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Which viruses can "survive" drying out?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 10:34 AM PDT

My understanding is that different sorts of viruses can vary wildly in how tough they are depending on things like DNA versus RNA and protein shells versus lipid shells. All viruses have to be able to handle immersion in liquid to remain infectious inside our bodies but how common is it for viruses to be able to have the liquid they are in dry up and still remain infectious afterwards?

submitted by /u/symmetry81
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How does 5G achieve speeds orders of magnitude faster than LTE if they’re both just using electromagnetic waves?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 05:35 AM PDT

Do we see the concept of "ownership" in other species?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 08:34 AM PDT

The idea that an item or place belongs to someone, that is have an individual or group of individuals control a particular item or place, seems to be a notion borne out of the scarcity of resources (such as land, water, food, etc.) so that one can better secure access to those resources. Do we see this sort of behavior in other species, for example, besides territoriality, the "ownership" of particular items that may be respected or contested by others of that species?

submitted by /u/profdc9
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Can you trace where specific gold was mined?

Posted: 21 Oct 2020 11:57 PM PDT

I knew a guy who worked for the Kennecott copper mine, and during his time there he snuck some gold out and took it home. He said he is unable to do anything with it or sell it because it has a specific DNA and can be traced back to the mine and he would be in deep crap.

Is he meaning that it has specific minerals and compounds in the ore itself that when looked at, you can locate the geographical region it was mined based on those properties?

submitted by /u/Filsdemorte
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How does cancer from tobacco products work?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 06:58 AM PDT

So for things like throat cancer, does it slowly build the cancer, or does one cigarette just happen to cause the cancer? If it builds up, where is the line drawn where it just becomes cancer?

submitted by /u/klokwerkz
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Is it anatomically possible for two people who are the same size to have different sized internal organs? Can someone actually have a bigger heart than someone else?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 03:42 AM PDT

How is a new test for a previously unknown virus evaluated?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 03:54 AM PDT

A friend of mine brought it up to discussion, how is a new test for a previously unknown virus evaluated while there aren't any tests to compare it with?

I suspected that maybe they compare it with antibodies blood tests but I couldn't find any easily accessible information online, probably because Google brings up a ton of Covid-19 news related results if I include the words "virus" and "test" in my search.

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/jisyourfriend
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How does propulsion in outer space work?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 03:49 AM PDT

The propulsion systems on space suits and craft blow out some kind of gas, but with no atmospheric particles to collide with, it boggles my mind as to how this propels people/craft

submitted by /u/Joeyoups
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Do we know the false positive/negative rate of the quick pcr test?

Posted: 22 Oct 2020 12:06 AM PDT

Since it's being used everywhere around the world for confirming people aren't contagious.

submitted by /u/Zaneris
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Do bugs feel the same amount of pain we feel when we lose a limb?

Posted: 21 Oct 2020 07:34 PM PDT

If Yosemite erupted, how would it's emmissions compare to the entire cumulative emissions of mankind since the industrial revolution?

Posted: 21 Oct 2020 07:31 PM PDT

Asking as a matter of pure morbid curiousity. I don't mean to suggest that I think mankind has released a trivial amount of emissions. Would Yosemite's eruption also lead to an extinction-level event?

submitted by /u/PorousArcanine
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The chemistry of baking cookies?

Posted: 21 Oct 2020 09:44 PM PDT

Hello, I'm curious as to what's going on with baking cookies. The baking sofa is to create bubbles but the salt is there to stop it. The flour gives structure to the cookie, but the butter is there to keep it non-structural (soft). Meanwhile the eggs are thrown in to glue everything together since the flour hasn't been worked enough to develop gluten.

It's a very tasty work of counterproduction.

submitted by /u/Nomadkris
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Wednesday, October 21, 2020

AskScience AMA Series: We're Corinne Drennan, Andy Schmidt, Justin Billing, and Tim Seiple from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). We turn wastes like sewage, old food, and manures into biocrude using Hydrothermal Liquefaction. We've got the scoop on poop. AUA!

AskScience AMA Series: We're Corinne Drennan, Andy Schmidt, Justin Billing, and Tim Seiple from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). We turn wastes like sewage, old food, and manures into biocrude using Hydrothermal Liquefaction. We've got the scoop on poop. AUA!


AskScience AMA Series: We're Corinne Drennan, Andy Schmidt, Justin Billing, and Tim Seiple from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). We turn wastes like sewage, old food, and manures into biocrude using Hydrothermal Liquefaction. We've got the scoop on poop. AUA!

Posted: 21 Oct 2020 04:00 AM PDT

Hi Reddit, happy Bioenergy Day!

Poop, sludgy grease, and leftover food seem best destined for the nearest landfill or wastewater resource recovery facility.

But when paired with waste-to-energy technology, these things can become downright energetic---in the form of biofuels. Organic wastes serve as potential biofuel feedstocks, and they are available just about anywhere across the nation.

Bioenergy experts at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have developed a process called Hydrothermal Liquefaction, or HTL, which can literally turn breakfast (leftovers) into biocrude.

HTL mimics the geological conditions the Earth uses to create crude oil, using high pressure and temperature to achieve in minutes what has typically taken millions of years. The resulting material is similar to petroleum pumped out of the ground, but also contains small amounts of water, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen.

HTL has advantages over other thermochemical conversion methods. It works best with wet biomass - like poop, algae, and food and agriculture wastes - heck, even beer waste! It has the ability to transform almost all of the biomass into biocrude oil. It also offers opportunities to recover nutrients such as phosphorous, an element in fertilizer that is needed to grow food.

Our research using HTL is typically supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Bioenergy Technologies Office, who works with government, industrial, academic, agricultural, and nonprofit partners across the nation to develop commercially viable, high-performance biofuels, bioproducts, and biopower made from renewable biomass resources that reduce our dependence on oil while enhancing energy security.

We are down with that! Come ask us questions about our research and analyses using HTL, we are excited to have the conversation with you. We will be back at noon PDT to answer your questions.

Username: /u/PNNL

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How are the Nazca lines so permanent?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 10:52 AM PDT

After hearing about this hilariously amateur looking newly discovered Nazca drawing, I again began considering the Nazca lines as a whole.

How are they so lasting? I read that all they are is displaced or depressed dirt, with a layer of differently colored soil filled into the space.

How has this not been washed away, or how has the surrounding soil not eroded to the point of them not being noticeable. No plants have grown in them. Other soil hasn't filled them in.

I get that that's part of why they're such a wonder, but I'm wondering if anyone can she'd some light on just how they've lasted thousands of years.

submitted by /u/tendorphin
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Why do antibodies for diseases like chickenpox stay in your body for years, while they only last a few months for other diseases?

Posted: 21 Oct 2020 05:11 AM PDT

How do wireless communications in space work?

Posted: 21 Oct 2020 01:47 AM PDT

How much fast do wireless signals travel in Earth and in open space? And considering that we have a receiver in Moon, Mars and on a star ~400 million kilometers from Earth, how much time does it take for voice or data to reach the destination?

I remember seeing the movie Mars, and it seems that it took about 15 minutes If I am not mistaken for a line of text to arrive there from Earth.

submitted by /u/tonystarkco
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A recent study claims that crystals in pegmatite can form in days or hours. If accurate, how significant would this be?

Posted: 21 Oct 2020 02:22 AM PDT

In Answers in Genesis of all things, I came across a mention of a study that shows how crystals, even ones large enough to be measured in meters, can form in pegmatite in a very short period of time. Given Ken Ham's usual nuttiness, I was surprised when it turned out that the study actually existed and appeared to be from a genuine source. Since the study was only published at the beginning of the month, I doubt anyone has really had the time to test their claims yet. So, if we assume that the study is accurate, what are the ramifications of this discovery? Does this change our understanding of geology in any significant way?

The study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18806-w

A related article published by the associated university: http://news.rice.edu/2020/10/06/earth-grows-fine-gems-in-minutes/

submitted by /u/jimbotherisenclown
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Why are viral capsids icosahedral?

Posted: 21 Oct 2020 08:10 AM PDT

Do we understand the chemistry/thermodynamics involved that produced this feature?

submitted by /u/graciousgroob
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 21 Oct 2020 08:08 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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The flu vaccine contains 4 variants. Why do they limit it to only 4 varieties?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 04:04 PM PDT

Do wild animals change their behavior after near-death experiences?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 09:30 AM PDT

Everyone has probably witnessed a scene in a nature documentary or otherwise where a prey animal miraculously escapes the jaws of its predator. Sometimes, the animal even appears to have come to terms with its fate and succumbed, only to be given a second chance.

I have always wondered, does the survivor change their behavior to avoid the situation that almost lead to its death? Does it think twice before visiting that watering hole again? Does it look over it's shoulder a little more frequently?

Is what we refer to as survival instinct just hereditary paranoia from ancestors that almost died?

submitted by /u/Kronodeus
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How many atoms are there in a single covid-19 virus?

Posted: 21 Oct 2020 02:28 AM PDT

Looking at Asimov’s three laws of robotics, can the same be applied to AI? Or do we have to create new rules?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 09:06 AM PDT

Asimov's three laws of robotics are as follows:

FIRST LAW A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

SECOND LAW A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

THIRD LAW A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

submitted by /u/OriginalAndre
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How do we know the speed of light is a limit and not a threshold?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 10:32 AM PDT

We know electrons behave like both particles and waves, so could electrons accelerated to the speed of light behave like photons? That would make electrons and photons the same particle just in different conditions. I realize we can't make an electron travel at the speed of light, but if we could, is it possible?

submitted by /u/iamnotstephanie
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538 and other statistical prediction websites say they run "simulations" numerous times to predict events. What does running a simulation look like? How do you simulate something such as a football game or election?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 08:17 AM PDT

Obviously this has to be done with computing power, but what does running a simulation actually entail? Aren't there too many variables? And how do we know the simulations are accurate?

submitted by /u/RandomMooseNoises
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What is the smallest particle accelerator in use today? And what you would use it for?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 11:04 AM PDT

Does death penalty bring closure/peace to victims?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 08:37 AM PDT

Novel virus outbreaks - any way to predict what they might look like before they appear?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 11:47 AM PDT

So, to me, it seems very "reactive" to respond to a global pandemic with vaccine development. I love vaccines, they are the #1 tool we have against viruses. But it seems like our ability to develop them in response to a pandemic is too slow, too traditional. We could save ourselves a lot of time if we developed vaccines BEFORE a novel virus appears. Is this science fiction, or is it possible? Can we "model" the most likely types of viruses, their structures etc, all the things that define a virus before it appears into existence?

submitted by /u/hortle
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Tuesday, October 20, 2020

How do particle accelerators isolate certain particles if particles are unavoidably everywhere? Aren't there many unaccounted for particles in the way of observation?

How do particle accelerators isolate certain particles if particles are unavoidably everywhere? Aren't there many unaccounted for particles in the way of observation?


How do particle accelerators isolate certain particles if particles are unavoidably everywhere? Aren't there many unaccounted for particles in the way of observation?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 06:18 AM PDT

From my understanding, one of the many things particle accelerators are used for is making two or more particles collide at a high speed.

How can these two particles be isolated, and then properly aligned for a collision without other particles getting in the way? And if scientists want to collide particular particles, how do they physically transfer the desired particle into the accelerator?

submitted by /u/MyPenisRapedMe
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Bird Flu, Swine flu exist and has been past to humans. How come we never have canine or feline flu, despite our close contact to those animals?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 07:45 AM PDT

Yes I know the post says "past" when it should say "passed." I can't edit the post. As we are all well aware of how autocomplete works, I would expect the spelling police to calm down. Apparently though, people love pointing it out as I keep getting notifications. The mods keep removing those posts, which I suppose is kind of them. So yes, captain obviouses, it's a misspelling.

submitted by /u/mulletpullet
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How do the Voyager probes measure the particle density of space?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 05:55 AM PDT

I ran across this pop-sci article which says that both Voyager probes have detected slight increases in particle density of space after leaving the heliopause. Assuming that's actually correct, I'm curious what instruments are used to take these measurements, and how those sensors work. It sounds awfully impressive to have the level of sensitivity described for machines as old and surely weathered as the probes are by now.

submitted by /u/Lorpius_Prime
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In binomial nomenclature, where a species is named after a person, is pronunciation westernized, or is the western name Latinized?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 05:50 PM PDT

I'm a virology professor at a medical school, though frequently lecture on other agents, some with species named after a person.

My question is on pronunciation of Latinized species named after a person, eg Trypanosoma evansi or Coccidioides posadasii. Are the western pronunciations of the names maintained (eg "Evans-i" "Posadas-e-i"), or is it more like "E-vans-I" or "po-sa-das-e-i?"

Thanks for humoring me:)

submitted by /u/Alwayssunnyinarizona
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Why does a density populated country like India has so few deaths/million (83) due to covid-19?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 07:28 AM PDT

India's population density is huge and health services are not sufficient for its large population. Even then their mortality rate for coronavirus is very low as compared to developed countries like US and Spain. what are they doing right? Thanks

submitted by /u/hornyfriedrice
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Why do people find muscles attractive and fat unattractive? Are there any inherent causes for it or is this all purely based on social trends.

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 08:08 AM PDT

There was a time when plump bodies were considered attractive or was that just because they were a sign of wealth and people weren't actually neruo-physiologically attracted to them?

submitted by /u/DoranMoonblade
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Why are lab rats typically albinos?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 03:47 PM PDT

This may be a silly question but I'm not a geneticist, and I'm curious why animals used as test subjects in media - particularly mice, rats, rabbits, etc. - are almost always depicted as albinos.

submitted by /u/How-Ionic
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Is inbreeding not an issue for insects?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 08:47 AM PDT

It seems like very, very few insects can result in an explosive infestation (roaches, ants, bed bugs, etc.) Do insects not have the same negative effects from inbreeding that other animals do?

submitted by /u/kuuzo
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Where did bedbugs live in the wild before beds were invented?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 08:31 AM PDT

Is it more likely to get infected by someone, once the symptoms appear?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 06:56 AM PDT

Would any force (regardless of magnitude) applied to an object which is in a state of static equilibrium, cause the object to move?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 01:41 AM PDT

If an object with a high mass were in a state of static equilibrium and a small force were applied to it. Would the object remain in equilibrium or would it begin to move as per Newton's 1st law until slowed by external forces such as friction and air resistance.

For example, if someone were to push against a bus, would the bus actually move regardless how small the force is or would the force need to be of a certain magnitude in order to move the object.

My understanding is that If there is no net force on the object, any force would result in an unbalanced force and thus the object would move.

submitted by /u/ElongatedNegus
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Does the volume of gas in a scuba cylinder change over the course of a dive?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 05:10 PM PDT

I took a sidemount scuba course over the last two weekends. During the online learning portion, I got a question wrong on an exam that was based on this statement:

The basic goal for gas management while diving sidemount is to keep the volume in each cylinder as close to the other as possible, and to ensure each cylinder always has sufficient gas to assist another diver.

I believe this statement is incorrect. The volume of gas in a cylinder doesn't change over the course of a dive, so it can't be a goal to keep them close. The pressure changes, and the mass changes, but the volume remains constant. I emailed the company and they said it was correct.

The volume of the cylinder, as you stated, does not change. The volume of gas in each cylinder (expressed in L, determined by taking the liquid capacity of the tank in L times the pressure in bar), however, definitely does. So, the goal is to keep the volume (of gas) in each cylinder as close to the other as possible.

Volume times pressure isn't volume. It's mass (pretty much).

Is my understanding correct? Or, is it common to refer to pressure times container volume as the volume of the gas?

submitted by /u/TravisJungroth
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Is warm-bloodedness and cold-bloodedness a spectrum with varying degrees of ability to self warm, or is it a fairly well established binary? Are there edge cases?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 07:25 AM PDT

Why is COVID-19 not known as bat flu?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 03:11 AM PDT

This might be a silly question, but swine flu came from pigs and avian flu came from birds... so why not?

submitted by /u/savethemanuals_
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