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Tuesday, October 20, 2020

How do particle accelerators isolate certain particles if particles are unavoidably everywhere? Aren't there many unaccounted for particles in the way of observation?

How do particle accelerators isolate certain particles if particles are unavoidably everywhere? Aren't there many unaccounted for particles in the way of observation?


How do particle accelerators isolate certain particles if particles are unavoidably everywhere? Aren't there many unaccounted for particles in the way of observation?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 06:18 AM PDT

From my understanding, one of the many things particle accelerators are used for is making two or more particles collide at a high speed.

How can these two particles be isolated, and then properly aligned for a collision without other particles getting in the way? And if scientists want to collide particular particles, how do they physically transfer the desired particle into the accelerator?

submitted by /u/MyPenisRapedMe
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Bird Flu, Swine flu exist and has been past to humans. How come we never have canine or feline flu, despite our close contact to those animals?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 07:45 AM PDT

Yes I know the post says "past" when it should say "passed." I can't edit the post. As we are all well aware of how autocomplete works, I would expect the spelling police to calm down. Apparently though, people love pointing it out as I keep getting notifications. The mods keep removing those posts, which I suppose is kind of them. So yes, captain obviouses, it's a misspelling.

submitted by /u/mulletpullet
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How do the Voyager probes measure the particle density of space?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 05:55 AM PDT

I ran across this pop-sci article which says that both Voyager probes have detected slight increases in particle density of space after leaving the heliopause. Assuming that's actually correct, I'm curious what instruments are used to take these measurements, and how those sensors work. It sounds awfully impressive to have the level of sensitivity described for machines as old and surely weathered as the probes are by now.

submitted by /u/Lorpius_Prime
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In binomial nomenclature, where a species is named after a person, is pronunciation westernized, or is the western name Latinized?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 05:50 PM PDT

I'm a virology professor at a medical school, though frequently lecture on other agents, some with species named after a person.

My question is on pronunciation of Latinized species named after a person, eg Trypanosoma evansi or Coccidioides posadasii. Are the western pronunciations of the names maintained (eg "Evans-i" "Posadas-e-i"), or is it more like "E-vans-I" or "po-sa-das-e-i?"

Thanks for humoring me:)

submitted by /u/Alwayssunnyinarizona
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Why does a density populated country like India has so few deaths/million (83) due to covid-19?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 07:28 AM PDT

India's population density is huge and health services are not sufficient for its large population. Even then their mortality rate for coronavirus is very low as compared to developed countries like US and Spain. what are they doing right? Thanks

submitted by /u/hornyfriedrice
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Why do people find muscles attractive and fat unattractive? Are there any inherent causes for it or is this all purely based on social trends.

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 08:08 AM PDT

There was a time when plump bodies were considered attractive or was that just because they were a sign of wealth and people weren't actually neruo-physiologically attracted to them?

submitted by /u/DoranMoonblade
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Why are lab rats typically albinos?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 03:47 PM PDT

This may be a silly question but I'm not a geneticist, and I'm curious why animals used as test subjects in media - particularly mice, rats, rabbits, etc. - are almost always depicted as albinos.

submitted by /u/How-Ionic
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Is inbreeding not an issue for insects?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 08:47 AM PDT

It seems like very, very few insects can result in an explosive infestation (roaches, ants, bed bugs, etc.) Do insects not have the same negative effects from inbreeding that other animals do?

submitted by /u/kuuzo
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Where did bedbugs live in the wild before beds were invented?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 08:31 AM PDT

Is it more likely to get infected by someone, once the symptoms appear?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 06:56 AM PDT

Would any force (regardless of magnitude) applied to an object which is in a state of static equilibrium, cause the object to move?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 01:41 AM PDT

If an object with a high mass were in a state of static equilibrium and a small force were applied to it. Would the object remain in equilibrium or would it begin to move as per Newton's 1st law until slowed by external forces such as friction and air resistance.

For example, if someone were to push against a bus, would the bus actually move regardless how small the force is or would the force need to be of a certain magnitude in order to move the object.

My understanding is that If there is no net force on the object, any force would result in an unbalanced force and thus the object would move.

submitted by /u/ElongatedNegus
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Does the volume of gas in a scuba cylinder change over the course of a dive?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 05:10 PM PDT

I took a sidemount scuba course over the last two weekends. During the online learning portion, I got a question wrong on an exam that was based on this statement:

The basic goal for gas management while diving sidemount is to keep the volume in each cylinder as close to the other as possible, and to ensure each cylinder always has sufficient gas to assist another diver.

I believe this statement is incorrect. The volume of gas in a cylinder doesn't change over the course of a dive, so it can't be a goal to keep them close. The pressure changes, and the mass changes, but the volume remains constant. I emailed the company and they said it was correct.

The volume of the cylinder, as you stated, does not change. The volume of gas in each cylinder (expressed in L, determined by taking the liquid capacity of the tank in L times the pressure in bar), however, definitely does. So, the goal is to keep the volume (of gas) in each cylinder as close to the other as possible.

Volume times pressure isn't volume. It's mass (pretty much).

Is my understanding correct? Or, is it common to refer to pressure times container volume as the volume of the gas?

submitted by /u/TravisJungroth
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Is warm-bloodedness and cold-bloodedness a spectrum with varying degrees of ability to self warm, or is it a fairly well established binary? Are there edge cases?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 07:25 AM PDT

Why is COVID-19 not known as bat flu?

Posted: 20 Oct 2020 03:11 AM PDT

This might be a silly question, but swine flu came from pigs and avian flu came from birds... so why not?

submitted by /u/savethemanuals_
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Monday, October 19, 2020

Do parrots and other talking birds teach wild birds to talk when released into the wild?

Do parrots and other talking birds teach wild birds to talk when released into the wild?


Do parrots and other talking birds teach wild birds to talk when released into the wild?

Posted: 18 Oct 2020 08:17 AM PDT

Would a system of measurement based on the planck scales be a viable alternative to the metric system?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 06:27 AM PDT

For example, all length would be measured by the planck length multiplied to powers of ten, and all time would be measured by planck seconds multiplied to powers of ten.

Also, what would the speed of light be in this system?

submitted by /u/ValleriVallera
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Is it theoretically possible (even if probability is very close to zero) for air to "move to the other side of the room" and make you suffocate?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 01:17 AM PDT

Funny question I know, but is there anything that would fundamentally block this from occurring even at the most perfect and unlikely circumstances? If all the trillions and trillions of air molecules somehow aligned their movement direction to be parallel without colliding with each other -- what would happen? Would (I don't know) gravity force scatter it quickly enough? Or could they really all move to the other side of the room and make you suffocate?

submitted by /u/arvyy
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Are PTFE facemasks toxic?

Posted: 19 Oct 2020 05:48 AM PDT

I saw some (possibly) misinformation on IG, but I couldn't find any research to refute or confirm. The general idea is that PTFE masks cause Teflon toxicity and can cause cancer. Thanks

submitted by /u/60yearoldME
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Can a scientist explain how Regeneron is claiming that they didn't use stem cells to create the "cocktail" Trump took?

Posted: 18 Oct 2020 04:24 PM PDT

https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/how-cells-taken-decades-old-fetal-tissue-are-used-covid-n1242740

I'm basically interested in these two paragraphs:

In a statement to NBC News, Regeneron spokesperson Alexandra Bowie said that the company used cells from a cell line called HEK293T. These cells date back to the 1970s and were originally taken from kidney cells in donated fetal tissue. Since then, the cells have become commonplace in research labs, thanks in part to the fact that they can replicate indefinitely, ensuring they never run out. Because of this, the cells are considered "immortalized."

"HEK293T wasn't used in any other way, and fetal tissue was not used in this research," Bowie said. "We did not use human stem cells or human embryonic stem cells in the development of" the monoclonal antibody cocktail.

How are "kidney cells in donated fetal tissue" different from "human stem cells"? Is it simply that embryos are different than feti?

submitted by /u/TarantulaMcGarnagle
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What are the actual statistics on abuse victims becoming abusers themselves?

Posted: 18 Oct 2020 07:53 AM PDT

I've been searching for the statistics on this for a bit, and I can't find anything useful. Everything I've found either contains irrelevant statistics or research, anecdotal evidence or claims made about statistics/research without any sources. I found one useful source, but it was narrow as far as the form of abuse, and I'm looking for more information about different forms or abuse in general. I've heard arguments for both sides (that victims become abusers and that victims aren't any more likely to become abusers) and I just want to know something approximating the truth. Thank you!

submitted by /u/Blacklion555
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Is it pure luck that 180 degrees longitude ended up conveniently in the middle of the Pacific Ocean?

Posted: 18 Oct 2020 10:05 PM PDT

If Noah's Ark were real, and the entire world were reduced to three reproductive couples, how many years could humanity last until the gene mixing made us unviable as species?

Posted: 18 Oct 2020 05:02 PM PDT

Do vaccines affect the strain of influenza present each season?

Posted: 18 Oct 2020 06:32 PM PDT

Is it possible that the seasonal influenza vaccine could affect the strain of influenza that is prevalent in each hemisphere for each season?

For example, let's say we develop a flu vaccine for Strain 1 which is effective. But, strain 2 is able to fill the void that is left by strain 1 and thus becomes the predominant strain. This causes people to believe the flu vaccine doesn't work.

I hope I worded this correctly!

submitted by /u/El-HaaK
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Was cold dark matter always cold, or was it hot in the early universe?

Posted: 18 Oct 2020 02:01 PM PDT

If the latter, at what point did the HDM turn into CDM?

submitted by /u/Franzvst
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Could a viral epidemic (like COVID-19) occur on a large scale in household dogs or cats? If so, how most likely would it be transmitted?

Posted: 18 Oct 2020 04:32 PM PDT

I was particularly thinking about dogs, but even then I'd imagine that limited pet-to-pet interactions would prevent anything from spreading on too large of a scale. Could there be another vector that could pass it between household pets? I'm aware of large spread disease passing between crops and livestock but are there lesser known examples with pets?

submitted by /u/By_Worfs_Beard
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What is the Great Barrington Declaration?

Posted: 18 Oct 2020 05:29 PM PDT

Me mum's anti-vax and she just forwarded me this: https://gbdeclaration.org/

I work long hours so that my family can stay afloat and really don't have the mental capacity to work myself through researching all this. Not to mention I'm no expert in this field. I just trust the experts, stay away from everyone and hope that a vaccine can be figured out relatively quickly.

Just some questions as ideas for an answer. I've got no clue what I'm supposed to ask.

- What the heck is the Great Barrington Declaration?

- What issues are there with it?

- Who funds / signs / supports the GBD?

Thanks in advance for all answers and discussions. They're much appreciated. I'll check them tomorrow (or in a few days), when I'm a bit more rested. Gonna head to bed for a snooze. Stay safe, everyone!

submitted by /u/CaesarDidNothingWong
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What is the risk of having an unexpected severe reaction to the influenza vaccine?

Posted: 18 Oct 2020 11:17 AM PDT

To help support my conversations with people who have vaccine hesitancy, I'm trying to get information that will allow me to compare the risk of getting the flu shot to the risk of other activities that many of us take on a daily basis.

For example, I'd like to compare the risk of getting a serious adverse reaction to the flu shot in the US to the risk of getting in a fatal car crash.

The car crash data comes up on a internet search easily: https://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/index.aspx

Obviously the comparison of such drastically different data sets and activities will have limited value but I think it could lead to more productive conversations.

Where is the similar data for the flu shot (or any other vaccine)?

submitted by /u/euphonicstru
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How do the dynode materials in a photomultiplier tube not violate the first law of thermodynamics?

Posted: 18 Oct 2020 11:05 AM PDT

I'm learning about photomultiplier tubes right now and I'm wondering how the the dynode materials in a PMT... work. What is the molecular process that produces many electrons from one?

So an ion hits these materials, and these materials produce a bunch of electrons, which are aimed at more of these materials, which produce more electrons, etc. etc. etc.

But how are these electrons produced from... nowhere? The only thing I can think of is that say an electron hits a dynode material with an energy of X. This dynode material produces 10 electrons from this one electron, therefore these 10 electrons much each have an energy of less than X/10 in order to not violate the conservation of energy. Therefore each dynode plate is held at increasingly high voltages to help accelerate these now slowed electrons so when they hit the next plate, they'll produce MORE electrons.

Do I have this... correct?

submitted by /u/corrado33
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Why, exactly, are viruses like Influenza and the novel Coronavirus deadlier in older people?

Posted: 18 Oct 2020 09:49 AM PDT

Why is it that age is such a factor in survivability for diseases like Covid, Influenza and others? What is different about the bodies of the elderly that make them more prone to mortality?

submitted by /u/Anuxicus2001
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How does acid “burn” your skin if there’s no heat present? Also, why do acid injuries look like burns?

Posted: 17 Oct 2020 06:26 PM PDT

Why is water a better buffer of bases than acids?

Posted: 17 Oct 2020 06:37 PM PDT

I read that, for example, if you add 0.1 ml of HCl to 10ml of water, and do the same for 0.1 ml of NaOH. The HCl solution will have a pH of 1.5 and the NaOH solution will have a pH of 11.75, meaning it gets 10 times as acidic as it does basic. Water is neutral, it's HOH, so how come acids have more of an effect on its pH?

submitted by /u/meyerwizard
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Sunday, October 18, 2020

How do scientists/epidemiologists determine which implemented measures are most effective when they are implemented simultaneously?

How do scientists/epidemiologists determine which implemented measures are most effective when they are implemented simultaneously?


How do scientists/epidemiologists determine which implemented measures are most effective when they are implemented simultaneously?

Posted: 18 Oct 2020 03:58 AM PDT

For example, when it is recommended that people wash their hands regularly, wear a face covering and stay 2 metres apart, how can we tell which of the measures is having the biggest impact in order to further our understanding of how the virus spreads, when there is not a control group to compare?

submitted by /u/grunthorpe
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Why were predatory dinosaurs so often bipedal while contemporary predators are not?

Posted: 17 Oct 2020 04:23 PM PDT

What is actually happening when milk is spoiling?

Posted: 17 Oct 2020 11:44 PM PDT

How long must someone be infected with Coronavirus before they are contagious? How long until they test positive?

Posted: 17 Oct 2020 04:59 PM PDT

Following COVID-19 protocols, why can I get a cold or flu?

Posted: 17 Oct 2020 03:06 PM PDT

I follow COVID-19 protocols (mask, handwashing, distancing, wiping down any packaging/food/mail). Why am I still vulnerable to getting a cold or the flu?

submitted by /u/jess_askin
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Could remdesivir decrease severity of symptoms without decreasing mortality?

Posted: 17 Oct 2020 01:39 PM PDT

For example, the use of inhaled nitric oxide does not decrease mortality, but by increasing oxygenation will allow for less hypoxic episodes leading to less damage. Having less hypoxic episodes also allows for gentler mechanical ventilator settings, meaning less damage to the lungs.

Could remdesivir have a similar effect?

submitted by /u/truetool
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If Iron has a higher melting point than Magnesium. Why does Fayalite(Fe2Sio4) melt at a lower temperature than Forsterite(Mg2Sio4)?

Posted: 17 Oct 2020 07:21 PM PDT

Does brushing your teeth select for more adherent bacteria?

Posted: 17 Oct 2020 02:30 AM PDT

As I understand it, when you brush your teeth you are physically removing bacteria by force. Why aren't you therefore selecting for more adherent bacterial cell types, thus making it so that efficiently removing bacteria by brushing becomes more and more difficult over many years? Is this something that can/does occur or is the sheer force of removal by brushing simply too much for the cells to adapt against/cope with?

Someone asked me this during a conversation regarding bacterial resistance against antibiotics and I honestly am not sure how to address it.

Cheers for any helpful answers.

submitted by /u/Carlin95
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GPS-enabled watches that hunters use regularly communicate their position to a server so they can be tracked for safety. How does a watch send that information when they're out in the middle of nowhere?

Posted: 17 Oct 2020 07:47 AM PDT

I have several friends and family who are avid hunters and several of them use these expensive GPS tracking watches so that we can monitor their location in semi real time (updated every hour or so). I was wondering what method of communication these watches had to transmit that data so reliably even when they're deep in the woods, up on top of mountains, or down in valleys.

submitted by /u/Indy_Pendant
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What are importines are exportines ?

Posted: 17 Oct 2020 08:48 AM PDT

I'm studying the nucleus cytoplasm transport in celular biology, and I don't quite get wether the importines and exportines are the proteins that join NLS or NES to then join the exportation or importation receptor directly or with an adaptador to create a complex that goes through the pores from or to the nucleus, or if the importines and exportines are the importation or exportation receptors themselves. I know beta importines are receptors so I'm turning a little crazy. Help please !!!

submitted by /u/pandacobain
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Can someone explain how long term memories are stored in the brain?

Posted: 17 Oct 2020 08:56 AM PDT

Is it a fully structural thing? Does that mean the structures are rewritten if you think about them in different ways enough?

submitted by /u/MrChickenMelt
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Why hasnt all water on earth turned into tea?

Posted: 16 Oct 2020 07:07 PM PDT

Hear me out! I'm not trying to be ridiculous, but trees and plants have been around for 350 million years. Plant leaves in water make tea, how has 350 millions years of plants annually dropping their leaves not turned at least all fresh water lakes and ponds into huge tea pots? Do fish really filter that much water, and if so are they essentially the biggest consumers of tea on the planet?

submitted by /u/Devi1s-Advocate
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How come you can't see space debris in the earth pictures?

Posted: 17 Oct 2020 06:17 AM PDT

How come if we see the pictures of the beautiful earth from space or ISS we never see the debris that flies around the earth although there are thousands pieces of debris that constantly colliding with one another

submitted by /u/mili348
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Saturday, October 17, 2020

When can we expect COVID-19 trials for children? What criteria will be used to determine effectiveness and safety? Why are children being put in trials last?

When can we expect COVID-19 trials for children? What criteria will be used to determine effectiveness and safety? Why are children being put in trials last?


When can we expect COVID-19 trials for children? What criteria will be used to determine effectiveness and safety? Why are children being put in trials last?

Posted: 17 Oct 2020 07:28 AM PDT

Could you infect a cow with a virus (ie covid 19) and then get the antibodies from its milk?

Posted: 16 Oct 2020 07:25 AM PDT

How do anthelmintics work and can they work in vitro?

Posted: 16 Oct 2020 08:00 PM PDT

I am curious to how antiparasite medication works, can they also work in vitro, as in if I were to put the medication in a dish full of x parasites?

I am thinking mebendazole, piperZine...

submitted by /u/jommyjimmytimmy
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Do we have a plan to deal with the eventual orbit decay of the ISS'?

Posted: 16 Oct 2020 11:44 AM PDT

How would a nuclear reactor setup fare in space?

Posted: 16 Oct 2020 01:17 PM PDT

My main question is about the heat dissipation in space. Since space is generally very cold, would it be more efficient for a nuclear reactor to be cooled in space or would it be less efficient to rely on heat radiation without any air vs an air or water-cooled system as they're designed to work in an atmosphere?

submitted by /u/Lobuttomize
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Aside from oxygen, do we obtain other nutrients from the air through our lungs?

Posted: 16 Oct 2020 03:52 PM PDT

Would it be possible to create a spacesuit or device that could help astronauts resist Io's intense radiation environment so a manned mission to this exotic and amazing world would be possible?

Posted: 16 Oct 2020 08:20 AM PDT

Granted its an inhospitable hellhole, probably even more so than Venus, but its such a beautiful, dynamic, and bizarre world, one would just love to get a glimpse of what it looks like to walk around on that surface. Will the radiation, however, make this a total pipe dream or will we ever devise a method to shield ourselves from the torrent of high energy particles?

submitted by /u/LordTafurious
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How long did it take to identify and create a vaccine for the first flu epidemic?

Posted: 16 Oct 2020 02:06 PM PDT

How difficult would it be to eradicate rabies in a similar manner to how we have defeated smallpox?

Posted: 16 Oct 2020 02:21 AM PDT

Could we selectively breed or genetically engineer cattle that fart less frequently or voluminously, or expel different compounds in order to reduce greenhouse gasses?

Posted: 15 Oct 2020 08:58 PM PDT